草莓开花期发生霜害的温度

用人工霜箱对草莓(Fragaria ananassa)叶片和花托进行模拟春霜实验.结果表明草莓叶片有忍耐胞间结冰的能力,最低叶温-6.4℃以上,结冰持续90分钟以内的叶片解冻后还能存活.花托不能忍耐胞间结冰,是通过保持过冷却状态以回避结冰伤害.花托温度越低,发生霜害的累积百分率越大,半开花的花托温度降到-5.4℃时累计有50%发生结冰而造成霜害.盛开的花及鲜重大的花发生霜害的温度较高.     

低温显微装置及其对细胞胞内冰晶形成现象的观察

了解细胞在不同条件下的结冰可能性有助于设计低温保存方案。应用低温显微系统．本对快速冷冻的脐带血干细胞的结冰现象进行了研究。在没有低温保护剂时,胞内出现冰晶温度范围为-4℃— -13℃,在有10％二甲亚砜做低温保护剂时,胞内出现冰晶温度范围为-27℃— -38℃。利用得到的实验数据,根据Toner提出的胞内冰晶形成模型,对有关参数进行了拟合。     

镉胁迫对草莓光合的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了Cd胁迫对草莓叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度的影响.结果表明,Cd降低草莓叶片中的叶绿素总量,并改变叶绿素a和叶绿素b的比例;Cd降低草莓叶的光合速率和气孔导度,但在Cd胁迫初期,低浓度的Cd对草莓叶的光合速率和气孔导度有促进作用;Cd还降低草莓叶片的蒸腾速率和胞间CO₂浓度,其中,胞间CO₂浓度的降低幅度相对较小.     

内蒙古河套灌区玉米与向日葵霜冻的关键温度

以玉米和向日葵幼苗为试验材料,利用MSX-2F人工模拟霜箱系统模拟自然霜冻的降温过程,通过测定幼苗叶片的温度,观测植株冻伤、死亡情况,观测河套灌区两种主要作物玉米和向日葵的过冷却点、结冰点温度,确定以上两种作物受冻的临界温度。研究结果表明:(1)玉米幼苗全部冻死的最低温度为≤-5℃;向日葵幼苗全部冻死的最低温度为≤-6℃;(2)玉米幼苗的过冷却点主要分布在-3.5—-5℃之间,而向日葵幼苗的过冷却点主要分布在-4.0—-5.5℃之间;(3)玉米叶龄、高度与组织过冷能力呈现极显著正相关,与过冷却点温度呈现极显著的负相关,与结冰点呈现显著的负相关。以上结果表明:向日葵的抗寒能力比玉米强;玉米在一定叶龄范围内,苗龄越大,高度越高,其过冷却点越低,结冰点越低,抗寒性越强。     

植物的耐寒性

(一)低温对植物的为害按气象学来讲,低温对植物的为害,主要地可分为下列四种: (1)寒害温度不低于零度,热带亚热带植物,因气温的降低引起种种生理机能上的障碍,因而遭受损伤,是曰寒害。 (2)冻害气温下降至零下,植物内部组织脱水而结冰,因而受害的现象,叫做冻害。 (3)霜害冷气下沉,地面水蒸汽疑结成霜,冷气由霜向上幅射,形成逆温层。1955年1     

低温对枇杷苗叶片与根尖的生理状况及超微结构的影响

为探讨枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)苗对低温伤害的响应,采用人工降温的方法,研究了‘解放钟’实生枇杷苗在低温胁迫下叶肉细胞与根细胞超微结构的变化,同时测定叶片褐变率、根系活力和细胞质膜相对透性(PMP)。结果表明,轻度低温(0℃)胁迫12h,根系活力下降26.09%,叶片褐变率仅升高17.15%,根系PMP值持续升高而叶片呈下降趋势。电镜下观察,根细胞和叶肉细胞均有明显线粒体增加现象。0℃胁迫36 h根细胞发生胞间结冰,液泡消失、线粒体膨大变形、双层膜消失、嵴消失、细胞壁结构损伤,而叶肉细胞仅表现叶绿体破坏、淀粉粒变小,线粒体完整。重度低温(–3℃、–5℃)胁迫下,根细胞和叶肉细胞均发生细胞内结冰,且低温对根细胞的破坏程度明显高于叶肉细胞,根细胞比叶细胞发生细胞结冰的时间更早,受害更严重。这表明根细胞比叶肉细胞对低温更敏感,因此,在低温来临前对枇杷地下部采取保温措施,对缓解地上部低温伤害具有积极作用。     

细菌冰核提高印度谷螟过冷却点的研究

印度谷螟(Plodia interpunctella)是一种不耐结冰的昆虫,在冬季它通过降低过冷却 点以避免结冰。现已查明,冰核活性细菌能显著提高植物的过冷却点,导致许多作物在较高 的温度下发生霜冻害。本文也证明细菌冰核能显著提高印度谷螟虫的过冷却点。对照的平均过冷却点是-17.6℃;分别用0.1g和1g细菌冰核与1kg面粉混合后进行处理,平均过冷却点分别比对照提高了12.8℃和13.6℃。研究结果支持这样的观点：细菌冰核有可能成为一种在冬季使用的、杀灭不耐结冰害虫的生物制剂。     

女贞和冬青卫矛叶片低温下胞外结冰模式的热力学新证据

低温条件下植物组织的结冰模式, 即胞外或胞内结冰, 直接决定着细胞的生死。目前胞外结冰的直接证据很少, 尤其缺乏热力学证据。用高分辨率差热扫描结合显微观察分析了女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)和冬青卫矛(Euonymus japonicus)叶片在降温过程中的结冰放热现象, 发现2种植物胞外结冰的热力学和组织结构变化的新证据。2种植物的活叶片在冷却过程中均呈现双放热峰, 即双相结冰的特征; 而预先冰冻杀死的叶片和叶片组织提取液浸润的滤纸片在同样冷却过程中仅有1个快速的大单放热峰, 即单相结冰的特征。显微观察也显示, 结冰过程中活组织细胞间隙中形成大量的白色冰晶, 且细胞虽然脱水收缩但细胞内的有色溶液没有流失, 表现出胞外结冰的特征。实验结果为深入揭示植物的冰冻伤害机制提供了新证据和研究方法。     

未结冰低温胁迫下小麦叶细胞质膜透性的变化进程及性质

小麦离体叶片经0℃至-10℃低温处理(处理过程中叶片未结冰),于不同处理温度下取样后立即在室温下测定其组织直流电阻及灌流流出液电导的变化。经-4℃或更低温度处理的叶片在测定开始时的组织电阻值比对照下降约30％,灌流流出液的电导随低温胁迫强度的加大而上升。测定开始后的30min内,叶片的组织电阻及灌流流出液的电导均可恢复到对照值。此变化可因CCCP和NaN_3预处理而消失。     

基质温度对三角梅插穗生根及其叶片光合作用的影响

探讨了智能调控下18、20、25、30、33℃的5个基质温度处理对三角梅叶片光合作用及插穗生根的影响.结果表明:随着基质温度上升,三角梅插穗叶片净光合速率增加,18、20℃处理的净光合速率较低,两处理间未见显著性差异,但均显著地低于处理间未见明显差异的25、30、33℃处理.随着基质温度上升,叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度及胞...     

Proteins accumulate in the apoplast of winter rye leaves during cold acclimation

During cold acclimation, winter rye ( Secale cereale L.) plants develop the ability to tolerate freezing temperatures by forming ice in intercellular spaces and xylem vessels. In this study, proteins were extracted from the apoplast of rye leaves to determine their role in controlling extracellular ice formation. Several polypeptides in the 15 to 32 kDa range accumulated in the leaf apoplast during cold acclimation at 5°C and decreased during deacclimation at 20°C. A second group of polypeptides (63, 65 and 68 kDa) appeared only when the leaves were maximally frost tolerant. Ice nucleation activity, as well as the previously reported antifreeze activity, was higher in apoplastic extracts from cold-acclimated than from nonacclimated rye leaves. These results indicate that apoplastic proteins exert a direct influence on the growth of ice. In addition, freezing injury was greater in extracted cold-acclimated leaves than in unextracted cold-acclimated leaves, which suggests that the proteins present in the apoplast are an important component of the mechanism by which winter rye leaves tolerate ice formation     

Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine ‘giant rosette’ plants

The water potentials of frozen leaves of Afroalpine plants were measured psychrometrically in the field. Comparison of these potentials with the osmotic potentials of an expressed cellular sap and the water potentials of ice indicated almost ideal freezing behaviour and suggested equilibrium freezing. On the basis of the osmotic potentials of expressed cellular sap, the fractions of frozen cellular water which correspond to the measured water potentials of the frozen leaves could be determined (e.g. 74% at -3.0° C). The freezing points of leaves were found to be in the range between 0° C and -0.5° C, rendering evidence for freezing of almost pure water and thus confirming the conclusions drawn from the water-potential measurements. The leaves proved to be frost resistant down to temperatures between -5° C and -15° C, as depending on the species. They tolerated short supercooling periods which were necessary in order to start ice nucleation. Extracellular ice caps and ice crystals in the intercellular space were observed when cross sections of frozen leaves were investigated microscopically at subfreezing temperatures.Symbols T temperature - water potential Dedicated to Professor Dr. Hubert Ziegler on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Assessment of the frost sensitivity of Trifolium species by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis

The potential of the chlorophyll fluorescence technique in screening for frost sensitivity in a range of Trifolium species from different geographical origins was assessed by measuring the decrease in variable chlorophyll fluorescence (F_var) of leaves after freezing at - 5°C for 60 min. The method was rapid and the results obtained agreed well with a visual assessment of freezing injury carried out after leaves were returned to optimal growth conditions for 72 h. Trifolium alexandrinum (Berseem clover) cv. Tabor originating from Israel was shown to be the most frost sensitive species studied and Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cv. Mt. Barker, from temperate regions of Australia, the most frost resistant. On extended periods of freezing, frost damage increased and this was associated with a further reduction in variable chlorophyll fluorescence and in quenching capacity of the thylakoid membranes. These results thus indicate that substantial thylakoid membrane dysfunction is induced at freezing temperatures. Furthermore, it was found that frost hardening of the frost sensitive species T. alexandrinum for 21 days at 5°C reduced the extent of damage sustained by the thylakoid membranes as shown by higher fluorescence quenching capacity, smaller reduction in variable fluorescence (F_var) and higher initial fluorescence (F_o) when leaves of hardened plants were frozen at -5°C and -7°C.     

Freezing avoidance in Andean giant rosette plants

Abstract Frost avoidance mechanisms were studied in Espeletia spicata and Espeletia timotensis, two Andean giant rosette species. The daily courses of soil, air and tissue temperatures were measured at a site at circa 4000 m. Only the leaves were exposed to subzero temperatures; the apical bud and stem pith tissues were insulated by surrounding tissues. The leaf tissues avoided freezing by supercooling rather than by undergoing active osmotic changes. The temperatures at which ice formed in the tissues (the supercooling points) coincided with injury temperatures indicating that Espeletia tissue does not tolerate any kind of ice formation. For insulated tissue (apical bud, stem pith, roots) the supercooling point was around - 5°C coinciding with the injury temperature. Supercooling points of about –13 to - 16°C were observed for leaves. These results contrast with those reported for Afroalpine giant rosettes which tolerate extracellular freezing. The significance of different adaptive responses of giant rosettes to similar cold tropical environments is discussed.     

低温条件下拔节期小麦叶片内源激素含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化

以扬麦16和徐麦30为试验材料,利用人工气候室模拟低温逆境,研究拔节期-3 ℃和-5 ℃低温胁迫对小麦植株受冻率、叶片内源激素含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明： 随着处理温度的降低、胁迫时间的延长,小麦植株冻害等级与冻害指数增加,-5 ℃处理72 h两品种五级冻害率均为100%.低温处理结束当天,小麦叶片中内源激素脱落酸（ABA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量、抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性随胁迫程度加重呈先升高后降低的趋势;处理结束后3 d,ABA、ZR含量及抗氧化酶活性较处理结束当天升高;至处理结束后6 d,与自然生长的对照处理接近.低温胁迫叶片中赤霉素（GA₃）含量下降,处理结束后3和6 d,扬麦16叶片中GA₃含量呈上升趋势,徐麦30则表现为先升高后下降.-5 ℃ 72 h重度胁迫处理叶片中ABA、ZR、GA₃含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性均较对照显著下降.相关分析表明,较高的ABA、ZR含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性以及较低的GA₃含量可减缓低温胁迫对小麦植株的伤害.     

A chamber for the simulation of radiation freezing of plants

Frost injury to plants can occur following episodic radiation frosts. In the UK this is particularly important to spring sown crops such as potatoes. Most laboratory based frost studies simulate freezing using either conductive or convective freezing chambers. Such frost tests do not simulate overnight freezing events adequately. A freezing chamber based on radiative cooling is described which mimics overnight radiative freezing. The chamber is rectangular in design (1 m × lm × 2 m high) with a radiative cooling plate at the top of the chamber cooled to -40°C to -45°C using HFC coolants, which acts as a cold black body. The sides of the chamber are also cooled to variable temperatures down to -5°C in order to prevent the chamber walls radiating to the plant material during testing. Using thermocouples to measure air temperature and plant temperature the chamber has been characterised to simulate the radiative cooling conditions found in the UK during autumn and spring. Exotherm detection upon plant freezing is simplified by virtue of the reduction in temperature fluctuation normally experienced at the plant surface during natural freezing. Radiation frosts and subsequent frost damage to potatoes have been recorded in the temperature range -4°C to –5°C. The equipment is recommended for studies of frost damage to plants normally caused by episodic radiation frost events.     

龙眼叶片冻害症状及细胞超微结构变化

以石硖龙眼为试材,于霜冻期间取叶片作超薄切片电镜透射观察,同时对叶片冻害症状进行观察,结果表明:龙眼叶片结霜时细胞结构尚未受到明显破坏,叶片外部亦未表现出明显的冻害症状。在霜晶快速溶化后细胞结构受破坏,出现质壁分离、细胞膜破裂等现象,从而导致细胞液大量外流,叶片出现褐色或黑褐色冻斑。随着阳光照射和气温继续升高,受冻害的叶片进一步失水,导致细胞壁破裂,细胞质、细胞器等原生质裂解、互溶,使细胞结构发生不可逆转的变化,致使细胞死亡。     

Effect of Low Temperature upon Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Roots and Leaves of Winter Rape Plants

When winter rape plants were transferred from favourable temperature conditions (25/20°C day/night temperature) to 5°C, the frost resistance of the leaves was increased whereas the frost tolerance of the roots remained unaffected. This permitted an analysis of the changes in lipid and fatty acid composition both as related to functioning of the plant at low temperature alone (roots) and as related to adaptation to freezing and functioning at low temperature (leaves). — Transfer of the plants to 5°C lead to an increase in the level of linolenic acid in roots and leaves. This increase was most evident in the phosphatidyl choline and ethanolamine fractions of the leaves, and in the neutral lipids and in an unidentified phospholipid from the roots. It was concluded that upon transfer of the plants to 5°C a general and non-specific increase in linolenic acid level contributed to functioning of the rape plants at low temperature; and that parallel but minor increases in linolenic acid level of digalactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl inositol and the unknown phospholipid in roots and leaves could only contribute to low-temperature functioning in specific membrane enzyme locations. Combined adaptation of the leaves to freezing tolerance and low-temperature functioning was correlated with a higher level of phosphatidyl choline and ethanolamine, predominantly esterified with linolenic acid.     

膜脂过氧化作为扁桃品种抗寒性鉴定指标研究

研究不同低温胁迫下（３℃,一２℃和一ｌ０℃下分别处理０．５、３、６、９、ｌ２ｈ）扁桃离体叶片中ＭＤＡ含量、ＣＡＴ活性和类胡罗Ｌ素含量以及反映组织受伤害程度的膜透性变化和叶绿素降解间的关系,以探明膜脂过氧化在扁桃叶片低温伤害中的作用。３℃处理初期,ＣＡＴ活性、类胡罗卜素含量显著增加,叶片无明显伤害症状（水渍、黄化等）;一２Ｃ和一ｌ０℃下随处理时间的延长,叶片膜透性增大、叶绿素含量下降、ＭＤＡ积累增多;同时ＣＡＴ活性、类胡罗Ｌ素含量显著下降。ＭＤＡ含量的增加与组织受伤害程度（膜透性增加及叶绿素降解）及抗氧化系统（ＣＡＴ和类胡罗Ｌ素）水平下降之间具有极显著的相关性。以７个扁桃品种的田间越冬伤害指数及冬季所测枝条的ＬＴ５０代表植株的冬季抗寒性,以一５℃下处理４ｈ和８ｈ后所测叶片ＭＤＡ相对含量代表叶片的抗寒性,发现２者呈显著的相关性,表明ＭＤＡ可以作为鉴定扁桃品种抗寒性的指标。     

Freezing damage and frost tolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus studied with isolated mesophyll protoplasts of Valerianella locusta L.

Mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from unhardened and cold-acclimated leaves of Valerianella locusta L. and subjected to freeze-thaw treatment. To evaluate the extent and course of freezing injury, photosynthetic reactions of whole protoplasts and of free thylakoid membranes, liberated from protoplasts by osmotic lysis, were measured. In addition, the integrity of the protoplasts was determined by microscopy. The results reveal an increased frost tolerance of protoplasts isolated from acclimated leaves with respect to all parameters measured. CO₂-dependent O₂ evolution (representing net photosynthetic CO₂ fixation of protoplasts) was the most freezing-sensitive reaction; its inhibition due to freeze-thaw treatment of protoplasts was neither correlated with disintegration of the plasma membrane, nor was it initiated by inactivation of the thylakoid membranes. The frost-induced decline of protoplast integrity was not closely correlated to thylakoid damage either. Freezing injury of the thylakoid membranes was manifested by inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation. Both photosystems were affected by freezing and thawing with strongest inhibition occurring in the water-oxidation system or at the oxidizing site of photosystem II. Photophosphorylation responded more sensitively to freezing stress than electron transport, although uncoupling (increased permeability of the thylakoid membranes to protons) was not a conspicuous effect. The data are discussed in relation to freezing injury in leaves and seem to indicate that frost damage in vivo is initiated at multiple sites.Abbreviations Chl chlorphyll - DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea - DCIP 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol - DPC 1,5-diphenylcarbazide - Hepes 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-ethanesulfonic acid - MES 2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid - PS I photosystem I - PS II photosystem II