青海地区解磷微生物的筛选及对小油菜生长的影响

为了筛选出能适应青海省冷凉气候环境的解磷菌株,以磷酸钙、卵磷脂、植酸为单一磷源,对胶冻样芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、紫变异链霉菌、肉桂褐链霉菌、黄团孢链霉菌进行固体平板培养基初筛和液体培养基复筛,通过综合比较固体平板培养基中解磷圈的大小和液体培养基可溶性磷含量,初步筛选出解磷效果较好的3株解磷菌,分别为紫变异链霉菌、肉桂褐链霉菌和胶冻样芽孢杆菌。将这3株解磷菌制成液体菌剂,在9月冷凉气候下采用两种不同肥力土壤进行小油菜盆栽试验。结果表明:与对照相比,施加紫变异链霉菌剂后,高肥力耕地土的小油菜收获时株高、鲜重、根长、根重分别增加了35.5%、191.0%、26.2%、282.7%,植株磷吸收量、根际土壤全磷、速效磷分别增加了968.9%、5.1%、2.1%;低肥力自然土的小油菜收获时株高和鲜重分别增加了45.8%和61.3%,根长和根重分别减少了2.6%和4.4%,植株磷吸收量、根际土壤全磷、速效磷分别增加了91.5%、29.1%和213.7%。其他两种解磷菌剂效果不如紫变异链霉菌明显,表明紫变异链霉菌为适合青海地区冷凉气候环境的解磷菌株。     

种植条件下海滨盐土理化性状与生物学特征

以苏北海滨盐土种植实验区7个不同特征的地块为对象,研究了海滨盐土基本理化性状及其生物学特征的季节变化,以及其与植物种植和植被条件的关系.结果表明:海滨盐土的土壤性状随种莓年限和植被状况的不同有较大的变异性,种植耐盐植物地块平均土壤电导率(0.95 dS·m-1)低于自然植被地块(2.77 dS·m-1),但部分地块电导率水平较种植前有所升高;土壤肥力普遍较低,水解性氮含量平均低于50 mg·kg-1,有效磷含量(除施肥地块)平均低于3 mg·kg-1,有机质含量低于1%,种植耐盐植物地块因施肥而有所改善.土壤电导率和养分水平是影响盐土植被生长与分布的主要因素,前者尤为关键;土壤氮磷含量与微生物数量密切相关.不同植被和干扰状况下土壤性状的季节变化差异明显,植被盖度高、人为干扰少的土壤环境相对稳定,反之则波动剧烈.     

三种生物质能源植物组织的乙醇提取液对烟粉虱生物活性的影响

为了探讨蓖麻、海滨锦葵等生物质能源植物组织的抽提物作为植物保护剂的可行性,用蓖麻种子、蓖麻叶片、海滨锦葵叶片等生物质能源植物组织的乙醇粗提物处理烟粉虱成虫,4、24、48、72和96 h后测定其体内的谷胱甘肽转移酶和羧酸酯酶活性,并利用Y型嗅觉仪测定烟粉虱对3种生物质能源植物组织的乙醇粗提物的嗅觉反应.结果表明:3种生物质能源植物组织的乙醇粗提物对烟粉虱谷胱甘肽转移酶和羧酸酯酶均有明显影响,随着浓度的提高,其作用增强,其中250倍液的作用与1.8%的阿维菌素3000倍液作用相当.3种提取液的250倍液对烟粉虱成虫具有明显的驱避作用,其中蓖麻种子、蓖麻叶片和海滨锦葵叶片等乙醇粗提物的驱避率分别为100.0%、96.7%和79.4%.表明蓖麻种子、蓖麻叶片和海滨锦葵叶片的乙醇粗抽提物对烟粉虱具有驱避作用和其他生物活性.     

NaCl胁迫下海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗生长过程的生理特性变化

以1／4 Hoagland溶液为基础培养液,研究了0．5％、1．0%、1．5％、2．0％和2．5％NaCl处理对海滨锦葵[Kostelezkya rirginica（L．）Presl．]种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,发现随着培养液中NaCl浓度的增加,海滨锦葵种子萌发率逐渐降低;当NaCl浓度达2．5％时种子不萌发,但NaCl胁迫解除后,种子的萌发率水平与对照相当。幼苗在含0．5％～1．0%NaCl的培养液中生长状况良好,叶绿素含量和根系活力明显增高;但当NaCl浓度达1．5％-2．0％时,叶绿素含量和根系活力逐渐下降;与对照相比,NaCl胁迫下幼苗的MDA水平降低。结果表明,NaCl胁迫对海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗牛长有一定的影响,但海滨锦葵可通过种子休眠、增加根系活力、降低体内MDA水平来缓解一定的盐害效应．以适应盐胁迫的生长环境．     

接种木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长和根际土壤AM真菌侵染的影响

在盆栽试验中分别接种3株长枝木霉菌株Trichoderma longibrachiatum MF-1、MF-2和MF-3,以不接种木霉菌处理作为对照,研究木霉菌接种对土著AM真菌和黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,菌株MF-1和MF-2显著提高了AM真菌侵染率和根外菌丝密度,与对照相比,AM真菌侵染率分别提高了26.85%和54.66%,根外菌丝密度分别是对照的3.94和3.76倍。接种菌株MF-2使植株地上部生物量显著提高了39.07%。菌株MF-3显著提高土壤pH和土壤有效磷含量。Pearson相关分析发现,添加木霉菌后,AM真菌侵染率与根外菌丝密度和孢子密度均呈显著正相关关系,土壤pH与植株地上部生物量和土壤有效磷含量均呈显著正相关关系。研究表明,3株长枝木霉与土著AM真菌的联合作用效果有明显差异,菌株MF-1和MF-2显著促进AM真菌生长,菌株MF-2更有利于黄瓜幼苗生长,而菌株MF-3主要改善土壤pH和有效磷含量。将几种木霉菌复合应用,有助于达到联合促生和改善土壤环境的综合效果。     

有机肥和解磷固氮菌配施对缺碳黄棕壤养分特性的协同效应

研究不同有机肥配比下解磷固氮细菌对土壤养分和相关酶活性的动态影响,可为筛选合适的菌肥类型、有机肥配比和施肥周期提供参考。试验设置0%、4%、8%、12%(质量比)4种有机肥配比,选择巨大芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞菌2种解磷菌和褐球固氮菌、巴西固氮螺菌2种固氮菌,以亚热带贫瘠黄棕壤为研究对象,在控制条件下(28 ℃、避光)持续土壤培养60 d,以探讨不同有机肥水平和不同取样时间(培养第3、8、16、30、45、60天)4种细菌单独或混合接种对土壤有效态养分和相关酶活性的影响。结果表明: 随着有机肥含量的增加,菌肥处理土壤的有效氮和有效磷含量逐渐提高,表现为12%>8%>4%>0%。随着培养时间的延长,各处理土壤养分基本呈现先增加后降低的趋势。相对于单施有机肥,配施有机肥和菌肥能够显著提高和延长菌肥对土壤养分含量和酶活性的增益。菌肥对土壤养分特性的影响在不同有机肥配比下呈现不同的规律: 有机肥含量较低(0%～4%)时,虽然菌肥显著提高了土壤有效养分含量,但在初期各菌肥间差异并不显著;随着有机肥含量的提高和培养时间的延长,解磷菌(尤其是巨大芽孢杆菌)显著提高了有效磷含量,固氮菌(尤其是巴西固氮螺菌)显著提高了有效氮含量。4种细菌混合菌肥主要呈现解磷功能,比单施解磷菌具有更明显的优势,而固氮功能未得到显著提高。相关分析表明,土壤养分含量和酶活性大小呈显著正相关关系,而酶活性受土壤培养时间和碳氮比的影响。因此,针对该土壤类型,菌肥能够在短期内显著提高土壤养分含量,但菌肥特定功能的发挥依赖于有机碳的输入和土壤碳氮比的大小,配施合适比例的有机肥(8%～12%)能够提高并延长菌肥的改良效果;每45～60 d需进行菌肥复施,以保证其存活率和持续效果。     

^32p示踪法研究溶磷真菌对磷肥转化固定和有效性的影响

采用^32P示踪技术,研究了溶磷青霉菌P8对肥料磷与土壤有效磷的转化、固定和有效性的影响．结果表明,溶磷青霉菌菌剂能够增加玉米、花生的生物量,促进作物对土壤和肥料磷素的吸收;溶磷菌剂具有防止有效磷转化为难溶Ca10-P的作用,增加有效态磷(Ca2-^32P、Ca8-^32p)的比例．随时间延长,施入的^32P转化为Ca10-P的数量(或比例)逐渐增加,但是相对于未接种菌剂处理,接种青霉菌菌剂的土壤磷和肥料磷转化为Ca10-P比例最低．溶磷青霉菌菌剂不仅能够防止有效磷向难溶磷Ca10-P的转化,而且其效果能够维持较长时间．     

~(32)P示踪法研究溶磷真菌对磷肥转化固定和有效性的影响

采用³²P示踪技术,研究了溶磷青霉菌P8对肥料磷与土壤有效磷的转化、固定和有效性的影响.结果表明,溶磷青霉菌菌剂能够增加玉米、花生的生物量,促进作物对土壤和肥料磷素的吸收;溶磷菌剂具有防止有效磷转化为难溶Ca₁₀-P的作用,增加有效态磷(Ca₂-³²P、Ca₈-³²P)的比例.随时间延长,施入的³²P转化为Ca₁₀-P的数量(或比例)逐渐增加,但是相对于未接种菌剂处理,接种青霉菌菌剂的土壤磷和肥料磷转化为Ca₁₀-P比例最低.溶磷青霉菌菌剂不仅能够防止有效磷向难溶磷Ca₁₀-P的转化,而且其效果能够维持较长时间.     

菌丝室接种解磷细菌Bacillus megaterium C4对土壤有机磷矿化和植物吸收的影响

通过30μm尼龙网将根盒分成根室和菌丝室,菌丝室中的低磷土壤施加75 mg P/kg土壤的植酸钙,研究了菌丝室土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌Glomus intraradices和解磷细菌Bacillus megaterium C4对有机磷的矿化和吸收.结果表明,在试验条件下,植酸钙的溶解性很低,对土壤溶液有机磷的贡献不大.接种解磷细菌C4提高了土壤中磷酸酶的活性,减少了土壤中有机磷的含量.但是,由于存在解磷细菌与AM真菌对磷的竞争,解磷细菌矿化出的磷大部分被自身利用,AM真菌的生长受到抑制,解磷细菌对植物磷营养的改善没有表现出显著的贡献.     

高效解磷细菌的筛选及其对玉米苗期生长的促进作用

采用改良后的PVK平板,从石灰性土壤上长势良好的野生植物根表分离到44株解磷细菌,通过NBRIP液体摇瓶实验,培养7 d后发现：K₃菌株培养液中全磷浓度高达643.2 μg·ml^-1,可溶性磷为584.8 μg·ml^-1,约有12.9%的磷酸三钙被溶解出来,为对照(CK)的10.5倍;K₉菌株培养液的全磷浓度为608.5 μg·ml^-1,可溶性磷浓度为606.4 μg·ml^-1.盆栽试验的结果表明：接种解磷细菌的处理玉米株高、茎粗和干质量显著高于CK;将有机肥作为载体和解磷细菌一同混合施入土壤的处理,玉米苗干质量较单施解磷菌显著增加.经初步鉴定, K₃、K₉为假单胞菌属.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Similar aerosol emission rates and viral loads in upper respiratory tracts for COVID-19 patients with Delta and Omicron variant infection

Highlights
1 Aerosol emission rates of Delta or Omicron patients were similar.
2 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of Alpha, Delta and Omicron patients were similar.
3 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of vaccinated or unvaccinated Delta patients had no difference.     

Recombinant human interferon-α1b inhibits SARS-CoV-2 better than interferon-α2b in vitro

Highlights
1) A comprehensive evaluation method for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs was established based on RT-qPCR, TCID₅₀ method, and immunofluorescence.
2) A significant antiviral effect of rHuIFN-α1b was shown with EC₅₀=0.12 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=0.52 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells, which was better than rHuIFN-α2b (EC₅₀=0.25 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=2.48 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells).
3) rHuIFN-α1b has a good potential in the application of anti-COVID-19 therapy.     

Continued antigenic variation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in laying hens in China, 2020–2021

Highlights
1. 13 strains of H7N9 viruses from laying hens in 2020 and 2021 were identified.
2. H7N9 viruses in China comprised at least 11 genotypes.
3. H7N9 viruses are high pathogenic in chickens, not in ducks.
4. The most H7N9 viruses cross-reacted poorly with H7-Re3 antiserum.
5. The H7-Re3 vaccine was unable to prevent H7N9 infection.