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在好氧和厌氧两种条件下研究了1,2,4-三氯苯的降解。结果表明,1,2,4-三氯苯的好氧降解和厌氧降解均遵循一级反应动力学。在同样水分、温度及初始浓度条件下,1,2,4-三氯苯的好氧降解比厌氧降解比厌氧降解迅速,其半衰期分别为1.89 ̄5.86和5.07 ̄19.08d。土壤中1,2,4-三氯苯的初始浓度对于其降解也有显著影响,在0 ̄100μg·g^-1的范围内,浓度增高时,其降解加快,说明污染物浓 相似文献
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1,2,4-三氯苯在土壤中的降解 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在好氧和厌氧两种条件下研究了1,2,4-三氯苯的降解,结果表明,1,2,4-三氯苯的好氧降解和厌氧降解均遵循一级反应动力学在同样水分、温度及初始浓度条件下,1,2,4-三氯苯的好氧降解比厌氧降解迅速,其半衰期分别为1.89~5.86和5.07~19.08d土壤中1,2,4-三氯苯的初始浓度对于其降解也有显著影响,在0~100μg·g-1的范围内,浓度增高时,其降解加快,说明污染物浓度对降解的影响;在10~30℃范围内,温度增高导致降解过程加快,归因于温度升高对微生物酶活性的激活作用. 相似文献
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多氯联苯微生物脱氯研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是环境中典型的氯代持久性有机污染物.微生物脱氯是一种氯代有机物自然降解模式,对全球PCBs特别是高氯代同系物消减起到至关重要的作用.厌氧条件下高氯代PCBs能够发生脱氯反应,使其毒性大大降低,脱氯后形成的低氯代化合物可以进一步好氧降解,直至完全矿化.本文综述了PCBs生物脱氯的研究进展,介绍了微生物脱氯反应的机理和特征、参与微生物脱氯过程的专性脱氯菌等,探讨了该微生物过程的影响因素及厌氧脱氯与好氧降解耦合的意义,并对脱氯微生物群落的复杂代谢网络研究、专性脱氯新菌种筛选及其污染地实际修复应用等未来研究方向进行了展望. 相似文献
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土壤和沉积物中多氯代有机化合物厌氧降解研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
多氯代有机化合物(PCOCs)是土壤和沉积物中的典型污染物,厌氧条件下PCOCs能够发生脱氯发应,从而使其毒性大大降低,脱氯后形成的低氯代化合物可以进一步好氧降解,直至完全矿化。从PCOCs的降解过程出发,重点综述了几种典型PCOCs的厌氧脱氯机理以及几种重要影响因素;阐明了脱氯反应是PCOCs厌氧降解的关键步骤,反应的发生必须有还原剂提供电子,微生物的参与尤为重要;同时展望了同位素示踪法在研究PCOCs降解机制上的应用,以及开发高效降解PCOCs微生物的必要性等。 相似文献
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【目的】分离并鉴定能够降解除草剂丁草胺的厌氧微生物菌株,研究其厌氧降解丁草胺的特性和代谢途径,为深入研究丁草胺厌氧降解机制提供依据。【方法】以丁草胺为碳源作为选择压力从水稻田土壤中富集驯化丁草胺降解菌,利用16S rRNA基因系统发育分析结合菌株培养特征对降解菌株进行初步鉴定,利用液相色谱-时间飞行质谱(LC-TOF-MS)检测菌株降解丁草胺的代谢产物。【结果】筛选到一株降解丁草胺的厌氧细菌,命名为BAD-20,初步鉴定为嗜蛋白质菌属(Proteiniphilum),菌株BAD-20降解丁草胺的最适条件为温度30–35℃、pH 7.5–8.0和0–0.5%NaCl,在有氧条件下该菌不能降解丁草胺。最适条件下,菌株BAD-20在10d降解90%的20mg/L丁草胺。菌株BAD-20还能降解甲草胺、乙草胺、丙草胺,降解效率从高到低依次为甲草胺乙草胺丙草胺丁草胺,对这些氯乙酰胺除草剂的降解动力学符合一级动力学方程。鉴定到2个丁草胺降解代谢产物,分别是N-(2,6-二乙基苯基)-N-(丁氧甲基)乙酰胺(DEPBMA)和N-(2,6-二乙基苯基)乙酰胺(DEPA),表明菌株BAD-20降解丁草胺的起始步骤为脱氯,随后脱去N-丁氧甲基。【结论】本研究富集分离到一株降解丁草胺的厌氧细菌嗜蛋白质菌属(Proteiniphilum) BAD-20,为深入研究丁草胺厌氧降解机制及研发含丁草胺废水厌氧生物处理技术提供依据。 相似文献
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Pentachlorophenol (PCP) use as a general biocide, particularly for treating wood, has led to widespread environmental contamination. Biodegradation has emerged as the main mechanism for PCP degradation in soil and groundwater and a key strategy for remediation. Examining the microbial biodegrading potential for PCP at a contaminated site is crucial in determining its fate. Hundreds of studies have been published on PCP microbial degradation, but few have described the biodegradation of PCP that has been in contact with soils for many years. The bioavailability of “aged” hydrophobic organics is a significant concern. PCP- and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP)-contaminated soil samples from several depths at a former wood treatment site were placed under varying conditions in the laboratory to determine the anaerobic and aerobic potential for biodegradation of chlorophenols at the site. PCP biodegradation occurred in both anaerobic and aerobic soil samples. Rapid aerobic degradation occurred in samples spiked with 2- and 4-chlorophenol, but not with 3-chlorophenol. Reductive dechlorination of PCP in anaerobic samples resulted in the accumulation of 3-chlorophenol. In most anaerobic replicates, 3-chlorophenol was degraded with the appearance of detectable, but not quantifiable amounts of phenol. These results indicate excellent potential for remediation at the site using the indigenous microorganisms under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. However, a fraction of the PCP was unavailable for degradation. 相似文献
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Vitamin B(12), reduced by titanium (III) citrate to vitamin B(12s), catalyzes the reductive dechlorination of chlorophenols. Reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol and of all tetrachlorophenol and trichlorophenol isomers was observed. Reaction of various chlorophenols with vitamin B(12) favored reductive dechlorination at positions adjacent to another chlorinated carbon, but chlorines ortho to the hydroxyl group of a phenol were particularly resistant to reductive dechlorination, even if they were also ortho to a chlorine. This resulted in a reductive dechlorination pattern favoring removal of para and meta chlorines, which differs substantially from the pattern exhibited by anaerobic microbial consortia. 相似文献
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The reductive dechlorination of chlorophenols was studied in three fluidized-bed reactors (FBRs) with respect to enrichment, pathways, complete dechlorination, and overall performance. The methanogenic consortia, developed by previous researchers in our laboratory, have been further enriched by reducing the ratio of substrate to pentachlorophenol (PCP) and increasing the PCP loading. The performance of the consortia was improved, and complete dechlorination at high PCP loading rates was observed, reaching a PCP loading of 1227 µmol/L d with 99% chlorophenol removal. The dechlorination rates in the reactors for chlorophenol (CP) congeners were obtained and were used to evaluate the performance of the three consortia and to quantitatively estimate the fates of these chlorophenols in the reactors. The consortium with the best performance was further investigated in bottle tests by treatment with heat and metabolic inhibitors to examine chlorophenol degradation and to characterize the CP degraders. The degradation of all monochlorophenols was completely inhibited after heat treatment, but the degradation of all other tested chlorophenols was hardly affected by heat treatment, indicating that spore-forming bacteria likely were involved in dechlorination. Addition of sulfate negatively affected CP degradation, but addition of molybdate reduced the effect of sulfate. Tests with 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid and vancomycin indicated that bacteria were responsible for chlorophenol degradation in the consortium. 相似文献
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Transformations of chloroguaiacols, chloroveratroles, and chlorocatechols by stable consortia of anaerobic bacteria. 总被引:8,自引:7,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Metabolically stable consortia of anaerobic bacteria obtained by enrichment of sediment samples with 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMBA), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (gallate [GA]), or 5-chlorovanillin (CV) were used to study the anaerobic transformation of a series of chloroveratroles, chloroguaiacols, and chlorocatechols used as cosubstrates. Experiments were carried out with growing cultures, and the following pathways were demonstrated for metabolism of the growth substrates: (i) TMBA produced GA, which was further degraded without the formation of aromatic intermediates; (ii) GA formed pyrogallol, which was stable to further transformation; and (iii) CV was degraded by a series of steps involving de-O-methylation, oxidation of the aldehyde group, and decarboxylation to 3-chlorocatechol before ring cleavage. Mono-de-O-methylation of the cosubstrates occurred rapidly in the order 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol greater than 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol approximately 3,4,5-trichloroveratrole approximately tetrachloroveratrole greater than tetrachloroguaiacol and was concomitant with degradation of the growth substrates. For the polymethoxy compounds--chloroveratroles, 1,2,3-trichloro-4,5,6-trimethoxybenzene, and 4,5,6-trichlorosyringol--de-O-methylation took place sequentially. The resulting chlorocatechols were stable to further transformation until the cultures had exhausted the growth substrates; selective dechlorination then occurred with the formation of 3,5-dichlorocatechol from 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol and of 3,4,6-trichlorocatechol from tetrachlorocatechol. 2,4,5-, 2,4,6-, and 3,4,5-trichoroanisole and 2,3,4,5-tetrachloroanisole were de-O-methylated, but the resulting chlorophenols were resistant to dechlorination. These results extend those of a previous study with spiked sediment samples and their endogenous microflora and illustrate some of the transformations of chloroguaiacols and chlorocatechols which may be expected to occur in anaerobic sediments. 相似文献
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A H Neilson A S Allard C Lindgren M Remberger 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1987,53(10):2511-2519
Metabolically stable consortia of anaerobic bacteria obtained by enrichment of sediment samples with 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMBA), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (gallate [GA]), or 5-chlorovanillin (CV) were used to study the anaerobic transformation of a series of chloroveratroles, chloroguaiacols, and chlorocatechols used as cosubstrates. Experiments were carried out with growing cultures, and the following pathways were demonstrated for metabolism of the growth substrates: (i) TMBA produced GA, which was further degraded without the formation of aromatic intermediates; (ii) GA formed pyrogallol, which was stable to further transformation; and (iii) CV was degraded by a series of steps involving de-O-methylation, oxidation of the aldehyde group, and decarboxylation to 3-chlorocatechol before ring cleavage. Mono-de-O-methylation of the cosubstrates occurred rapidly in the order 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol greater than 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol approximately 3,4,5-trichloroveratrole approximately tetrachloroveratrole greater than tetrachloroguaiacol and was concomitant with degradation of the growth substrates. For the polymethoxy compounds--chloroveratroles, 1,2,3-trichloro-4,5,6-trimethoxybenzene, and 4,5,6-trichlorosyringol--de-O-methylation took place sequentially. The resulting chlorocatechols were stable to further transformation until the cultures had exhausted the growth substrates; selective dechlorination then occurred with the formation of 3,5-dichlorocatechol from 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol and of 3,4,6-trichlorocatechol from tetrachlorocatechol. 2,4,5-, 2,4,6-, and 3,4,5-trichoroanisole and 2,3,4,5-tetrachloroanisole were de-O-methylated, but the resulting chlorophenols were resistant to dechlorination. These results extend those of a previous study with spiked sediment samples and their endogenous microflora and illustrate some of the transformations of chloroguaiacols and chlorocatechols which may be expected to occur in anaerobic sediments. 相似文献
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Allard AS Hynning PA Remberger M Neilson AH 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1994,60(3):777-784
Bacteria in anaerobic enrichment cultures that dechlorinated a range of chlorocatechols were used to examine the stability of endogenous chlorocatechols in a contaminated sediment sample and in interstitial water prepared from it. During incubation of the sediment sample for 450 days with or without added cells, there was a decrease in the concentration of solvent-extractable chlorocatechols but not in that of the total chlorocatechols, including sediment-associated components. In the presence of azide, the decrease in the concentrations of the former was eliminated or substantially decreased. Control experiments in which 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol was added to the sediment suspensions after 130 days showed that its dechlorination was accomplished not only by the added cells but also by the endemic microbial flora. It was concluded that the endogenous chlorocatechols in the sediment were not accessible to microorganisms with dechlorinating activity. On the other hand, microorganisms were apparently responsible for decreasing the solvent extractability of the chlorocatechols, and this effect decreased with increasing length of exposure time. Similar experiments carried out for 70 days with the sediment interstitial water showed that the chlorocatechols that were known to be associated with organic matter were also inaccessible to microbial dechlorination. Experiments with model compounds in which 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol and tetrachloroguaiacol were covalently linked to C(2)-guaiacyl residues showed that these compounds were resistant to O demethylation or dechlorination during incubation with a culture having these activities. The only effect of microbial action was the quantitative reduction in 12 days of the C'1 keto group to an alcohol which was stable against further transformation for up to 65 days. The results of these experiments are consistent with the existence of chlorocatechols and chloroguaiacols in contaminated sediments and illustrate the cardinal significance of bioavailability in determining their recalcitrance to dechlorination and O demethylation, respectively. It is suggested that bioavailability is an important factor in determining the persistence of xenobiotics in natural ecosystems and that its omission represents a serious limitation in the interpretation of many laboratory experiments directed towards determining the persistence of xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献
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Summary Microbiological decontamination of technical chlorophenol-containing soil by composting was studied. In two 50 m3 windrows the concentration of chlorophenols went down from 212 mg kg-1 to 30 mg kg-1 in 4 summer months and after the second summer of composting it was only 15 mg kg-1. All chlorophenol congeners present in the technical chlorophenol were degraded, but the main dimeric impurities, polychlorinated phenoxyphenols were recalcitrant. The contaminated soil was found to contain chlorophenol-degrading microbes, 5x106 cfu g-1 of dry windrow soil. Laboratory experiments with samples from the windrow compost showed that chlorophenols were truly degraded and that chlorophenol loss by evaporation was less than 1.5% under the circumstances studied. Laboratory experiments also showed that degradation of chlorophenols (120 mg kg-1) was accelerated when sterilized contaminated soil was inoculated with Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus (mineralizer of several chlorophenols) or naturally occurring microbes of the field composts. Biomethylation of chlorophenols in the composts was insignificant compared to biodegradation. 相似文献
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Bioavailability of Chlorocatechols in Naturally Contaminated Sediment Samples and of Chloroguaiacols Covalently Bound to C2-Guaiacyl Residues 下载免费PDF全文
Ann-Sofie Allard Per-ke Hynning Mikael Remberger Alasdair H. Neilson 《Applied microbiology》1994,60(3):777-784
Bacteria in anaerobic enrichment cultures that dechlorinated a range of chlorocatechols were used to examine the stability of endogenous chlorocatechols in a contaminated sediment sample and in interstitial water prepared from it. During incubation of the sediment sample for 450 days with or without added cells, there was a decrease in the concentration of solvent-extractable chlorocatechols but not in that of the total chlorocatechols, including sediment-associated components. In the presence of azide, the decrease in the concentrations of the former was eliminated or substantially decreased. Control experiments in which 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol was added to the sediment suspensions after 130 days showed that its dechlorination was accomplished not only by the added cells but also by the endemic microbial flora. It was concluded that the endogenous chlorocatechols in the sediment were not accessible to microorganisms with dechlorinating activity. On the other hand, microorganisms were apparently responsible for decreasing the solvent extractability of the chlorocatechols, and this effect decreased with increasing length of exposure time. Similar experiments carried out for 70 days with the sediment interstitial water showed that the chlorocatechols that were known to be associated with organic matter were also inaccessible to microbial dechlorination. Experiments with model compounds in which 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol and tetrachloroguaiacol were covalently linked to C2-guaiacyl residues showed that these compounds were resistant to O demethylation or dechlorination during incubation with a culture having these activities. The only effect of microbial action was the quantitative reduction in 12 days of the C′1 keto group to an alcohol which was stable against further transformation for up to 65 days. The results of these experiments are consistent with the existence of chlorocatechols and chloroguaiacols in contaminated sediments and illustrate the cardinal significance of bioavailability in determining their recalcitrance to dechlorination and O demethylation, respectively. It is suggested that bioavailability is an important factor in determining the persistence of xenobiotics in natural ecosystems and that its omission represents a serious limitation in the interpretation of many laboratory experiments directed towards determining the persistence of xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献