近51年来祁连山植被净初级生产力对气候变化的响应

本研究以分辨率为0.1°×0.1°的植被、土壤和气象数据为驱动,利用大气-植被相互作用模型(AVIM2)模拟了祁连山地区1958~2008年植被净初级生产力(NPP),并对近51年来祁连山地区植被NPP对气候变化的响应进行了分析。结果表明:近51年来祁连山植被(常绿针叶林、落叶针叶林、草地、灌木、农田)在气温升高和降水量增加的影响下,NPP总量呈增加趋势,且增加速率依次为:农田>常绿针叶林>落叶针叶林>草地>灌木。植被NPP的变化与气温和降水量的变化均呈正相关关系,且温度变化对植被NPP的影响大于降水,即温度变化是影响祁连山地区植被NPP变化的主导因素。从区域平均来看,气温年平均上升速率为0.043℃·a-1,降水量的平均增加速率为1.355mm·a-1,在气温和降水量的共同作用下,1958~2008年祁连山地区植被NPP总量呈增加趋势,平均增加速率为0.718g·m-2·a-1。     

乌珠穆沁草原水热分配差异对植被的影响

利用MODIS NDVI 数据和气象站点的气温和降水资料, 运用最大值合成、一元线性分析和相关分析方法, 分别从年际变化、季节变化和月变化角度分析2000-2013 年乌珠穆沁草原植被覆盖变化及其对气温和降水变化的响应特征。结果表明, 从年际变化看, 近15 年来乌珠穆沁草原植被覆盖呈增加趋势, 其变化趋势主要受降水量的控制; 从季节变化来看, 夏季和秋季植被覆盖度呈上升趋势, 而春季呈下降趋势。春季和夏季植被覆盖变化主要受降水的影响,而秋季植被生长与气温的关系较与降水的关系密切; 从植被生长的月变化来看, NDVI 与气温的相关性小, 与降水量的相关性大。在返青期初期(4、5 月)NDVI 值随气温升高而升高, 温度有助于植被的生长, 其他时段气温对NDVI 值产生负向作用, 其中7 月份植被生长受气温的负向作用最明显; 4-6 月受当月降水量的影响明显, 7、8 月份NDVI 值与6月份降水量呈显著相关, 表明植被生长对降水变化具有一定滞后性。     

黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

为研究黄土高原地区退耕还林(草)后,植被覆盖变化及其对水热条件的响应,利用1999—2013年SPOT VGT NDVI 1km/10d分辨率数据,采用最大合成法、一元线性回归法和偏相关分析法,系统分析了黄土高原地区NDVI(归一化植被指数)的时空分布及变化趋势,及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:黄土高原1999—2013年年最大NDVI的平均值为0.31,NDVI较高的区域位于黄土高原南部,而西北部植被覆盖度较低;自1999年开始,黄土高原地区NDVI呈极显著(P0.01)增加趋势,年最大NDVI的变化斜率为0.0099;不同季节(春、夏、秋、冬)和生长季的植被状况均呈现良性发展趋势;1998—2013年间,黄土高原地区气候呈现不显著的"冷湿化"特征;NDVI年际(及生长季和季节)变化与降雨和温度的相关性不显著,而在月时间尺度上,呈显著的相关性,并且月NDVI与当月降雨量的相关性要强于与当月温度的相关性;植被生长对温度的响应存在一个月的滞后期,而对降雨的响应无滞后效应。     

水热条件分别控制了中国温带草地NDVI的年际变化和增长趋势

温带草地区是我国植被对气候变化响应的敏感区和陆地生态系统的生态脆弱区,是组成草地资源的重要部分。由于全球变暖,气候变化带来的极端气候影响越来越大,探究我国温带草地植被覆盖时空变化规律和水热条件变化对其生长的影响,对区域生态的环境保护,实现畜牧业的可持续发展和更加合理有效地利用草地资源具有重要的现实意义。基于1982—2015年长时间序列的气象(降水、温度、太阳辐射)数据和GIMMS NDVI 3g数据,采用去趋势分析法和相关性分析法,探究近34年中国温带地区生长季草地归一化植被指数(Normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)和气候因子变化格局,以及水热条件对NDVI的同步影响和滞后影响。研究结果表明:(1)1982—2015年中国温带草地生长季平均温度和月平均太阳辐射呈增长趋势,降水量为下降趋势,温带草地气候逐渐呈现"暖干化";(2)1982—2015年中国温带草地生长季NDVI的年际变化由降水因子主导,特别是在1999年之后,降水的对于中国温带草地生长季NDVI年际变化的影响更为显著;(3)1982—2015年中国温带草地生长季NDVI...     

近30年河北大海陀自然保护区山地草甸植被(NDVI)变化及其对气候的响应

河北大海陀自然保护区地处我国暖温带落叶阔叶林区,草甸植被多处于山地顶部,对外界干扰敏感。为了研究该地区的草甸植被变化以及其对气候变化的响应,收集了该地区近30年的TM遥感影像资料,1980—2015年的气候数据,包括年平均气温、7月份平均气温、1月份平均气温、年降水量、6—8月平均降水量等多个气候指标,以及大海陀自然保护区及其周边地区的地形数据等,用滑动平均法、M-K检验法、相关分析法及偏相关分析法等方法分析了大海陀自然保护区草甸植被NDVI及其与气候响应。结果表明:(1)近30年来,大海陀自然保护区草甸植被NDVI呈先上升后下降的趋势,在2004年NDVI达到最高,随后逐渐下降。(2)大海陀自然保护区草甸区域的年降水量变化整体表现为波动循环的趋势,总体略有上升,但没有达到显著水平;年均温变化表现为上升趋势,且达到了极显著水平,该地区的气温上升趋势主要由以1月为主的冬季温度升高而引起。(3)草甸植被NDVI与年均温成显著的负相关关系,与年降水量的关系不明显。     

延安北部丘陵沟壑区植被指数变化及其与气候的关系

利用GIMMS和SPOT两种归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据和气候资料,分析延安北部丘陵沟壑区1982—2007年植被覆盖的历史演变及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)延安北部丘陵沟壑区植被覆盖状况26a来尽管有波动起伏,但是整体在持续转好,年平均NDVI增加了14.2%。夏季的NDVI值最高、波动起伏最大,其次是秋季,春、秋季的NDVI年际变化具有明显的上升趋势。各季NDVI与年NDVI均有相关关系,春、秋季NDVI与年NDVI相关显著。NDVI年内变化曲线为单峰型,春季NDVI缓慢增加,秋季NDVI降低速度比较快。(2)年平均NDVI与年温度相关不明显,夏、秋、冬三季NDVI与同期温度相关也不明显,只有春季平均NDVI与该季温度相关显著。3—4月份温度对植被的影响呈正相关,温度越高,返青生长越快;初夏6—7月份,温度对植被生长有滞后影响,前期温度与后期NDVI为负相关。降水量是引起NDVI年际波动的影响因子之一,年降水量与当年7月和9月份NDVI相关,决定了一年植被最为旺盛时的好坏。月降水量对NDVI影响具有滞后性,上年9月份降水影响翌年4—6月份的NDVI,6月和7月份NDVI受当月和前期降水影响。(3)1999年以来,延安北部丘陵沟壑区植被覆盖快速上升,除与降水增多有关外,非气候因素中生态保护和环境建设等人为措施,如植树造林、封山禁牧等封育措施是导致植被显著增加的重要原因。     

祁连山东段天祝县植被指数对气候变化的响应研究

植被是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分, 其覆盖状况与气候变化密切相关。为探究祁连山东段天祝县植被对气候变化的响应, 基于20052018年MODIS-NDVI数据集和同期气象数据, 运用Pearson相关性分析法探究该地区NDVI与气候因子的关系。结果表明: 近14年内祁连山东段天祝县每年生长季的NDVI一直呈递增趋势, 其年均增长率为0.794%, 且以7月NDVI为全年最大值; 通过像元二分模型提取的植被覆盖度可知, 各类植被覆盖度均值占比以V级(45.25%)为主, 其次为IV级(20.71%), III级(15.59%), II级(14.64%), I级(3.50%), 且III级以上植被覆盖度在近14年里整体呈现缓慢增长趋势; 经Pearson相关性分析发现, 区域降雨量与年际及月际NDVI之间呈现显著正相关性, 而气温与仅与月际NDVI之间呈现较弱负相关性, 但月际NDVI对降雨量和气温的响应均存在一定滞后性。相对于气温, 研究区NDVI对降雨量的响应更为敏感, 这为后期通过人工降雨来改善当地生态环境提供参考。     

2000—2018年辽河流域植被NDVI变化及其与温度、降水的响应关系

在全球气候变暖的背景下, 研究流域植被覆盖度的时空变化及对气候变化的响应对辽河流域的生态环境建设具有重要参考价值。基于2000—2018年研究区分辨率为250 m×250 m的MODIS-NDVI遥感数据、同期流域温度和降水量数据, 借助MVC最大合成、变异系数、趋势分析、Hurst指数、偏相关分析等方法, 得出辽河流域近19年植被覆盖空间分布、变化特征、演变趋势以及气象要素对NDVI变化的响应关系。结果表明: (1)在时间上, 辽河流域19年来NDVI月平均波峰值集中在6—8月份, 7月份达到最大。在年际变化方面, 辽河流域植被覆盖呈缓慢增长的趋势。(2)在空间上, 辽河流域植被覆盖度整体较好, 空间分布由东向西递减, 低植被覆盖区域(<0.3)约占流域总面积的37.78%, 高植被覆盖区域(>0.4)约占流域总面积的14.93%。(3)植被覆盖变异方面, 研究区整体呈低和较低波动的变化状态, 共占90.60%。东西区域的波动差异较为明显。(4)在变化趋势上, 约46.50% 的地区植被覆盖得到了改善, 约36.99% 的区域植被覆盖基本没有发生变化。(5)温度、降水对辽河流域植被生长整体表现为促进作用。近19年来辽河流域植被覆盖整体在不断改善。     

2001—2018年长白山自然保护区生长季NDVI变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

为了解全球变化背景下东北亚温带森林的动态变化及其对气候变化的响应,基于MODIS 250 m分辨率遥感数据、1 km分辨率地表温度数据以及研究区内及周边气象站点数据,分析2001—2018年生长季长白山自然保护区的归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化情况及其与温度、降水的相关性。结果表明: 2001—2018年生长季,研究区NDVI均值为0.711,植被覆盖度较高,且呈逐年增加趋势(0.0025·a^-1);气温极显著增加(0.032 ℃·a^-1),增速高于全球平均;降水显著增加(5.54 mm·a^-1),但年际间变异加大。空间上,NDVI呈现西北部略高且随着海拔升高而降低的格局;研究期间,NDVI增加的区域占46.2%,主要集中在北部以及中南部高海拔地区,53.8%的区域基本无变化或微弱减少。研究区NDVI主要受温度影响;在年尺度上,NDVI与地表温度主要表现为正相关,正相关区域占90.2%,且有43.6%的区域相关性显著;在月尺度上,气温对NDVI的影响在生长季初和末期更为显著。     

湖北省地区植被覆盖变化及其对气候因子的响应

归一化植被指数(NDVI)作为一个重要的遥感参数,能够准确地反映植被覆盖程度和植被生长状况、生物物理化学性质及生态系统参数的变化,其时序数据也已成为基于生物气候特征开展大区域植被和土地覆盖分类的基本手段。基于2001—2012年MODIS-NDVI数据,利用趋势分析法以及线性相关分析等方法对湖北省植被年际变化趋势、月变化趋势进行详细分析;并且研究该区植被覆盖时空变化及其与气温和降水的关系。结果表明近12年来,研究区大部分区域植被覆盖度良好,其中鄂西北及鄂南地区NDVI值较高为0.82,鄂中东部城市NDVI值较低为0.13;2001—2012年间年均NDVI整体呈增加趋势,增速1%/10a;植被覆盖度基本不变区域占研究区总面积的92.8%,大致符合我国中部地区植被覆盖变化趋势;分析NDVI与气候因子的相关关系可知,降水量对湖北植被NDVI年变化起有重要影响;逐月NDVI与月平均气温及月降水量的回归分析表明,降水和气温对生长季不同月份的植被NDVI影响明显不同,同时呈现一定的滞后性。     

Expression change in Angiopoietin-1 underlies change in relative brain size in fish

Brain size varies substantially across the animal kingdom and is often associated with cognitive ability; however, the genetic architecture underpinning natural variation in these key traits is virtually unknown. In order to identify the genetic architecture and loci underlying variation in brain size, we analysed both coding sequence and expression for all the loci expressed in the telencephalon in replicate populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) artificially selected for large and small relative brain size. A single gene, Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), a regulator of angiogenesis and suspected driver of neural development, was differentially expressed between large- and small-brain populations. Zebra fish (Danio rerio) morphants showed that mild knock down of Ang-1 produces a small-brained phenotype that could be rescued with Ang-1 mRNA. Translation inhibition of Ang-1 resulted in smaller brains in larvae and increased expression of Notch-1, which regulates differentiation of neural stem cells. In situ analysis of newborn large- and small-brained guppies revealed matching expression patterns of Ang-1 and Notch-1 to those observed in zebrafish larvae. Taken together, our results suggest that the genetic architecture affecting brain size in our population may be surprisingly simple, and Ang-1 may be a potentially important locus in the evolution of vertebrate brain size and cognitive ability.     

基于归一化植被指数变化分级的深圳市植被变化

基于深圳市1988和2003年的TM遥感数据及2004年土地利用变更调查资料,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化分级方法对深圳市植被覆盖变化及与其相关的自然和社会经济因子之间的响应关系进行了分析.结果表明：1988—2003年间,快速城市化过程对深圳地区地表植被没有产生整体性影响,但平原台地地区的植被退化较明显;深圳市局部地区生态退化的主要原因是建设用地侵占林地和园地、海拔100 m以上区域林地向园地的转移、以及部分建设用地绿化率过低.今后深圳市植被保护和建设工作的重点主要包括：强化植被保护和恢复工作;尽可能避免建设用地侵占林地和园地等植被覆盖较好的区域;尽快纠正海拔100 m以上不合理的园地建设行为;强化城市内部的绿地建设.NDVI指数变化分级方法是揭示大尺度区域植被宏观变化趋势的有效方法,可有效避免数据噪声对NDVI指数的影响.     

Vegetational response to change in environment and change in species tolerance with time

Conclusion Applications of system analysis and model simulation can provide for criteria of preservation regulating the processes of entropy and negentropy in ecosystems. Changes in floristic composition and species tolerance may provide information for the necessary dynamics and the cause-effect relationships of vegetation with its environment. Information about the autecology and synecology of species can be utilized in computer programs to measure the impact of man upon the ecosystem. This information will contribute increasingly to wilderness management. Change seems to be of great importance and habitat manipulation through planned large-scale or small-scale disturbance will contribute to new concepts in phytosociology. Research will have to be directed to the total ecosystem and its own environment, and to the most desirable disequilibrium of such an ecosystem. In such research, system analysis and model simulation will play key roles in the future.     

Circadian change of heat loss in response to change in core temperature in rats

1. 1.|Circadian changes in heat production (M), heat loss (H), core temperature (T_c) and feeding activity (FA) of ad-lib fed rats were observed by direct and indirect calorimetry.

2. 2.|M, H and T_c showed a clear nocturnal increase associated with several discrete increases.

3. 3.|Whereas the slope of M vs T_c relation did not change appreciably within a day, the slope of H vs T_c or thermal conductance vs T_c relation tended to decrease at night, implying that the correlation between heat loss and body temperature is also a function of time of day in rats.

Rapid evolutionary change in a secondary sexual character linked to climatic change

The ability of organisms to respond evolutionarily to rapid climatic change is poorly known. Secondary sexual characters show the potential for rapid evolutionary change, as evidenced by strong divergence among species and high evolvability. Here we show that the length of the outermost tail feathers of males of the socially monogamous barn swallow Hirundo rustica, feathers that provide a mating advantage to males, has increased by more than 1 standard deviation during the period from 1984 to 2003. Barn swallows from the Danish population studied here migrate through the Iberian Peninsula to South Africa in fall, and return along the same route in spring. Environmental conditions on the spring staging grounds in Algeria, as indexed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, predicted tail length and change in tail length across generations. However, conditions in the winter quarters and at the breeding grounds did not predict change in tail length. Environmental conditions in Algeria in spring showed a temporal deterioration during the study period, associated with a reduction in annual survival rate of male barn swallows. Phenotypic plasticity in tail length of males, estimated as the increase in tail length from the age of 1 to 2 years, decreased during the course of the study. Estimates of directional selection differentials for male tail length with respect to mating success, breeding date, fecundity, survival and total selection showed temporal variation, with the intensity of breeding date selection, survival selection and total selection declining during the study. Response to selection as estimated from the product of heritability and total selection was very similar to the observed temporal change in tail length. These findings provide evidence of rapid micro-evolutionary change in a secondary sexual character during a very short time period, which is associated with a rapid change in environmental conditions.     

A change in the alarm level entails a change in behavioural strategy of mice in stress and a change in analgesia induced by it

The effects of anxiogenic (pentylentetrazole) and anxiolytic (diazepam) agents on and cold swim stress-induced analgesia were investigated in SHR and NMRI male mice. It was shown that behavioral response to acute stress was associated with a change in the pain tolerance threshold. Diazepam increased immobility time and attenuated stress-induced analgesia (SIA). NMRI mice were more responsive to anxiolytic than the SHR mice, but the lattes manifested more dramatic changes when anxiety was pharmacologically enhanced (immobility time was significantly reduced and the SIA exaggerated). Our findings suggest that the main parameters change in reciprocal manner following a pharmacologically altered anxiety, and reveal that differences between two strains of mice are determined by differences in their sensitivity to stress.     

Rapid morphological change in stream beetle museum specimens correlates with climate change

Abstract 1. Climate change has been occurring at unprecedented rates and its impacts on biological populations is beginning to be well documented in the literature. For many species, however, long‐term records are not available, and trends have not been documented. 2. Using museum specimens from southern USA, we show that the stream‐dwelling beetle Gyretes sinuatus has shown an 8% increase in body size and change in body shape (fineness ratio) from 1928 to 1988. Any directional morphological change observed over time could be an indicator of a microevolutionary response. 3. During these 60 years, there have also been changes in temperature, precipitation, and location of collection sites. Unlike the global trend, mean annual temperature in the region has decreased, and furthermore, total annual precipitation has increased. By investigating how these various ecological and geographical variables may affect body size and shape, we can examine which pressures may promote larger and/or thinner beetles. 4. Results indicate that mean annual temperature was the most predictive variable for the change in size and shape. We suggest there is an adaptive role for temperature on body size and shape of stream dwelling organisms. 5. We found that museum specimens can be invaluable resources of information when collection date and location information is available. We promote the use of such specimens for future studies of the morphological response to climate change.