浙江天童森林公园植物群落演替对土壤物理性质的影响

对浙江宁波天童森林公园内的裸地、灌丛、马尾松林、马尾松木荷林、木荷林、栲树木荷林和栲树林等演替阶段土壤物理性质进行了比较分析。结果表明,尽管由于样地坡度和母质等因素的影响,演替群落土壤呈现趋砂性特征,但植物群落进展演替能明显降低土壤容重,阔叶林群落减少的幅度更显著;同时,演替能提高土壤空隙度;土壤含水量、土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量在演替过程中的增长趋势明显;土壤固相率减少,气相率增大。因此,植物群落进展演替能明显降低土壤紧实性,改善土壤通气性及持水性能,呈现出与土壤质地效应相反的变化趋势,促进了土壤肥力的发挥。而土壤物理性质的改善,也有利于群落物种更替和演替进程     

天童常绿阔叶树种栲树生殖个体大小及其生殖构件特征

对浙江天童木荷-栲树林内的常绿阔叶树种栲树(Castanopsis fargesii Franch.)的生殖个体大小、生殖构件的分布及其动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明, 该地区栲树生殖个体的胸径在17~50 cm 间, 平均胸径为31. 2±8.0 cm, 平均年龄约36.3±6.6 年;林缘附近的生殖个体小于木荷-林内。相对稳定的群落和比较丰富的土壤养分条件有利于生殖枝数量和花序数量的增多。栲树生殖个体的数量在两年中变化较大, 部分栲树个体可以在连续年份中生殖。从枝系水平分析:在持续生殖的栲树个体上, 生殖枝数量有明显变化, 并非所有的生殖枝在两年中都可开花或结果, 保持连续生殖的枝系约占48.2%。栲树果序枝数量在连续年份有明显差异(p < 0.01), 而且果序枝上的幼蕾数、果实数量及结实率等都有明显差异(p < 0.05)。     

浙江天童植物群落演替对土壤化学性质的影响

对浙江天童植物群落演替过程的土壤腐殖质层、0～10cm层和10～20cm层化学因子的比较研究结果表明,随着进展演替,土壤全氮含量呈明显增长趋势,但硝态氮、氨态氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量除演替初期的裸地、灌丛较小外,森林群落阶段增长趋势一般不明显;土壤pH值则缺乏明显的规律性,但有机质含量呈明显增长趋势,而富里酸和胡敏酸含量,除栲树木荷林和栲树林较高,裸地最低外,其它演替阶段增长趋势也不明显;HA/FA在腐殖质层缺乏明显的规律性,但在0～10cm和10～20cm层则呈减少趋势。可见,常绿阔叶林次生演替能增加土壤有机物质含量,促进土壤有机物质的矿化和再合成作用;而土壤化学性状的改善,也为常绿阔叶林的进展演替奠定了基础。     

平果喀斯特山地不同植物群落的土壤质量评价

了解喀斯特山地的土壤环境质量,对其植被恢复和石漠化治理有着重要意义。基于群落土壤肥力分析,采用典范对应分析(CCA)和因子分析相结合的方法,定量评价了广西平果喀斯特山地灌丛、灌木、仪花和蚬木群落的土壤质量。结果表明:土壤物理结构随植被恢复得到改善,土壤容重下降、孔隙增多、持水能力增强。土壤p H值以灌丛最高,仪花和蚬木林的土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量明显高于灌丛和灌木,灌丛、灌木的土壤全磷、全钾和速效钾含量则显著高于次生乔木林;土壤速效磷和交换性钙含量差异不显著。CCA可以有效筛选土壤质量评价指标,土壤质量综合评价分值的大小顺序为:仪花林(0.41)蚬木林(0.27)灌丛(-0.20)灌木林(-0.44)。导致灌丛和灌木林土壤质量较低的原因主要与群落生产力低、土壤有机质等养分积累少有关。     

不同植被恢复类型的土壤肥力质量评价

科学确定森林土壤肥力指标并进行肥力质量的评价,对立地生产力和多目标森林经营的研究有着重要意义。以采伐(径级12 cm择伐)迹地上发育来的稀树灌丛、针叶林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,进行每木调查与群落分析,并比较各群落土壤因子间的差异,用典范对应分析(CCA)和因子分析对土壤肥力质量进行定量评价。结果表明,CCA可以有效地筛选土壤肥力质量指标,有助于质量指标的科学确定;土壤肥力质量综合评价分值为稀树灌丛(0.438)常绿阔叶林(0.414)针阔混交林(-0.170)针叶林(-0.331);演替初期(19 a)的植被恢复并未使土壤结构发生明显变化,土壤肥力质量是下降的;无人为干扰的3种群落类型,针叶林表现为更高的生物量积累,而天然更新的常绿阔叶林则更有利于生物多样性的增加与土壤养分的保蓄。     

火力楠、荷木和黎蒴林的土壤特性及涵养水源的研究

对火力楠、荷木和黎蒴纯林的土壤物理性质、林地持水特性、土壤养分、微生物数量及酶活性进行了研究.结果表明,3种林地的土壤容重分别为1.19、1.26和1.06 g·cm^-3,总孔隙分别为56.73%、54.18%和60.74%,土壤自然含水量分别为51.7%、13.0%和19.4%,毛管持水量分别为43.2%、37.8%和4.8%.火力楠林地的土壤保水性一般而通气性差;荷木林地的土壤保水性和通气性均差,黎蒴林地的土壤保水性和通气性好.火力楠、荷木和黎蒴单株凋落物持水量分别为20、8和15kg,林地分别为16、13和17 t·hm^-2;火力楠、荷木和黎蒴单株凋落物养分储量分别为112.71、31.20和87.30g、林地分别为84.3、51.86和98.11kg·hm^-2.3种林地呈强酸性.黎蒴林地的土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K、碱解N和速效P含量最高,而速效K含量为荷木林地＞黎蒴林地＞火力楠林地.火力楠林地有机质含量、全N和碱解N含量＞荷木林地,荷木林地的全P、全K、速效P含量＞火力楠林地.细菌占微生物总量的94%以上,黎蒴林地的细菌数量高达41×10⁵个·g干土,而火力楠林地和荷木林地分别为3.4×10⁴个·g干土和.3×10⁴个·g干土.黎蒴林地的脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶活性最大,荷木林地纤维素分解酶活性最大5.3种林分中,黎蒴林的土壤肥力最高.     

渝东山地黄壤肥力变化与植物群落演替的关系

从土壤的理化因子出发,利用综合评价的方法,对渝东地区城口县坪坝区大巴山南坡山地黄壤的土壤肥力变化特征与地上植被类型之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明,马尾松林、杉木林、落叶栎类林、茶树林和常绿阔叶林下土壤肥力的综合指标值分别为0.1256、0.2085、0.351、0.2479、0.9329.阔叶林(落叶栎类林、茶树林和常绿阔叶林)下山地黄壤的土壤肥力综合指标值均大于针叶林(马尾松林、杉木林)下山地黄壤的土壤肥力综合指标值.即使在同一植被类型下,由于建群种的不同,其土壤肥力综合指标值也不相同.根据植物群落演替的过程可以断定土壤的发育与植物群落演替是两个密不可分、相辅相成的过程.     

川南天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后土壤碳库与肥力的变化

对川南天然常绿阔叶林及其人工更新成檫木林、柳杉林和水杉林后土壤不同形态碳素含量、碳库管理指数、养分含量和酶活性进行研究,并探讨了土壤不同形态碳素及碳库管理指数与土壤肥力之间的关系.结果表明:各季节土壤有机碳、水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、活性有机碳、稳定态碳、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量及蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均为天然常绿阔叶林＞檫木林＞水杉林＞柳杉林,土壤碳库管理指数也为天然常绿阔叶林＞檫木林＞水杉林＞柳杉林,且土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数与土壤养分含量及酶活性之间存在显著的相关关系.这说明了天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后土壤不同形态碳素含量、碳库管理指数和土壤肥力下降,且各人工林下降程度不同,而且土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数的变化能够较好地表征土壤肥力的变化.研究结果为保护天然常绿阔叶林、选择适宜的更新树种和天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后林地土壤的科学管理提供依据,也为退耕还林中树种的选择提供参考.     

西湖风景区土壤肥力的空间格局及其影响因子

土壤肥力是土壤特性的综合反映,也是揭示土壤条件动态变化的最敏感指标,不同尺度下土壤肥力空间格局的影响因素不同。本研究以西湖风景区为研究区域,通过网格布点采样,采用修改的内梅罗公式作为土壤肥力定量计算模型,研究了风景区土壤肥力指数的空间分布及其影响因素。结果表明:西湖风景区土壤为酸性,土壤有机质和有效磷平均含量达到全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准1级水平,全氮平均含量达2级水平;空间格局上,西湖南部和北部土壤综合肥力指数高于风景区西北部和西南部;不同土地利用方式、植被类型和生态系统类型的土壤综合肥力指数高低顺序分别为居民区交通区农业用地景区绿地山林地,短柄枹桂花香樟茶园竹林青冈枫树木荷,绿地草坪常绿阔叶林常绿混交林;总体上表现为景观绿地的土壤肥力高于农业土壤和自然土壤。     

受损常绿阔叶林生态系统退化评价指标体系和模型

为了对受损常绿阔叶林生态系统退化程度进行定量评价,在浙江天童亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统研究的基础上,以地带性顶级群落——栲树林为参照,选取不同退化程度的次生类型：木荷林、马尾松＋木荷林、马尾松林、灌丛以及裸地,从轻到重分别代表5种不同退化程度。根据对这5种退化阶段群落的观测结果,从生态系统的组成结构、功能和生境3方面选取了43项指标,再运用主成分分析、无重复双因素方差分析等数学分析方法经过两轮筛选,得到了一个包含13项指标的常绿阔叶林生态系统退化程度诊断的指标体系。根据层次单排序的结果,进行层次总排序,在得到各级指标的权重基础上,构建了常绿阔叶林生态系统退化综合评价模型,并就模型分析结果,用生态退化指数将常绿阔叶林的退化程度分为5级：Ⅴ级——极端退化（〉0．75）,Ⅳ级——重度退化（0．59—0．75）,Ⅲ级——中度退化（0．52—0.59）、Ⅱ级——轻度退化（0．18—0．52）和Ⅰ级——正常（〈0．18）。再利用鼎湖山国家自然保护区有关退化植被的研究数据对模型进行了验证,评价结果与模型所给出的退化评价标准较为符合,表明了本评价指标体系和模型的适用性。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.