云南医学革螨数值分类研究

以云南省57种医学革螨作为分类单元,以形态特征为主列出60项分类性状特征来探讨云南省医学革螨不同属和种的亲缘关系。运用SPSS 11.5 统计软件中的系统聚类分析和主成分分析,对57种医学革螨进行了数值分类分析。结果显示：57种医学革螨划分为厉螨科（La elapidae）、寄螨科（Parasitidae）、皮刺螨科（Dermanyssidae）、赫刺螨科（Hirstionyssidae）和裂胸螨科（Aceosejidae）5个类群。赫刺螨属和棘刺螨属从厉螨科中分离出来另立为赫刺螨科,柏氏禽刺螨归入了皮刺螨科而不是巨刺螨科。分类结果与传统形态分类结果基本一致,因而认为数值分类能比较客观地反映医学革螨各分类阶元的分类地位与亲缘关系。     

细菌的数值分类方法

细菌的数值分类方法郭秀花,李爱国,冯丹,张德舜,朴相浩（解放军北京医学高等专科学校,北京１０００７１）数值分类已广泛应用于微生物学、动物学、植物学、古生物学等领域［１］。本文就细菌数值分类进行讨论。１数值分类的概念及发展概况细菌分类方法有：传统分类法...     

西部某些根瘤菌的数值分类和16SrDNA PCR-RFLP分析

选用 61株分离自我国西北地区的野豌豆、棘豆、苜蓿和草木樨根瘤菌和 4株已知参比菌株 ,进行了营养利用、抗生素抗性和耐逆性等 1 3 2个表型性状研究 ,通过MINTS软件分析 ,得到了数值分类树状图 ,发现全部供试菌株在 79%的相似性水平上 ,分为 5个群。对 5 7株未知菌株和 1 0株参比菌株进行了 1 6SrDNAPCR RFLP分析 ,发现共具有 2 0个遗传图谱类型 ,聚类分析树状图表明所有菌株共分为 5个系统发育分支 ,与数值分类结果有较好的一致性。     

西部某些根瘤菌的数值分类和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析

选用61株分离自我国西北地区的野豌豆、棘豆、苜蓿和草木樨根瘤菌和4株已知参比菌株,进行了营养利用、抗生素抗性和耐逆性等13个表型性状研究,通过MINTS软件分析,得到了数值分类树状图,发现全部供试菌株在79％的相似性水平上,分为5个群。对57株未知菌株和10株参比菌株16SrDNAPCR－RFLD分析,发现共具有20个遗传图谱类型,聚类分析树状图表明所有菌株共分为5个系统发育分支,与数值分类结果有较好的一致性。     

数值分类的基本原理和研究程式

数值分类是一门新兴的独立边缘学科,使分类研究与数学方法和计算机技术紧密结合,不但广泛实践于有机和无机自然界的分类研究,而且应用于社会科学中的分类问题探讨。自50年代末问世、60年代初立足,迄今才20余年,在生物分类、系统和进化研究领域,数值分类已同传统的形态地理分类和化学系统分类鼎足而立。作为生物数学的一支,它与数值模拟、概率统计等分支并驾齐驱。生物数值分类有自己的不同学派:表相学和分支学,各有国际学术组织——数值分类学会和亨尼希学会,前者的第15届     

用数值分类系统探讨浙江九龙山植被类型的划分

 九龙山位于浙江省遂昌县西南部,北纬28˚21′,东经118˚52′。土地面积约75km2。主峰海拔1724m。植物种类丰富,初步统计约有种子植物143科、584属、1149种。植物区系起源古老,地理成分以热带、亚热带成分组成为主。本文用数值分类NTS专用软件在IBM—PC型计算机进行数值分类。主要有6个植被型：常绿阔叶林,常绿、落叶阔叶混交林,落叶阔叶林,山顶矮林,针叶林和竹林。常绿阔叶林为本区地带性植被,常绿、落叶阔叶混交林为本区主要的植被类型。     

革蜱幼虫的数值分类研究

数值分类学(Numerical taxonomy)是近二十年才发展起来的一门新的分类学科。从五十年代后期开始,Sneath(1957)以及Michener和Sokal(1957)等人首先运用数学理论和方法,使用电子计算机技术来解决生物分类问题,为古老的分类学科开拓了新的领域。1963年Sokal和Sneath总结了数值分类学的理论和方法写成“数值分类学原理”一书,指出数值分类学是“用数值来估算分类单位之间的亲缘性(affinity)或相似性(similarity),     

药用植物内生芽孢杆菌的多样性和系统发育研究

[目的]了解药用植物内生芽孢杆菌的生物多样性.[方法]采用数值分类、16S rDNA PCR RFLP、BOX-PCR指纹图谱和16S rDNA序列分析技术对分离于几种药用植物的内生芽孢杆菌和已知参比菌株进行表型、遗传多样性及系统发育研究.[结果]供试菌株在数值分类聚类分析中在84%的相似水平上产生13个表观群.16S rDNAPCR-RFLP分析表明供试菌株表现出丰富的遗传多样性.BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析进一步证明药用植物的内生芽孢杆菌的基因组也具有多样性,聚群的结果与数值分类有较好一致性.用软件在Genbank中进行所得序列的同源性检索,并构建系统发育树.由16S rDNA序列分析可知,供试的代表菌株SCAU11与球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)亲缘关系最近,SCAU78和SCAU25为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的两个亚种,代表菌株SCAU39与巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)的亲缘关系最近.[结论]研究结果表明药用植物内生芽孢杆菌具有明显的表型和遗传多样性.     

基于K-均值算法模型的区域土壤数值化分类及预测制图

根据封丘县土壤发生学特点遴选质地、有机质、土壤颜色、pH值、电导率和土壤发生层厚度等作为土壤属性向量,运用k-均值算法模型,对研究区40个土壤剖面样本实施数值化分类,并依据《中国土壤系统分类检索》确定算法模型输出的5个中心土壤剖面的系统分类归属。基于40个样本土壤剖面剖面与各中心剖面类型之间的分类距离,应用地统计学手段预测研究区空间任意位置的土壤与各中心剖面分类距离,完成研究区土壤数值化连续分类并在空间上实现可视化表达。在此基础上,运用去模糊化手段,“硬化”连续分类边界,获得可与传统土壤制图互为参比的研究区土壤预测制图,并对输出结果进行了土壤发生学解释。本研究表明,土壤数值化分类手段与地统计学随机模型相结合可以实现区域土壤的空间预测,且预测制图比传统土壤制图蕴含更加丰富的信息。     

分离自杭子梢等3个宿主的根瘤菌的表型分析*

对86株分离自杭子梢、决明和菜豆的根瘤菌及20株已知参比菌进行了数值分类和全细胞蛋白SDS-PAGE的表型分析。在数值分类聚类中,所有供试菌在68％的相似性水平上分为两群。群I为快生和中侵生根瘤菌,群Ⅱ为慢生根瘤菌。群I在85％的相似性水平上又可分为3个亚群,群Ⅱ在76％的相似性水平上分为3个亚群。蛋白电泳结果表明,群I在68％的相似性水平上,分为4个亚群,其中亚群1和亚群2相当于数值分类中的亚群1,亚群3和亚群4与数值分类中的亚群2和亚群3相对应;群Ⅱ在59％的相似性水平上分为3个亚群,分别与数值分类中的亚群3、亚群1和亚群2大致对应。这说明两种方法在分类上得到的结果比较接近。正在通过进一步的实验确定两种方法一致的未与已知菌株聚在一起的亚群的分类地位。研究结果还表明,三种宿主的根瘤菌存在着多样性。     

On the predictive power of numerical and Braun-Blanquet classification: an example from beechwoods

Abstract. A numerical classification method and the Braun-Blanquet method, based on external criteria, were compared with the aim of clarifying the differences in predictive power. The numerical analysis leads to a changed perspective on the floristic data and produces, as a whole, an ecologically more differentiated classification. The groups produced by numerical analysis are almost identical with the Braun-Blanquet classification with respect to marginal site conditions but they may differ in cases of intermediate site conditions. Nevertheless, a classification emerges which is on the whole, both floristically and as to site, very similar to the Braun-Blanquet classification. The discriminatory importance of the external variables is, to a large extent, the same in both methods, but discriminant analysis shows that the numerical classification is somewhat more predictive.     

Classification of basiphilous pine forests in Telemark, SE Norway: a numerical approach

The basiphilous pine forests in southern Telemark, SE Norway, have previously been classified according to the ordinary phytosociological methods of the Braun—Blanquet system. The same material was later treated by numerical analysis, i.e., TABORD—classification and the ordination technique 'reciprocal averaging'. No significant differences were found between the numerical and the non—numerical classification except for the classification of some transitional communities. Ordination by 'reciprocal averaging' gave a useful complement to the TABORD classification, and re—leves and species were distributed along interpretable gradients (i.e., along a dry—wet gradient and along a gradient from forest—rim conditions to forest conditions).     

Multivariate mapping of spatial variation in biodiversity in Peruvian Amazonia

Abstract. Variation of biodiversity over 72 600 km² of tropical rain forest was mapped by multiple characteristics using a new combined nominal–numerical classification system. Three hundred and sixty-nine tree genera were grouped into classes by eight taxonomic, geographical, phylogenetic and ecological characteristics. Each grid cell was assigned to a nominal biodiversity type by its dominant classes and classified numerically by its share of total variation in study area biodiversity. Differentiation of 0.5° cells by nominal classification was inferior to numerical classification, but improved at higher resolution. The nominal and numerical classifications were shown to have potential for complementary roles in conservation planning.     

四川省缙云山常绿阔叶林的数量分类

本文报道了用无样抽样的中点方角法对四川省缙云山常绿阔叶林的中、低级分类单位的数量分类研究。分类中,根据乔木层重要值特征确定建群种,划分出5个群系。以次要层(灌木层)种群重要值特征找出优势种区分出8个群丛组,然后用相同的方法分析草本层,找出草本层优势种,确定群丛。研究证明数量分类方法在常绿阔叶林的中、低级分类单位是适用的。     

瑞典河漫滩草甸植被的数量分类和排序

本文用目前各国学者广泛使用的一些数量分类和排序方法对瑞典河漫滩草甸样地资料进行了分类和排序。所用的方法包括多元等级聚合分类(TABORD程序),多元等级分划分类(TWINSPAN程序),PCA排序(ORDINA程序),RA和DCA排序(DECORANA程序)。研究结果表明可以把28个样地分为6个群落类型,它们的分布格局是与土壤水分梯度密切相关的。此外本文还对数量分类和排序方法在植物群落学研究中的应用以及所用方法的比较进行了讨论。     

Classification of vegetation: Past,present and future

Abstract. This paper is a report on the past, status-quo and perspectives of vegetation classification, still a major occupation of many vegetation scientists. The history of vegetation classification is discussed against a background of several controversial issues such as the problem of continuum vs. discontinuum, naturalness vs. arbitrariness of the nature of plant communities, universality vs. ad hoc character of syntaxonomic schemes, as well as classical versus numerical approaches to data analysis for classification purposes. The development of the methodology of vegetation science and the present image of vegetation classification is documented by a bibliometric analysis of the publication record of four majorjournals: Journal of Vegetation Science, Vegetatio, Phytocoenologia and Tuexenia. This analysis revealed a persisting controversy between traditional and numerical approaches to vegetation classification. A series of important changes in vegetation science (foundation of new journals, change of editorial policy by the established, important meetings) punctuate a period called the ‘Innovation period’. Several trends in the development of methods of vegetation systematics are summarized under the headings formalism, pluralism, functionalism, pragmatism and indeterminism. Some new features, such as the development and improvement of numerical tools, use of large data banks and attempts to summarize the theory of vegetation classification are discussed. The new growth-form system of Barkman initiated a revival of physiognomy-based vegetation classification. Within this framework the use of the character-type concept and the development of new numerical methods for studying the hierarchical structure of character-set types seems to be a promising approach. The achievements of population biology and ecophysiology have affected vegetation science by emphasizing the functionality of species within plant communities. The use of guilds and other functional groups has experienced an increasing interest from vegetation scientists. Applied in vegetation science, fuzzy-set theory has bridged the techniques of classification and ordination of plant communities.     

我国植被数量分析方法的研究概况和发展趋势

植被数量分析是现代植被研究的重要手段,数量分类和排序是现代植被生态学研究最重要的,也是应用最广泛的生态学技术。数量分析方法在20世纪50年代引入植被生态学研究领域,我国学者在70年代后期开始研究植被的数量分类和排序。本文主要从相关资料、应用研究、新方法研究三个方面论述了我国植被数量分析方法的发展,重点阐述了从20世纪70年代后期以来出现的并且被广泛应用的新方法及其应用研究概况,并在此基础上分析了植被数量分析方法未来的发展趋势。     

Local ranges of phytosociological associations: are they reflected in numerical classification?

In the tradition of European phytosociology, delimitations of vegetation units such as associations are mostly based on data from small areas where more detailed vegetation sampling has been carried out. Such locally delimited vegetation units are often accepted in large-scale synthetic classifications, e.g. national vegetation monographs, and tentatively assigned to a small geographical range, forming groups of similar (vicarious) vegetation units in different small areas. These vicarious units, however, often overlap in species composition and are difficult to recognize from each other. We demonstrate this issue using an example of the classification of dry grasslands (Festuco-Brometea) in the Czech Republic. The standard vegetation classification of the Czech Republic supposes that the majority of accepted associations (66 out of 68) have a restricted distribution in one of the two major regions, Bohemia or Moravia. We compared the classification into traditional associations with the numerical classification of 1440 phytosociological relevés from the Czech Republic, in order to test whether the traditionally recognized associations with small geographical ranges are reflected in numerical classification. In various comparisons, the groups of relevés identified by numerical analysis occupied larger areas than the traditional associations. This suggests that with consistent use of total species composition as the vegetation classification criterion, the resulting classification will usually include more vegetation units with larger geographical ranges, while many of the traditional local associations will disappear.     

The development of numerical classification and ordination

Summary The paper reviews the constraints and influences which have affected the development of numerical classification and ordination of vegetation.Initial development of ordination techniques and their reception by ecologists was hindered by the mistaken idea that ordination involved acceptance of variation in vegetation as a continuum, as well as by a general suspicion of mathematical approaches.Three distinct approaches to ordination, largely unrecognised at the time, are apparent in earlier work: direct gradient analysis, reduction in dimensionality and path-seeking (catenation) (Dale 1975).Modifications of simple initial techniques made them more efficient at the cost of increased computation. Acceptance of heavier computation as computers increased in capacity and speed turned attention to prineipal component analysis and the superficially similar factor analysis. These have been widely misunderstood largely because they were initially applied in the same way as in the analysis of psychological data, in which different constraints and objectives apply. The initial failure to recognise that principal component analysis involves a preliminary data transformation, the form of which depends on answers to biological, not mathematical, questions, was particularly unfortunate.Principal component analysis has limitations as a technique of ordination resulting from its assumptions of linearity and additivity of plant responses. Attempts to devise more effective techniques raise questions about the practical importance of non-linearity if the objective is data-exploration rather than elucidating the nature of species-response curves and about the adequacy of using simulated data as test data when we do not know how to simulate realistic data.Data-exploration has been more prominent in practical uses of ordination but many methodological developments have concentrated rather on species-response curves.Numerical classification also met obstacles to its acceptance additional to a general aversion to numerical techniques. The first numerical techniques were presented in the context of the relationships of a particular set of data, rather than of a generally valid system, which was the more familiar concept in non-numerical classification.Both numerical and non-numerical classification aim to produce as homogeneous groups as possible. The distinctive contribution of numerical methods is to allow the data to indicate the most efficient criteria of classification; this was an unfamiliar idea.The strategy of classification may be either divisive or agglomerative and either monothetic or polythetic. Choice of strategy in earlier work was not only constrained by computational limitation but may also have been influenced by an author's previous experience of non-numerical classification. As with ordination, the distinction between preliminary data transformation and subsequent analysis was at first not appreciated.Numerical classification has been influenced by parallel numerical developments in formal taxonomy. Because objectives and assumptions are not always the same, this influence has not been altogether helpful.The limitations of real data suggest that developments of technique are at risk of becoming too concerned with refinements of methodology. Increasingly complex methods and increasing availability of programmes for such methods carry the risk that they may be used without adequate understanding of what they do.     

Evaluation of syntaxonomic schemes of aquatic plant communities by cluster analysis

Numerical classification methods can simulate strategies of intuitive classifications. This paper considers two different intuitive syntaxonomic schemes suggested for stagnant eutrophic fresh-water communities with a view to identifying which among the commonest numerical methods of classification fits the two intuitive schemes best. Comparison of classifications using an information function and discriminant analysis revealed that the different numerical methods simulate different intuitive schemes, but the results of the numerical classifications are always judged superior. Two new syntaxonomic schemes optimizing the sharpness between the syntaxa are proposed.