舒血宁注射液与五种注射液配伍后的稳定性考察

目的:研究探讨舒血宁注射液与复方氯化钠注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液、10%葡萄糖注射液、5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液以及0.9%氯化钠注射液五种注射液配伍后的稳定性。方法:根据临床用药标准,将五种注射液分别注入到一次性灭菌注射器中,随后分别往灭菌注射器中加入20ml的舒血宁注射液后摇匀倒置,研究分析混合液在15min、30min、1h、1.5h以及2h后外观、微粒以及配伍后PH的的变化情况。结果:观察发现,混合液并未出现沉淀,且颜色均未发生改变;而舒血宁注射液与10%葡萄糖注射液和复方氯化钠注射液进行配伍后,混合液的PH值与微粒计数均有升高的趋势;与此同时还观察到0.9%的氯化钠注射液与5%的葡萄糖氯化钠注射液微粒计数比较高;而5%葡萄糖注射液各项指标并没有发生很明显的变化。结论:将舒血宁注射液与5%葡萄糖注射液在配伍使用后,应当在一定时间内使用完毕,其他的注射液应单独使用效果较佳。     

炎琥宁注射液与6种输液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:研究探讨炎琥宁注射液与6中输液的配伍稳定性。方法:将炎琥宁注射液与5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、0.9%氯化钠注射液、复方氯化钠注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、右旋糖酐40葡萄糖注射液配伍后,观察混合溶液的外观、PH值、炎琥宁注射液的含量以及不溶性微粒的变化。结果:观察实验结果发现,将炎琥宁注射液与6种注射液配伍6h后,混合溶液的PH值、含量并无明显变化,但是在配伍4h后,除去复方氯化钠注射液不溶性微粒符合临床应用规定外,另外的混合液不溶性微粒均不符合使用规定。结论:在临床中,将炎琥宁注射液与其他注射液配伍使用的过程中,应最好与复方氯化钠注射液配伍使用,这样使用符合临床应用标准。     

盐酸氨溴索注射液与16种常用药物配伍稳定性考察

目的:研究探讨盐酸氨溴索注射液与临床中常用16种药物配伍使用的稳定性。方法:将盐酸氨溴索注射液按照相应的比例与药物混合后,观察即刻、2h以及6h三个时间点配伍溶液的外观情况、PH值变化以及混合溶液微粒等情况,同时使用高效液相色谱法测定混合液中盐酸氨溴索的含量。结果:观察实验发现,盐酸氨溴索在于碳酸氢钠注射液、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松等溶液配伍使用的时候,会立即产生白色浑浊;而在与替硝唑注射液、青霉素、鱼腥草注射液以及氨茶碱注射液配伍使用后,含量会出现明显的下降;与此同时,实验研究发现盐酸氨溴索注射液与丹参注射液、鱼腥草注射液混合使用后,溶液的微粒会出现明显增加的情况。结论:在临床用药中,盐酸氨溴索注射液不应当与氨茶碱注射液、丹参注射液、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、青霉素、碳酸氢钠注射液、鱼腥草、替硝唑注射液、头孢噻肟注射液配伍使用。     

头孢类抗生素与盐酸氨溴索配伍禁忌分析

目的:分析头孢类抗生素与盐酸氨溴索配伍禁忌发生情况,总结合理用药经验。方法:以13种头孢类抗生素分别与盐酸氨溴索注射液进行体外配伍实验,肉眼观察外观变化,有无沉淀,测试酸碱值,并进行回收试验,将结果与对照品进行对比。结果:盐酸氨溴索注射液与绝大多数头孢类抗生素均有配伍禁忌,但无沉淀,且随着时间的推移转为微黄,与头孢呋辛配伍无明显变化;配伍后8h,抗生素含量(96%)、盐酸氨溴索含量(98.5%)均低于对照品、单独药液回收率(均在99%以上),配伍后8h PH(6.1)均高于配伍时(5.9),头孢呋辛配伍无明显变化。结论:盐酸氨溴索与绝大多数头孢类抗生素存在配伍禁忌,虽无明显沉淀,但确实发生反应,可能产生新的易溶碱性化合物,与头孢呋辛无配伍无明显变化,但仍不考虑联用。     

疏血通等10种中药注射剂与不同溶媒配伍的稳定性

通过实验考察疏血通等10种中药注射剂与5种不同溶媒配伍后的稳定性,为临床安全合理使用中药注射剂提供依据。将10种中药注射剂分别与临床常用的静脉输液:质量分数0. 9%NaCl注射液、质量分数5%葡萄糖注射液、质量分数10%葡萄糖注射液、质量分数5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液和果糖注射液配伍。在配制0、1、2、4和8h后,分别观察性状,测定pH和不溶性微粒数。研究发现:上述注射液与溶媒配伍后性状稳定,pH变化符合要求,不同溶媒中产生的不溶性微粒数各有差异,且会随放置时间发生变化。由此可知:上述中药注射剂与适宜的溶媒配伍,在一定时间内具有较好的稳定性,实验结果可供临床调配使用作为参考。     

鲍曼不动杆菌体外诱导耐药及其诱导前后交叉耐药和呼吸耗氧率分析

【背景】鲍曼不动杆菌是院内感染的重要病原菌,因其耐药率高、治疗难度大而备受关注。然而,对于该菌的交叉耐药及耐药相关因素尚未完全阐明。【目的】通过体外诱导分别获得耐美罗培南或耐替加环素的鲍曼不动杆菌菌株,并研究其诱导前后的交叉耐药性和细菌呼吸耗氧率差异。【方法】采用多步法对鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606进行体外诱导耐药,PCR扩增诱导前后菌株的16S rRNA基因并测序鉴定,微量肉汤稀释法检测诱导前后鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、替加环素、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟及左氧氟沙星等抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度变化,Seahorse XF~e96细胞能量代谢实时测定仪对诱导前后菌株的耗氧率进行分析。【结果】通过88d的体外诱导实验,分别获得耐美罗培南或耐替加环素的鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606菌株。耐美罗培南鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对替加环素、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星仍处于敏感状态,但是对头孢吡肟交叉耐药;耐替加环素鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星及头孢吡肟仍处于敏感状态。鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606被美罗培南或替加环素诱导耐药之后的耗氧率均下降,差异均具有统计学意义。【结论】美罗培南的使用不仅可能诱导鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对美罗培南耐药,也可能会导致该菌对其它一种或几种抗菌药物产生交叉耐药。鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对美罗培南或替加环素耐药后其耗氧率下降,从而说明呼吸耗氧率下降可能是该菌耐药的因素之一。     

盐酸多柔比星脂质体注射液与葡萄糖和氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性研究

目的:研究探讨盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液与葡萄糖和氯化钠注射液配伍的稳定性。方法:将盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液分别和5%的葡萄糖注射液、0.9%氯化钠注射液进行配伍。观察缓和溶液外观、PH值以及脂质体粒径、包封率等相关情况。结果:观察发现,在盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液与0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍后,一定时间内混合溶液的外观、PH值脂质粒径并无明显的变化,但是包封率会下降5%;而盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液与5%葡萄糖住着也配伍后,一定时间内混合溶液的外观、PH值、脂质粒径以及包封率等并无明显的变化。结论:在临床用药中,盐酸多柔星脂质体注射液不应与0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍,与5%葡萄糖注射液配伍具有良好的稳定性,不会对药效的发挥产生影响。     

化妆品中的甲硝唑、氧氟沙星与环丙沙星HPLC检测法

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱同时测定化妆品中的甲硝唑、氧氟沙星与环丙沙星方法.方法:以十八炕基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,以0.01mol/L四丁基溴化铵溶液(三乙胺调pH至3.0)-甲醇(88:12)为流动相,柱温30℃,流速1.0ml/min.315nm、293nm、277 nm分别作为甲硝唑、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星含量测定的检测波长.样品先用乙腈-水(0.1%甲酸)(体积比5:95)溶液提取,经正己烷脱脂后测定.结果:甲硝唑在2.02～50.59μg/ml,氧氟沙星在2.03～50.69μ g/ml,环丙沙星在2.02～50.45μg/ml范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r分别为0.9999,0.9998和0.9999.10,25,40μ/g/ml三个浓度水平甲硝唑、氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的平均回收率为85.88%～97.20%,RSD为1.11%～6.10%;检测限均为1ng.结论:本法快速、准确、可用于化妆品中擅自添加的甲硝唑、氧氟沙星与环丙沙星的筛查及含量测定.     

替加环素与5种抗生素对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌体外联合药敏实验的研究

分析亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、头孢曲松、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素5种临床常用鲍曼不动杆菌治疗的抗生素单用和分别与替加环素联用的体外敏感性实验的研究,以期发现较好的联合用药方案,为临床合理使用抗生素提供用药参考。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定5种抗生素对鲍曼不动杆菌的MIC值,再采用棋盘法测定5种抗生素分别与替加环素联用MIC值,并计算FIC指数。结果显示,替加环素与亚胺培南、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松具有协同和相加作用,替加环素与庆大霉素具有拮抗作用。临床在选择抗生素治疗鲍曼不动杆菌所引起的重症感染时,可根据该药敏实验结果与亚胺培南或头孢哌酮舒巴坦或左氧氟沙星或头孢曲松与替加环素联合使用,但应避免与庆大霉素联合使用。     

盐酸胺碘酮注射液与4种输液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:研究探讨盐酸胺碘酮注射液与其他输液(包括浓度分别为5%与10%的葡萄糖注射液,浓度为0.9%的氯化钠注射液,以及葡萄糖氯化钠注射液四种)配伍过程中具有的稳定性。方法:以当前的临床用药标准为依据,将四种注射液分别注入到一次性灭菌注射器中,随后分别往灭菌注射器中加入20ml的舒血宁注射液后摇匀倒置,在配伍8h内观察混合液外观性状、含量以及PH的变化情况。结果:通过实验,观察到在完成与浓度为10%的葡萄糖注射液,浓度为0.9%的氯化钠注射液,以及葡萄糖氯化钠注射液配伍后,盐酸胺碘酮的PH值与含量均出现比较明显的变化,但是在与5%葡萄糖注射液配伍后,溶液的各项指标并未发生明显的变化,溶液相对比较稳定。结论:在临床用药中,将盐酸胺碘酮与5%葡萄糖注射液配伍后,保持溶液在常温下的一段时间内使用,可有效保证混合溶液的性质,药效不会发生改变。     

Calcium Chloride in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition: Compatibility Studies Using Laser Methodology

Introduction

We have previously reported results of precipitation studies for neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions containing calcium chloride and sodium phosphate using visual methods to determine compatibility. The purpose of this study was to do further testing of compatibility for solutions containing calcium chloride using more sensitive methods.

Methods

Solutions of Trophamine (Braun Medical Inc, Irvine, CA) and Premasol (Baxter Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, IL) were compounded with calcium chloride and potassium phosphate. Controls contained no calcium or phosphate. After incubation at 37° for 24 hours solutions without visual precipitation were analyzed to determine mean particle size using dynamic light scattering from a laser light source.

Results

Particle sizes were similar for control solutions and those without visual precipitation and a mean particle size <1000 nm. Compatible solutions were defined as those with added calcium and phosphate with no visual evidence of precipitation and mean particle size <1000 nm. In solutions containing 2.5–3% amino acids and 10 mmol/L of calcium chloride the maximum amount of potassium phosphate that was compatible was 7.5 mmol/L.

Conclusion

Maximum amounts of phosphate that could be added to parenteral nutrition solutions containing Trophamine and calcium chloride were about 7.5–10 mmol/L less for a given concentration of calcium based upon laser methodology compared to visual techniques to determine compatibility. There were minor differences in compatibility when adding calcium chloride and potassium phosphate to Premasol versus Trophamine.     

Acidified lakes: sediment treatment with sodium carbonate — a remedy?

Until now, additions of lime have been used to restore the buffering capacity of acidified lakes, but an alternative method which is more effective in the treatment of lakes with organogenic sediments has recently been applied in a full-scale experiment. The method, called CONTRACID, is based on the cation exchange properties of lake sediment. A sodium carbonate (soda ash) solution is injected into the sediment (by a harrow), so that the sediment becomes sodium stocked. A reverse exchange occurs during subsequent acidification. Liming has a limited effect on humic lakes, since Ca-humates have a reduced reverse exchange ability and also the lime, which remains undissolved, is rendered inactive. Ionic exchange processes and nutrient transport were studied in water/sediment cores andin situ enclosures after additions of soda ash-, lye- and lime solutions with subsequent re-acidification. Sodium carbonate additions in laboratory systems resulted in a sorption to the sediment of 42–62% of the added sodium ions (5 eq m⁻²) and a release of 14–78 mg Pm⁻² sediment. Similar results were obtained in the enclosures where phosphorus release stimulated algal growth. Sediment pH, elevated by the sodium base addition, was lowered by re-acidification. Limed systems released no phosphorus and only about 25% of the added lime remained active for future neutralization. With the injection of the sodium carbonate solution into the sediment, only about 12% of the added sodium was recovered in lake water by spring circulation. Lake water alkalinity was then 0.12 meq l⁻¹ and pH 6.7. Total phosphorus had been raised by 0.007 mg P l⁻¹ causing an increase in phytoplankton biomass. Observations indicate that manipulations of acidic lake sediment according to the CONTRACID method create a long-lasting neutralizing capacity and a biological stimulation (through phosphorus release), which makes the method an attractive alternative to frequent liming.     

静脉与硬膜外注射地塞米松对吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的影响

目的:比较两种不同途径注射地塞米松磷酸钠对吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的影响。方法:选择200例(ASAⅠ-Ⅱ)在腰硬联合麻醉下行腹式子宫切除术的患者,随机分为A、B、C、D四组(n=50),各组均给以硬膜外注射2.5 mg吗啡作为术后镇痛治疗的同时,A组静脉注射安慰剂(生理盐水),B组静脉注射地塞米松磷酸钠10 mg,C组静脉注射地塞米松磷酸钠5 mg,D组硬膜外注射地塞米松磷酸钠5 mg及静脉注射安慰剂(生理盐水),以上均以5 mL作为注射容积。观察和比较术后24 h内各组恶心和呕吐(PONV)、皮肤瘙痒、补救镇痛、呼吸抑制的发生率、排气时间和补救镇痛时间。结果:B、C、D三组的PONV总发生率显著低于A组(P0.0083),而B、C、D三组之间比较无显著差异(P0.0083);A、B、C、D四组间恶心的发生率无显著差异(P0.05),而D组呕吐的发生率明显低于A组(P0.0083);B组皮肤瘙痒的发生率明显低于A组(P0.0083);四组患者的VAS评分比较无显著差异,均达到满意的镇痛效果(P0.05)。四组患者补救镇痛的发生率、补救镇痛药量和排气时间比较无明显差异(P0.05),而C、D组的补救镇痛时间明显比A组延长(P0.0083),四组患者均未出现呼吸抑制。结论:地塞米松磷酸钠可降低吗啡硬膜外术后恶心和呕吐的发生率,延长补救镇痛时间;硬膜外注射地塞米松磷酸钠对降低呕吐的发生率更有效;静脉注射地塞米松磷酸钠10 mg可降低瘙痒的发生率,且无明显的不良反应。     

Plasmodium berghei: the antimalarial action of artemisinin and sodium artelinate in vivo and in vitro, studied by flow cytometry

Sodium artelinate, a new water-soluble and relatively stable derivative of artemisinin, and its parent compound were tested for their antimalarial action. Experiments were done in vitro with synchronous cultures of Plasmodium berghei. The inhibition of growth by different concentrations of sodium artelinate and artemisinin was determined using flow cytometry. In vivo testing was done by subcutaneous injection of each drug in mice infected with P. berghei. Sodium artelinate, being stable in aqueous solution, was also administered orally to infected mice by its addition to their drinking water. Comparison of the parent compound and the derivative showed that sodium artelinate was slightly less active than artemisinin both in culture and in vivo. However, after oral administration of sodium artelinate, parasites were cleared from the blood with one-half to one-tenth of the dose used in the experiments with subcutaneous injection. The number of mice which were cured by oral administration of sodium artelinate was greater than after subcutaneous injection, even with a total oral dose lower than the injected dose.     

Bile acids. LXXII. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of bile acid coenzyme A derivatives

The mobilities of coenzyme A and coenzyme A derivatives of cholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate, lithocholate, and their 5 alpha analogs were studied in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. With a C18 Radial-PAK A cartridge (10-micron particles) and a solvent mixture of 2-propanol/10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 140:360), separation of the chenodeoxycholyl and deoxycholyl coenzyme A derivatives was not observed. An increase in ionic strength of the buffer to 50 mM afforded separation, which was markedly augmented with a C18 Radial-PAK A cartridge with 5-micron particles. Lowering the pH of the buffer to 5.5 did not materially change the separations regardless of the ionic strength. Quantitation was carried out to a lower level of 8.5 X 10(-12) mol.     

A circular dichroism study of the cyanogen bromide fragments of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz).

Glutathione reductase (NAD(P)h:oxidized glutathione oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2) has been purified 1000-fold from the cytoplasmic fraction of human platelets. Salts, including the heretofore unreported effect of sodium citrate, activate the NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized glutathione. Sodium citrate and monovalent salt activation appears to involve multiple sites having different binding affinities. At sub-saturating sodium phosphate, non-linear double reciprocal plots indicative of substrate activation by oxidized glutathione were observed. Initial velocity double reciprocal plots at sub-saturating and saturating concentrations of phosphate generate a family of converging lines. NADP+ is a partial inhibitor, indicating that the reduction of oxidized glutathione can proceed by more than one pathway. FMN, FAD, and riboflavin inhibit platelet glutathione reductase by influencing only the V while nitrofurantoin inhibition is associated with an increase Koxidized glutathione and a decreased V.     

Development and validation of an ion-pair liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of sodium cromoglycate in urine following inhalation

An ion-pair liquid high-performance chromatography method with solid-phase extraction for measuring urinary concentrations of sodium cromoglycate following inhalation has been developed and validated. Sodium cromoglycate was extracted from urine on a 100-mg phenyl cartridge (Isolute, Jones Chromatography) and then quantified on a 25-cm C₈ Spherisorb 5 μm stationary phase with a mobile phase of methanol-0.045 M phosphate buffer-0.05 M dodecyl triethyl ammonium phosphate (550:447.6:2.4, v/v) pH 2.3, at 0.85 ml min⁻¹ using nedocromil sodium as an internal standard and UV detection at 238 nm. The inter- and intra-day reproducibilities were 8.33 and 13.63%, respectively, at 0.25 mg l⁻¹. The limit of determination for sodium cromoglycate was 0.25 mg l⁻¹ (with a signal-to-noise ration of greater than 10:1). Following oral and inhaled administration of 20 mg of sodium cromoglycate to eight healthy volunteers, the mean and S.D. of sodium cromoglycate excreted in the urine at 0.5, 1 and 24 h post-dose were 0.02, 0.05 and 0.33%, and 0.16, 0.30 and 1.55% of the dose, respectively. The urinary recovery of sodium cromoglycate at 0.5 and 1 h following inhalation can therefore be used to compare the amount of drug reaching the respiratory tract using different sodium cromoglycate inhaled products or inhalation methods.     

Effects of surfactant adsorption and biodegradability on the distribution of bacteria between sediments and water in a freshwater microcosm.

A microcosm containing resuspended river sediment was used to investigate the effect of anionic surfactants on the distribution of bacteria between planktonic and attached populations. Freshwater river sediment containing viable bacteria was preequilibrated in the microcosm, which was subsequently supplemented with biodegradable or recalcitrant surfactants and a non-surface-active carbon and energy source. Population dynamics of both free-living and attached bacteria were measured by epifluorescence microscopy with simultaneous analysis of the residual solution concentration of the xenobiotic carbon source. The addition of the readily biodegradable anionic surfactants sodium decyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate in separate experiments caused an increase in the number of attached bacteria and a concomitant decrease in the number of free-living bacteria. As biodegradation of the surfactants progressed, these trends reversed and the bacterial populations had returned to their preaddition values by the time when biodegradation was completed. In contrast, sodium tetradecyl sulfate or sodium dodecane sulfonate did not stimulate bacterial association with sediment, nor were they biodegraded in the microcosm. Sodium pyruvate, a non-surface-active carbon and energy source, was readily utilized but caused no bacterial attachment to the sediment. These results indicate that for an anionic surfactant to induce bacterial attachment to river sediment, it must be biodegradable. The bacterial attachment to the sediment appears to be reversible and may be dependent on the accumulation of the surfactant at the surface or as a result of alteration of the surface free energies.     

Effects of surfactant adsorption and biodegradability on the distribution of bacteria between sediments and water in a freshwater microcosm.

A microcosm containing resuspended river sediment was used to investigate the effect of anionic surfactants on the distribution of bacteria between planktonic and attached populations. Freshwater river sediment containing viable bacteria was preequilibrated in the microcosm, which was subsequently supplemented with biodegradable or recalcitrant surfactants and a non-surface-active carbon and energy source. Population dynamics of both free-living and attached bacteria were measured by epifluorescence microscopy with simultaneous analysis of the residual solution concentration of the xenobiotic carbon source. The addition of the readily biodegradable anionic surfactants sodium decyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate in separate experiments caused an increase in the number of attached bacteria and a concomitant decrease in the number of free-living bacteria. As biodegradation of the surfactants progressed, these trends reversed and the bacterial populations had returned to their preaddition values by the time when biodegradation was completed. In contrast, sodium tetradecyl sulfate or sodium dodecane sulfonate did not stimulate bacterial association with sediment, nor were they biodegraded in the microcosm. Sodium pyruvate, a non-surface-active carbon and energy source, was readily utilized but caused no bacterial attachment to the sediment. These results indicate that for an anionic surfactant to induce bacterial attachment to river sediment, it must be biodegradable. The bacterial attachment to the sediment appears to be reversible and may be dependent on the accumulation of the surfactant at the surface or as a result of alteration of the surface free energies.     

The effects of Vitamin A administration on the development of vitrified-warmed mouse blastocyst

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of vitrified-warmed mouse blastocysts following a period of Vitamin A administration. Four to six weeks old BALB/c mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of either 0.1 ml paraffin oil alone (control, Con) or paraffin oil containing 250IU of Vitamin A (experiment, Exp). Ten days later the mice were given second paraffin or paraffin Vitamin A injection and an injection of 10IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) followed 48 h later by 10IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Blastocysts were collected from both groups and randomly divided into non-vitrified (Con 1, Exp 1) and vitrified (Con 2, Exp 2) subgroups. Embryos in the vitrified group were exposed sequentially to two solutions (10% ethylene glycol, 10% DMSO in holding medium (HM: DMEMF(12)+10% FBS) and 20% ethylene glycol, 20% DMSO in HM) before plunging into liquid nitrogen. After warming at 37 degrees C, cryoprotectants were diluted serially with 0.25 and 0.15M sucrose solution in HM. The vitrified-warmed and the fresh embryos of the control and the experiment groups were cultured in DMEMF(12) with 10% FBS for 72 h. Although, on the first day of culture, the rate of development to the hatched blastocyst was nearly identical between the two vitrified groups (15.8% versus 13%) but after 48 h, the rate of plated embryos was statistically higher in the vitrified Vitamin A than the vitrified control group (63.1% versus 19.6%, P<0.001). After 48 h, in the non-vitrified groups, the rate of the plated embryos was also significantly higher in the Vitamin A than the control group (70.5% versus 49.3%, P<0.01). These data provided evidence that systemic administration of Vitamin A may enhance the potential development of blastocysts in culture and is capable to reduce the adverse effects of vitrification at least during the first 2 days of cultivation.