肾移植术后隐球菌性脑膜炎合并肺炎1例并文献复习

目的 探讨肾移植术后隐球菌性脑膜炎合并肺炎的诊断及治疗.方法 对1例肾移植术后隐球菌性脑膜炎合并肺炎患者的临床及实验室检查特点进行分析,并结合文献复习进行讨论.结果 给予患者两性霉素B脂质体联合伏立康唑诱导、伏立康唑维持治疗后头痛、咳嗽等症状消失,影像学检查示肺部病灶吸收.治疗过程中未发生急性排斥.结论 肾移植术后隐球菌性脑膜炎并发肺炎患者的临床表现缺乏特异性,脑脊液墨汁染色和隐球菌抗原乳胶凝集试验是诊断的主要手段.及时诊断和有效抗真菌治疗可改善患者的预后.治疗过程中免疫抑制药物需作相应调整.     

肝肾移植术后患者隐球菌感染的临床特征分析

目的研究肝、肾移植术后患者隐球菌感染的临床特征。方法选取2010年1月到2015年7月来浙江大学医学院附属第一医院就诊的肝、肾移植术后并确诊为隐球菌感染的患者,对其临床特征进行回顾性分析。结果研究周期内有23例患者符合入组要求,其中肾移植术后21例、肝移植术后2例。对23例患者进行分析,发现单纯隐球菌肺炎6例(占26.0%)、单纯隐球菌性脑膜炎6例(占26.0%)、隐球菌性脑膜炎合并隐球菌肺炎8例(占34.7%)、隐球菌败血症2例(占8.6%),皮肤隐球菌感染1例(占4.3%)。所有隐球菌肺炎均经肺穿刺病理确诊,临床表现以发热,咳嗽咳痰,气急症状居多。胸部CT表现为结节、空洞、肿块、渗出等。所有隐球菌脑膜炎患者中9例经脑脊液培养出新生隐球菌、7例脑脊液墨汁染色见隐球菌,其中3例培养及涂片均为阳性。临床表现以头痛、发热、呕吐症状居多,1例并发癫痫,1例并发意识障碍。所有患者分别给予氟康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶针、伏立康唑等抗真菌治疗,其中3例隐球菌脑膜炎患者予两性霉素B鞘内注射。经1~6个月治疗后,总体预后情况良好(好转22例,死亡1例)。结论肝、肾移植术后患者因免疫抑制剂的长期使用,隐球菌感染值得重视,其临床症状不典型,易误诊及漏诊,通过对其主要症状及影像学特点判断,结合肺穿刺活检、脑脊液检查、血培养等检查手段,可明显提高隐球菌感染的检出率,从而做到早诊断,早治疗,降低病死率。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎的诊断与治疗

隐球菌性脑膜炎是由隐球菌属,特别是新生隐球菌及格特隐球菌引起的机会性感染,在免疫抑制者及正常人群均可发病。隐球菌性脑膜炎早期诊断困难,即便接受治疗,患者死亡率仍然很高。在过去几年中,快速及时的检测及早期隐球菌抗原检查取得了重大进展。对晚期HIV感染者行血隐球菌荚膜抗原筛查并进行抢先治疗,有望阻止其进展为临床感染。目前抗真菌药物主要包括多烯类、唑类及氟胞嘧啶,未来药物研究的重点是疗效更好、毒性更小的新型口服抗真菌药。本文总结近几年隐球菌性脑膜炎的相关诊断及治疗进展,旨在对隐脑患者诊疗提供帮助。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎患者外周血中Th9和Th17细胞水平变化及意义

目的：比较初发隐球菌性脑膜炎患者治疗前后与健康对照人群外周血 CD4＋ T 细胞中 Th9和 Th17细胞的比值,探讨 Th9和 Th17细胞在隐球菌性脑膜炎发病机制中的作用。方法选取初发未经治疗隐球菌性脑膜炎患者及健康对照各12例,抽取隐球菌性脑膜炎患者治疗前和治疗后3周及健康对照的外周血,分离外周血单核细胞,应用流式细胞仪检测技术对3组病例外周血 CD4＋ T 细胞中 Th9和 Th17的比值进行比较。结果与健康对照相比,隐球菌性脑膜炎患者治疗前Th17表达下调,差异有统计学意义;在治疗好转患者中,治疗后 Th17表达显著上调,与治疗前及健康对照相比差异均有统计学意义。Th9在治疗前与健康对照相比无差异,在治疗后隐球菌性脑膜炎患者中表达上调。结论 Th17免疫途径是隐球菌性脑膜炎患者抵御隐球菌感染的重要免疫机制,隐球菌性脑膜炎发病及治疗拮抗可能与 Th17缺乏有关。     

隐球菌病的诊治进展

隐球菌通常感染免疫功能低下的患者,荚膜多糖是其主要的致病因子,隐球菌主要通过肺进入机体从而引起肺隐球菌病,但因其嗜神经的特性,中枢神经系统也是隐球菌的主要靶器官。隐球菌感染的主要危险因素包括H IV感染和器官移植。由于感染部位的不同和患者的免疫功能的差异,其临床症状也多种多样,轻者无症状,重者危及生命。治疗方案主要由患者的免疫状态和病情的严重程度决定,主要包括多烯类和咪唑类抗真菌药物的治疗。即使经过抗真菌治疗,H IV患者隐球菌病的病死率仍较高,而CME(隐球菌性脑膜炎/脑膜脑炎)患者的临床治疗失败率之高让人难以接受。现介绍近年来隐球菌病在诊断和治疗方面的进展,并对未来治疗的发展趋势作简要的评价。     

新生隐球菌感染流行病学现状及耐药机制相关研究进展

新生隐球菌是一种广泛存在于环境中的酵母类真菌,主要侵犯中枢神经系统引起隐球菌性脑膜炎。HIV感染是导致隐球菌感染的主要危险因素之一,但近年来关于非HIV患者隐球菌感染的报道不断增加。体外药敏试验证实大部分新生隐球菌对棘白菌素类药物具有内在抗性。两性霉素B和氟康唑是用于隐球菌感染治疗的一线药物,而长期广泛用药引起新生隐球菌对氟康唑的耐药率逐年升高,患者临床治疗失败率居高不下。为进一步加深对新生隐球菌的认识,本文结合国内外流行病学报道及相关研究,从感染现状、生物学特征、诊治方法和耐药性等方面进行综述,以期为新生隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床诊治提供参考。     

腰椎置管治疗隐球菌性脑膜炎4例并文献复习

目的 观察早期腰椎置管引流加鞘内注射两性霉素B治疗伴有恶性高颅压隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床效果及探讨临床应用的可行性.方法 详细分析和归纳整理了我科应用腰椎置管法治疗的4例隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的临床资料.结果 4例患者经早期腰椎置管引流加鞘内注射两性霉素B治疗后临床症状迅速改善.经联合治疗后,痊愈3例,好转1例,4例患者随访至今均无复发.结论 早期腰椎置管引流加鞘内注射两性霉素B治疗隐球菌性脑膜炎能有效的降低隐球菌脑膜炎患者的高颅压,改善临床症状,提高疗效.     

肾移植术后隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床分析

目的 分析肾移植术后隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床特点,以期提高临床医生的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析肾移植术后隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床表现、实验室检查和治疗预后.结果 4例患者中,男2例,女2例,全部为首次同种异体肾移植.所有患者均有发热和头痛症状,多表现为轻度头痛和低热.3例患者隐球菌涂片和培养均为阳性.所有患者分别给予两性霉素B脂质体、伏立康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶等抗真菌治疗,其中1例合并两性霉素B鞘内注射.经2～4个月治疗后,4例隐球菌涂片转阴,临床症状消失,均在我院随访,至今未复发.结论 肾移植术后隐球菌性脑膜炎首发症状隐匿,临床表现不典型,极易误诊漏诊.早期明确诊断、多科室协作、规范足量治疗是提高此病救治成功的关键.     

隐球菌性脑膜炎治疗的更新

隐球菌性脑膜炎(cryptococcal meningitis,CM)是一种由新型隐球菌和格特隐球菌引起的机会性真菌感染性疾病。尽管近些年来,随着CM诊断方法与治疗手段的重大进展,患者整体病死率明显下降,但其发病率在世界范围内仍呈升高趋势,在我国尤为明显。虽然CM常发生在有免疫缺陷的人群如HIV患者,但HIV阴性的人群患病率却逐年升高,且二者的治疗方案不尽相同。本文总结了国内外关于HIV阳性与HIV阴性隐球菌性脑膜炎患者治疗的新进展,旨在对HIV阳性和HIV阴性隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的治疗提供依据。     

艾滋病合并隐球菌脑膜炎的诊断及治疗

隐球菌性脑膜炎(cryptococcal meningitis,CM)是艾滋病患者中常见的致命性中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)感染,据统计,全球每年有60多万人死于隐球菌病[1],早期诊断和治疗是治疗成功的关键。艾滋病合并隐球菌脑膜炎的治疗主要包括:抗真菌治疗、颅内压管理和用抗逆转录病毒疗法恢复免疫功能。这三方面的最佳结合是实现成功治疗和降低死亡率的关键。抗真菌治疗包括三个阶段:诱导、巩固和维持。     

原发性血小板减少性紫癜合并侵袭性真菌感染2例报告附文献复习

目的 报道2例难治性原发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）患者用大剂量激素和（或）免疫抑制剂后发生侵袭性真菌感染（IFI）,其治疗经过及相关文献复习。方法 2例难治性ITP患者用大剂量激素和（或）免疫抑制剂后发生IFI,用大扶康、两性霉素B,降颅压,辅助呼吸等治疗。结果 例1发生隐球菌脑膜脑炎、例2出现肺曲酶菌感染,均经抗真菌治疗无效死亡。结论 长期应用激素及免疫抑制剂是难治性ITP患者发生IFI的危险因素,治疗困难,确诊后用药应足量、足疗程。     

76例儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎临床分析

目的分析儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎临床特点。方法回顾性分析76例隐球菌性脑膜炎患儿临床资料。结果男47例,女29例,平均年龄(6.34±3.67)岁;主要临床表现为发热(100%)、头痛(78.95%)、呕吐(81.58%);首次脑脊液墨汁染色阳性46例(60.53%),首次脑脊液真菌培养阳性21例(27.63%),两性霉素B联合5-氟胞嘧啶抗真菌治疗好转率(74.19%),两性霉素B联合氟康唑治疗好转率(62.96%),差异无统计学意义(P=0.75)。结论儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎极易误诊、漏诊,反复、多次腰穿有助于早期诊断;两性霉素B联合5-氟胞嘧啶是抗真菌治疗首选方案,早期诊断、积极降颅压是改善预后的关键。     

Epidemiological Profile of Cryptococcal Meningitis Patients in Rio Grande do Sul,Brazil

Cryptococcosis is a major opportunistic mycosis which has meningitis as its most frequent clinical presentation and can be fatal in the absence of antifungal therapy. The aetiological agents are Cryptococcus neoformans, which affects mainly immunocompromised subjects, and C. gattii, the aetiologic agent for cryptococcosis in healthy individuals. A recent outbreak of cryptococcosis on Vancouver Island, Canada, raised the level of concern about the epidemiology of this disease. In Brazil, between 1980 and 2002, six per cent of AIDS patients had cryptococcosis in course at the time of diagnosis. To identify the profile of cryptococcal meningitis patients in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, a retroactive study was realized using data from patients registered at Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública IPB-LACEN/RS from 2000 to 2005. Most of the patients were men (77.12%), Caucasian (83.5%), median age between thirty and thirty-nine years old (46.24%) and HIV positive (95%).     

Cryptococcal Meningitis in Senegal: Epidemiology, Laboratory Findings, Therapeutic and Outcome of Cases Diagnosed from 2004 to 2011

Background

Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the most important opportunistic infection and a major contributor to early mortality. In sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Senegal, prevalence of cryptococcal meningitis remains high. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, laboratory profile, therapeutic and outcome of cases diagnosed in Dakar.

Methods

We analyzed the cryptococcosis cases diagnosed at the department of parasitology–mycology in Fann Teaching Hospital in Dakar from 2004 to 2011. The diagnosis was confirmed by culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and/or by India ink preparation and/or by cryptococcal antigen detection. The diagnosis methods were assessed by using culture as reference.

Results

A total of 106 cases of cryptococcal meningitis were diagnosed. The prevalence of cryptococcal meningitis was 7.8 %. The mean age of the patients was 40.17 ± 9.89 years. There were slightly more male (53.8 %) than female (46.2 %) patients; 89.6 % were found to be infected with HIV, and the median CD4+ count was 27/mm³. Approximately 79.5 % of the patients had <100 CD4+ lymphocytes/mm³. India ink staining presented sensitivity at 94.11 % and specificity at 100 %. Sensitivity and specificity of cryptococcal antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid were, respectively, 96.96 and 15.78 %. The most frequently used antifungal drug was fluconazole (86.7 %), and the mortality rate was 62.2 % (66 deaths).

Conclusion

Early diagnosis is essential to control cryptococcosis, and countries should prioritize widespread and reliable access to rapid diagnostic cryptococcus antigen assays. But it is important to make available conventional methods (India ink and culture) in the maximum of laboratory in regional health facilities.     

Preventing Death from HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis: The Way Forward

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM), a fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus species, is one of the most common opportunistic infections among persons with HIV/AIDS. The highest burden of disease is in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, where limited access to antiretroviral treatment and appropriate antifungal therapy contributes to high mortality rates. Increasing focus has been placed on earlier detection and prevention of disease. Primary prophylaxis and screening may provide a survival benefit and can be cost-effective in settings where CM prevalence is high. The development of a new point-of-care cryptococcal antigen assay has the potential to transform both disease prevention and diagnosis.     

IFN-gamma at the site of infection determines rate of clearance of infection in cryptococcal meningitis

In animal models, immunity to cryptococcal infection, as in many chronic fungal and bacterial infections, is associated with a granulomatous inflammatory response, intact cell-mediated immunity, and a Th1 pattern of cytokine release. To examine the correlates of human immunity to cryptococcal infection in vivo, we analyzed immune parameters at the site of infection over time and assessed the rate of clearance of infection by serial quantitative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fungal cultures in 62 patients in a trial of antifungal therapy for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. CSF IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 were significantly higher in survivors compared with nonsurvivors. There were negative correlations between log TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 levels and baseline cryptococcal CFU. Log IFN-gamma, G-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were correlated positively with the rate of fall in log CFU/ml CSF/day. In a linear regression model including antifungal treatment group, baseline CFU, and these cytokines, only treatment group and log IFN-gamma remained independently associated with rate of clearance of infection. The results provide direct in vivo evidence for the importance of quantitative differences in IFN-gamma secretion in human immune control of granulomatous infections, and increase the rationale for adjunctive IFN-gamma in the treatment of refractory HIV-associated cryptococcosis.     

The changing face of AIDS-related opportunism: cryptococcosis in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Case reports and literature review

Only nine cases of AIDS-related cryptococcosis have been reported until now in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), all of them with abnormal clinical features. Two HIV-infected patients who experienced an atypical relapse of cryptococcosis shortly after the start of HAART and despite maintenance antifungal treatment, are described. Six different relapses of cryptococcal meningitis were observed in a 28-month period in a patient who obtained a poor immune recovery after HAART (as shown by a CD4+ lymphocyte count ranging from 78 to 149 cells/microL, opposed to a baseline level of 98 cells/microL). On the other hand, a patient with favorable immunological response to HAART (as expressed by a CD4+ count growing from 7 to 186 cells/microL), experienced isolated multiple indolent cryptococcal abscesses involving head, neck, the anterior thoracic wall, and regional lymph nodes, with repeatedly negative cultures, and diagnosis obtained by both histopathologic study and positive serum antigen assay. Both our case reports are representative of novel correlations between opportunistic pathogens and immune reactivity, descending from the introduction of HAART. The first episode describes an exceedingly elevated number of disease relapses despite HAART and antifungal maintenance treatment, which may descend from an incomplete immune response to antiretroviral therapy, possibly responsible for failure in obtaining eradication of yeasts, but also for lack of disease dissemination (usually leading to a lethal multivisceral involvement in the pre-HAART era). The abnormal disease course and localization of second reported patient well depicts an "immune reconstitution syndrome" probably representing a flare-up of a latent fungal infection, caused by a rapidly effective HAART. In patients treated with HAART, AIDS-related cryptococcosis cannot therefore be ruled out by the absence of neurological involvement, and by persistingly negative cultures.