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1.
鼎湖山马尾松林植物养分积累动态及其对人为干扰的响应   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
 通过处理(根据当地习惯收割凋落物和林下层植物)和保护(无任何人为干扰)样地的比较试验,在10年时间里(1990~2000年)研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松 (Pinus massoniana) 林群落植物养分积累动态及其对人为干扰的响应,在此基础上深入和较系统地分析讨论了不同的经营措施对马尾松林可持续性的影响,为我国目前大面积的退化马尾松林恢复和马尾松林可持续性管理提供理论依据。结果表明:1990~1995年,5年时间里由于人为干扰活动而直接从处理样地取走的各元素养分量,在林下层为(kg·hm-2):132.72 (N)、4.72 (P)、63.32 (K)、23.51 (Ca)和7.00 (Mg),在地表凋落物为(kg·hm-2):48.93 (N)、1.85 (P)、17.28 (K)、19.25 (Ca)和2.92 (Mg)。1990~2000年,保护样地林下层和地表凋落物各元素养分贮量分别以39%~41%和37%~38%的年平均增长速率逐年提高,至1995年达到高峰,之后各元素贮量在林下层和地表凋落物均以14%的年平均速率下降。在处理样地,1990~1995年期间各元素贮量在林下层年平均积累速率为17%,之后(1995~2000年期间)则为26%;与此同时,各元素贮量在地表凋落物年平均积累速率为22%~23%,之后(1995~2000年期间)则为28%。在整个试验过程,马尾松林乔木层养分元素总贮量随时间而增加,但其增加的速率随时间和样地不同而异。1990~1995年,保护样地乔木层养分元素总贮量增加了34.9%~38.1%,较处理样地(收获林下层和凋落物)总贮量增加的百分比(29.3%~33.5%)高。然而,1995~2000年,保护样地乔木层养分元素总贮量增加的百分比为26.3%~28.9%,较处理样地(1995~2000年也停止人为干扰)总贮量增加的百分比(28.8%~32.1%)低。可见,1990~1995年,人为干扰活动导致处理样地马尾松林乔木层养分元素年平均积累量降低约1.58%~1.72%,即年平均增长量约减少0.12~2.39 kg·hm-2(2.39 (N)、0.12 (P)、0.77 (K)、1.98 (Ca)、0.29 (Mg)),这些量约相当于每年通过林下层和凋落物收割活动而直接从林地中取走的养分总量的6%~19%。正是由于长期以来受收割林下层和凋落物这种人为干扰的影响,鼎湖山马尾松林乔木层养分贮量较低。这种利用方式不仅直接从林地中取走大量的养分而且还对林地肥力产生间接的负面影响,其结果使该退化林地不能恢复或继续退化。作者建议的森林利用方法代替目前收割林下层和凋落物方式,既可以满足当地居民燃料的需求还有利于马尾松林的自然恢复。  相似文献   

2.
人为干扰对鼎湖山马尾松林种群动态的影响   总被引:26,自引:1,他引:25  
通过处理(根据当地居民习惯收割凋落物和林下)和保护(停止人为干扰,无任何人类活动)样地的比较在五年内(9190-1995年)研究了人为干扰对鼎湖山马尾松林植物种群动态的影响。结果表明,保护样地的林下层和灌木层盖度逐年上升,而处理样地相对较稳定。保护样地的草本层盖度略上升至1992年后,呈显著下降的变化,处理样地的变化则与保护样地的相反。保护样地的林下层植物种数逐年下降(从1990年的41种降至1995年的30种,减少11种),处理样地变化不大(从1990年的36种降至1995年的34种,仅减少2种)。小径级(≤13cm)的马尾松胸径增长速率保护样地高于处理样地,且径级越小,增长速率越大,然而,径级大于13cm的植株,则没有显示出这种规律性的变化。以上现象表明,适度的人为干扰对稀疏马尾松林的自然更新及林下植物种类多样笥具有一定的维持或促进作用,但不利于马尾松的生长。同时对稀疏马尾松-灌木-草本群落在停止人为干扰后的演替途径作了预测和探讨。  相似文献   

3.
人为干扰对鼎湖山马尾松林土壤细根和有机质的影响   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4  
通过处理 (根据当地习惯收割凋落物和林下层 )和保护 (无任何人为干扰 )样地的比较试验 ,1990~ 1995年期间研究了人为干扰对鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松 (Pinus massoniana)林土壤细根和有机质的影响。在此 5 a的研究期间 ,由于人为干扰活动而直接从处理样地取走的林下层和凋落物总量为 2 1.7t/ hm2。在保护样地 ,林下层生物量从 2 .2 t/ hm2增加至 11.10 t/ hm2 ,地表凋落物 (包括枯死的林下层 )量则从 3.0 t/ hm2 增加至 13.3t/ hm2 。收割林下层和凋落物这种人为干扰活动对林地土壤细根生物量的影响不明显 ,但却显著降低土壤轻腐殖质 (Soil lightorganic matter)量。在细根分解过程中 ,其分解速率在处理样地(试验结束时细根残存量占起始量的 4 0 .8% )显著高于在保护样地 (试验结束时细根残存量占起始量的 4 4 .3% ) ;与 Ca、Mg和K元素不同 ,N和 P两种元素的释放速率在处理样地显著高于保护样地 ,表明这种人为干扰活动不仅直接取走所收割的林下层和凋落物中的养分 ,而且还可能增加林地有效养分的流失潜力  相似文献   

4.
Li Y  Zeng SC  Huang WJ 《应用生态学报》2011,22(3):631-636
采用野外原位试验模拟氮(N)沉降,研究了其对鼎湖山马尾松林、混交林和季风林3种森林类型土壤酸性磷酸单酯酶活性(APA)和有效磷(AP)含量的影响.在季风林中设置对照(0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低N(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、中N(100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高N(150 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理,在马尾松林和混交林中只设置对照、低N和中N处理.结果表明:随着土层加深,土壤APA和AP含量降低.土壤APA在季风林中最高,而AP含量在3种林型中没有显著差异.N沉降增加对土壤APA的作用与林型有关.季风林中适度N沉降可使APA升高,且低N处理的APA(19.52 μmol·g-1·h-1)最高;马尾松林和混交林中,中N处理的APA最高,分别为12.74和11.02 μmol·g-1·h-1.3种林型的AP含量均在低N处理下最高,但各N处理之间的差异并不显著.土壤APA与AP含量之间呈显著正相关关系.  相似文献   

5.
氮、磷添加对不同林型土壤磷酸酶活性的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
郑棉海  黄娟  陈浩  王晖  莫江明 《生态学报》2015,35(20):6703-6710
研究了鼎湖山3种森林类型(南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林、马尾松人工林和针叶阔叶混交林)的土壤酸性磷酸单酯酶活性(APA)对施肥的响应情况。在3种林型中分别设置对照、加氮(150 kg N hm-2a-1)、加磷(150 kg P hm-2a-1)以及N和P同时添加(150 kg N hm-2a-1+150 kg P hm-2a-1)4种不同处理。结果表明,季风林土壤APA((15.83±2.46)μmol g-1h-1)显著高于混交林((10.71±0.78)μmol g-1h-1)和马尾松林((9.12±0.38)μmol g-1h-1),且3种林型土壤APA与土壤有效磷含量均呈显著负相关。施加N肥显著提高了季风林土壤APA,而对混交林和马尾松林的作用不显著。施加P肥显著降低了混交林和马尾松林土壤APA,但对季风林的影响不明显。N和P同时添加仅显著降低了马尾松林土壤APA,但在季风林中存在交互作用。因此,N沉降会加剧亚热带成熟林土壤P的限制,可以考虑施加P肥作为森林管理的一种方式来缓解这种限制作用。  相似文献   

6.
鼎湖山马尾松林凋落物及其对人类干扰的响应研究   总被引:29,自引:5,他引:24  
通过处理(根据当地习惯收割凋落物和林下层)和保护(无任何人类活动)样地的比较,在3年时间里研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林凋落物,养分动态及其对人类干扰的响应,处理和保护样地年平均凋落物总量分别为:2.388和2.342t/hm^-2.a^-1,它们主要由针叶组成(45.4%-78.8%),皮+枝占12.4%-14.4%,杂物8.6%-40.2%,凋落物量具有明显的年,季和月变化规律。尽管为人工起源的马尾松林,但其凋落物的空间分布很不均匀(变异系数>22%),凋落物中主要营养元素浓度因组分和季节不同而异,但总的趋势以杂物和春季的浓度最高。凋落物主要营养元素的归还量亦随季节和组分不同而异,其年平均归还总量为:处理样地N15.85kg.hm^-2.a^-1.P0.63kg.hm^-2.a^-1,K2.86kg.hm^-2.a^-1,Ca6.04kg.hm^-2.a^-1和Mg1.77kg.hm^-2.a^-1;保护样地N16.24kg.hm^-2.a^-1,P0.67kg.hm^-2.a^-1,k2.61kg.hm^-2.a^-1,Ca5.41kg.hm^-2.a^-1和Mg2.09kg.hm^-2.a^-1,当停止人为干扰后,凋落物产量及其养分归还量相对于继续受干扰的松林趋向逐年增加。  相似文献   

7.
主要研究了鼎湖山自然保护区内3种主要林型(季风常绿阔叶林、马尾松针阔叶混交林、马尾松林)下0-60cm土层的酸度,有机质、水解氮、速效磷、钾、交换怀钙、镁等几各营养元素的含量状态以及它们的季节动态变化。结果表明,土壤PH值都胡着季节变化而逐渐升高,不同林型间的差异是松林〉混交林〉阔叶林,而且它们都是表层低于中下层,产生上述现象的原因可能是由于植被类型不同导致土壤微生物数量不同的结果,土壤养分含量明  相似文献   

8.
鼎湖山马尾松林群落生物量生产对人为干扰的响应   总被引:33,自引:7,他引:26  
通过处理 (根据当地习惯收割凋落物和林下层 )和保护 (无任何人为干扰 )样地的比较 ,在 10 a时间里研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松 (Pinus massoniana)林群落生物量生产对人为干扰的响应。 1990~ 1995年 ,由于人为干扰活动而直接从处理样地取走的有机质总量为 2 1.2 1t/hm2 。 1990~ 2 0 0 0年 ,保护样地林下层生物量以 34%~ 5 3%的年增长速率从 2 .2 3t/hm2 逐年提高 ,至 1995年达到高峰 (11.10 t/hm2 ) ,之后因与乔木层马尾松生长竞争原因而下降至 9.4 4 t/hm2 ;地表凋落物主要来源于林下层植物且地表凋落物量变化与林下层生物量变化相类似。在整个试验过程 ,尽管保护样地和处理样地乔木层马尾松个体总数均随时间而减少 ,但它们的总生物量则随时间而增加且其增加的速率随时间和样地不同而异。 1990~ 1995年 ,保护样地总生物量增加了 38.3% (从 81.2 t/hm2增至 112 .3t/hm2 ) ,较处理样地 (收获林下层和凋落物 )总生物量增加的百分比高 4 .7个百分点 (33.6 % ,从 98.8t/hm2增至 132 .0 t/hm2 )。然而 ,1995~ 2 0 0 0年 ,保护样地总生物量增加的百分比为 2 9.1% (从 112 .3t/hm2 增至 14 5 .0 t/hm2 ) ,较处理样地 (1995~ 2 0 0 0年也停止人为干扰 )增加的百分比却低 3.2个百分点 (32 .3% ,从 13  相似文献   

9.
凋落物分解是森林生态系统生物元素循环和能量流动的重要环节,其过程是植物与土壤获得养分的主要途径。为了量化凋落叶化学计量学性状变化过程对分解的影响及对凋落物-土壤生物化学连续体的深层理解,用凋落物分解袋法研究了不同林型各自凋落叶化学计量学性状变化及与分解速率关系,结果表明:林下各自凋落叶分解速率是马尾松林栓皮栎林马尾松-栓皮栎混交林,马尾松林、栓皮栎林、马尾松-栓皮栎混交林凋落叶分解50%和95%的时间分别是2.11 a和9.15 a,1.93 a和8.45 a,1.76 a和7.77 a;凋落叶分解过程中,化学计量学性状变化明显,分解450 d后马尾松-栓皮栎混交林碳释放最快,栓皮栎林最慢;3种凋落叶起始N含量是栓皮栎林最高,马尾松林最低,分解450 d后马尾松林、栓皮栎林和马尾松-栓皮栎混交林N含量分别增加了66.67%、44.91%和44.52%,而P含量分别释放了30.80%、38.89%和42.29%。凋落物不同化学计量学性状与分解速率关系不同,3种林型凋落叶分解速率均与N含量呈正相关(P0.01),与C含量(P0.01)、C/N比(P0.01)呈负相关,与N/P比呈负二次函数关系(P0.01),而P含量与3种林型关系不同,与栓皮栎林(P0.01)和马尾松林(P0.05)呈负线性关系,与马尾松-栓皮栎混交林呈负二次函数关系(P0.05)。研究表明,不同林型凋落叶分解中的养分动态趋向利于分解变化,N、P养分动态是生态系统碳平衡和凋落物分解速率的主要因素,混交林中混合凋落物的养分迁移是分解相对较快的原因。  相似文献   

10.
鼎湖山三种主要林型水文学过程中总有机碳浓度对比   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
为了解碳在森林内部以及群落演替过程中的转运动态 ,对鼎湖山 3种主要林型 (马尾松林 ,马尾松针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林 )森林水文学过程中总有机碳 (total organic carbon,TOC)浓度进行了一个雨季的观测 ,结果发现 :(1)穿透水中 TOC浓度相对大气降水中 TOC浓度的增量为 :季风常绿阔叶林 >马尾松针阔混交林 1>马尾松针阔混交林 2 >马尾松林 ;(2 )树干茎流平均 TOC浓度为 :马尾松林 >马尾松针阔混交林 2 >马尾松针阔混交林 1>季风常绿阔叶林 ;(3)各林内土壤水 TOC浓度差异不明显 ,但根系层 (2 5~ 30 cm)土壤水 TOC浓度均大于母质层 (5 0~ 80 cm) TOC浓度 ;(4 )马尾松林的溪水具有较高的 TOC浓度和较大的月际波动 ;(5 )总体上 ,整个森林水文学过程中 ,3种林型 TOC浓度变化趋势相似 ,均为 :树干茎流 >穿透水 >根系层土壤水 >母质层土壤水 >溪水 ,但变化幅度不同 :马尾松林的变化幅度最大 ,季风林的最小 ,而两个混交林居中。这表明 ,(1)森林演替过程中 ,林冠层结构、树种构成等的改变可能引起森林水文学过程中 TOC浓度的变化 ;(2 )森林水文学过程转运的碳主要储存在森林内部 ;(3)成熟森林的抗干扰能力高于先锋群落  相似文献   

11.
Scant information is available on how soil phosphorus (P) availability responds to atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, especially in the tropical zones. This study examined the effect of N addition on soil P availability, and compared this effect between forest sites of contrasting land‐use history. Effects of N addition on soil properties, litterfall production, P release from decomposing litter, and soil P availability were studied in a disturbed (reforested pine forest with previous understory vegetation and litter harvesting) and a rehabilitated (reforested mixed pine/broadleaf forest with no understory vegetation and litter harvesting) tropical forest in southern China. Experimental N‐treatments (above ambient) were the following: Control (no N addition), N50 (50 kg N ha?1 yr?1), and N100 (100 kg N ha?1 yr?1). Results indicated that N addition significantly decreased soil P availability in the disturbed forest. In the rehabilitated forest, however, soil P availability was significantly increased by N addition. Decreases in soil P availability may be correlated with decreases in rates of P release from decomposing litter in the N‐treated plots, whereas the increase in soil P availability was correlated with an increase in litterfall production. Our results suggest that response of soil P availability to N deposition in the reforested tropical forests in southern China may vary greatly with temporal changes in tree species composition and soil nutrient status, caused by different land‐use practices.  相似文献   

12.
去除地面枯落物对加勒比松(Pinus caribaea)林土壤特性的影响   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
陆耀东  薛立  曹鹤  谢腾芳  王相娥 《生态学报》2008,28(7):3205-3211
通过去除地表凋落物(处理)和保留凋落物(对照)的样地比较,研究了加勒比松(Pinus caribaea)林的土壤特性对去除地表枯落物的响应,为了解人工干扰的加勒比松林土壤的退化机理提供依据.去除地表枯落物后的样地林木平均胸径和平均树高分别显著下降了21%和8%.人为干扰造成了土壤质量的全面下降.与对照相比,去除地表枯落物的土壤容重增加了14%,土壤毛管孔隙和总孔隙的比例分别减少了13%和18%,非毛管孔隙也因为人为干扰而显著下降了37%,土壤毛管持水量下降了24%.去除地表枯落物没有对土壤pH造成影响,但是土壤有机质、全N、全P和全K含量比对照分别减少了42%、46%、16%和39%,水解N、速效P和速效K含量分别比对照减少了20%、15%和41%,土壤中<0.01 mm 粘粒的比例下降了27%.去除地表枯落物后的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量分别下降了50%、19%和13%,土壤脲酶、土壤磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别比对照下降了35%、49%和49%.去除地表枯落物从林地以凋落物的形式直接取走大量养分,使林地有机质含量降低,导致土壤孔隙减少,保持水分功能减弱,养分状况的恶化,微生物数量减少和酶活性下降,最终引起林木生长下降.  相似文献   

13.
In forest ecosystems, the effects of litter or understory on soil properties are far from being fully understood. We conducted a study in a pure Acacia mangium Willd. plantation in southern China, by removing litter or understory or both components and then comparing these treatments with a control (undisturbed), to evaluate their respective effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. In addition, a litter decomposition experiment was conducted to understand the effects of understory on litter decomposition. Our data showed that the presence of understory favored litter decomposition to a large extent. In 1 year, 75.2 and 37.2% of litter were decomposed in the control and understory removal treatment (UR), respectively. Litter had a profound significance in retaining soil water and contributing to soil fertility, including organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (P) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (N), but understory exerted less influence than litter on soil physical and chemical properties. Both litter and understory played an important role in soil biological activity as indicated by microbial biomass carbon (MBC), while there were no significant impacts on soil exchangeable potassium (K) after either or both were removed. Contrary to our hypothesis, the effects of understory or litter removal were not always negative. A significant soil pH increase with litter removal was a positive factor for acid soil in the studied site. Except for soil moisture, significant effects, caused by removal of litter or/and understory, on measured soil chemical characteristics were only observed in the top 10 cm soil layer, but not in the 10–20 cm layer. Soil available P and exchangeable K contents were significantly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, however, for the other soil properties, not substantially affected by season.  相似文献   

14.
Microbial biomass C and N, and anaerobically mineralizable-N, were measured in the litter and mineral soil (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depth) of Pinus radiata plantations in two trials on a nitrogen-deficient coastal sand. The trials comprised (a) stands of different age (1 to 33 years), with five of the seven stands studied being second rotation, and (b) a harvest-management trial, with stands established after different harvesting treatments of the first-rotation trees and understorey development controlled by manual weeding and chemical sprays. The harvest-management stands were sampled in the fifth year after the second-rotation establishment.In the stands of different age, the levels of microbial biomass C and N, and also mineralizable-N, in the litter and mineral soil showed no relationship with tree age and were similar to those in the oldest (33 years) stands of P. radiata. In the harvesting trial, five years after establishment of the second rotation, levels of microbial N and mineralizable-N in the litter and mineral soil were generally lowest where whole trees and the original forest floor had been removed; they were higher in associated plots in which the original forest floor had been removed but fertilizer N was regularly applied. No marked differences were then found between the other harvest treatments, viz. whole-tree harvest, stem-only harvest with slash remaining on site, and stem-only harvest plus extra added slash materials. In each trial, levels of microbial C and N and mineralizable-N were closely related to total C, and especially total N, in 0–10 cm depth mineral soil, but not generally in litter. Respiratory measurements strongly suggest that the microbial populations in mineral soil had a high metabolic activity.On an area basis in the harvest-management trial, total tree N and microbial N in the litter and mineral soil were lowest in stands where the original forest floor had been removed. In this particular treatment, microbial N in the litter plus mineral soil (0–20 cm depth) after five years of second-rotation growth comprised 7.3% of the total ecosystem N; values in the other treatments ranged between 5.6 and 6.0%.Our results emphasise the importance of slash and litter, and probably volunteer shrubs and herbaceous under-storey species, in conserving pools of potentially available N during the early stages of tree development.  相似文献   

15.
Fire is frequently used as a land management tool for cattle ranching and annual crops in the Amazon. However, these maintenance fires often escape into surrounding forests, with potentially severe impacts for forest biodiversity. We examined the effect of experimental fires on leaf-litter arthropod abundance in a seasonally-dry forest in the Brazilian Amazon. The study plots (50 ha each) included a thrice-burned forest and an unburned control forest. Pitfall-trap samples were collected at 160 randomly selected points in both plots, with sampling stratified across four intra-annual replicates across the dry and wet seasons, corresponding to 6, 8, 10 and 12 months after the most recent fire. Arthropods were identified to the level of order (separating Formicidae). In order to better understand the processes that determine arthropod abundance in thrice-burned forests, we measured canopy openness, understory density and litter depth. All arthropod taxa were significantly affected by fire and season. In addition, the interactions between burn treatment and season were highly significant for all taxa but Isoptera. The burned plot was characterized by a more open canopy, lower understory density and shallower litter depth. Hierarchical partitioning revealed that canopy openness was the most important factor explaining arthropod order abundances in the thrice-burned plot, whereas all three environmental variables were significant in the unburned control plot. These results reveal the marked impact of recurrent wildfires and seasonality on litter arthropods in this transitional forest, and demonstrate the overwhelming importance of canopy-openness in driving post-fire arthropod abundance.  相似文献   

16.
We experimentally manipulated forest floor litter to investigate the influence of litter quality and quantity on soil properties over the short-term (weeks to months) in a wet tropical forest in NE Costa Rica. The study included old growth forest on high fertility soils, old growth forest on low fertility soils, and secondary forest on intermediate fertility soils. Forest floor litter was removed from a 16 m2 area and added to an adjacent 4 m2 area in March 2003, resulting in a one to four-fold increase in the annual litter input to the forest floor. We created three addition, three removal and three control plots per forest type. We measured treatment effects on variation in soil moisture, temperature, pH, and Bray-1 P (plant available) over a 5-month period that captured the dry-wet season transition. Litter manipulation had no effect on any of the soil properties measured during the 5-month study period. Significant variability through time and a similar temporal pattern across the three forest stands suggest that climatic variability is driving short-term patterns in these soil properties rather than seasonal inputs of litter. In general, soils were warmer, drier and more basic with higher available P during dry season months. Even in wet tropical forests, small variability in climate can play an important role in soil dynamics over periods of weeks to months. Although litter manipulation did not influence soil properties over the 5-month study period, a longer lag may exist between the timing of litter inputs and the influence of that litter on soil properties, especially plant available P.  相似文献   

17.
We examine the effect of mulches on the soil volumetric water content (SVWC), pH, carbon (C), total and mineral (NH4 and NO3) nitrogen (N), total and bicarbonate phosphorus (P), and on the survival and relative growth rate of three species, Ipomea wolcottiana Rose, Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis Micheli and Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth, in a degraded seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) area. Our study year was unusually dry, with only half of the mean annual rainfall. Sixteen plots (5 × 6 m) for each of our four treatments, mulches with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) straw, forest litter (SDTF litter), polyethylene and bare soil (control), were used. In each plot, 20 tree saplings were planted of each species. The SVWC was higher in plots mulched with polyethylene than in bare soil plots. The soil pH did not change with mulching, and there were no differences between treatments in the concentrations of soil organic C, total N, NO3 and total P. However, soil concentrations of NH4 were highest in plots with alfalfa straw and of bicarbonate P in plots with polyethylene. Sapling survival was higher in polyethylene mulch plots than in other mulching treatments, in the order I.␣wolcottiana > C. eriostachys > L. eriocarinalis. Sapling survival under organic mulches, alfalfa straw and forest litter were similar, and lowest in bare soil. The relative growth rate followed the order L. eriocarinalis < C. eriostachys < I. wolcotiana, and the growth rate of all species was greatest under polyethylene mulch. We conclude that a combination of polyethylene mulch with species of high growth rate is best for restoring seasonally dry tropical areas.  相似文献   

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