黄足黄守瓜取食南瓜诱导葫芦素B含量的变化规律

采用高效液相色谱分析方法研究黄足黄守瓜Aulacophora femoralis chinensisWeise取食子叶期南瓜诱导葫芦素B含量的变化规律。结果表明:黄足黄守瓜采用划圈的取食方式,主要是为了阻止植株合成新的葫芦素B进入圈内,以达到安全取食的目的;黄足黄守瓜对同株南瓜为害程度不同的子叶间,葫芦素B含量无显著差异,说明同一植株黄足黄守瓜取食化学诱导是系统性的;危害程度不同的不同植株间,葫芦素B含量有显著差异,并表现出受害阈值(被害1圈),在一定范围内,植株被害得越严重,诱导反应越强烈;试验证明南瓜被诱导合成葫芦素B与光照无关,只与植株被害有关。     

普通丝瓜叶片成分和物理结构对黄足黑守瓜取食和定位的影响

黄足黑守瓜是普通丝瓜生长过程中危害叶片的主要害虫.本文对普通丝瓜不同部位叶片挥发性成分、营养成分和物理结构对黄足黑守瓜取食和定位的影响进行了系统研究.本实验采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法分析了普通丝瓜不同部位叶片挥发性成分,研究结果表明,嫩叶主要挥发性成分有(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇(27.65%)和植醇(45.77%),成熟叶挥发性成分主要有(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇(49.34%),老叶挥发性成分主要有植醇(63.25%),且挥发性成分对黄足黑守瓜远距离定位起到了引导作用.同时,本研究还采用5点取样法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸法和考马斯亮蓝法分别研究了普通丝瓜不同部位叶片营养成分含量与黄足黑守瓜取食之间的关系,实验结果表明,黄足黑守瓜喜食植物叶片嫩叶部位,喜食部位叶片的总糖与还原糖含量、蛋白质含量都最高,且总糖含量与蛋白质含量比值最高.叶片物理结构调查采用石蜡切片法,发现叶片的物理结构对于黄足黑守瓜取食很少造成影响.通过研究,使我们充分地了解影响黄足黑守瓜取食不同部位叶片的因素,便于今后的育种和栽培过程中加强不利于黄足黑守瓜取食的因素,以达到安全、环保地进行农业生产的目的.     

6种寄主果实对南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇产卵选择 及其子代发育的影响

为探讨南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇对不同寄主的产卵选择性及其与子代生长发育的关联度,采用生态测定方法,研究2种实蝇对南瓜、黄瓜、姜柄瓜、西葫芦、丝瓜和苦瓜6种寄主果实的产卵选择以及幼虫取食6种寄主后对其生长发育的影响。在产卵选择性试验中,2种实蝇对6种寄主的产卵选择性较为一致,均偏向于在丝瓜和黄瓜上产卵。在非产卵选择性试验中,南瓜实蝇在黄瓜和姜柄瓜上的产卵量较多;瓜实蝇在丝瓜和姜柄瓜上的产卵量较多;2种实蝇都对姜柄瓜有一定的偏好。在气味诱导的产卵选择性试验中,南瓜实蝇在姜柄瓜和黄瓜上的产卵量较多;瓜实蝇在黄瓜和丝瓜上的产卵量较多;2种实蝇都对黄瓜气味有一定的偏好;且南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇都不偏好在苦瓜上产卵。南瓜实蝇分别取食黄瓜、苦瓜时,其幼虫期、蛹期较短;取食姜柄瓜时,蛹重最大;分别取食南瓜和黄瓜时的化蛹率、羽化率最高。瓜实蝇取食西葫芦时,幼虫期较短;取食丝瓜时,蛹期较短,且蛹重最大;分别取食黄瓜和南瓜时的化蛹率、羽化率最高。南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇对不同寄主果实的产卵选择性均存在明显差异,寄主外部物理性状对实蝇的产卵选择有显著影响,2种实蝇对6种寄主果实产卵选择性和幼虫生长发育适应性的相关性不显著。     

黄足黄守瓜（Aulcophora femoralis chinensis）取食和机械损伤对南瓜子叶中葫芦素B的诱导作用

采用高效液相色谱分析方法，通过测定葫芦素B含量的变化，探讨黄足黄守瓜与南瓜之间在时间上的化学诱导关系。虫害和机械损伤均能引起南瓜子叶中的葫芦素B含量围绕着对照水平上、下波动的变化。但是，这两种因素所引起的葫芦素B含量变化的规律有较大的不同。黄足黄守瓜的为害相对于机械损伤诱导葫芦素B合成的差异主要表现在3个方面：首先，反应速度比较快。如叶部处理中，虫害株在虫害后1h葫芦素B含量已有了显著升高，而机械损伤株葫芦素B含量此时不仅没有升高，反而有下降趋势，在1．5h才有所升高。其次，反应程度比较大，即虫害株葫芦素B的最大诱导量显著大于机械损伤株的。最后，诱导反应持续的时间比较长，即是说虫害株结束诱导反应的时间要明显长于机械损伤株的。另外，即使被处理的是南瓜茎部，其子叶中葫芦素B含量也发生了变化，而且变化趋势与叶部被处理的具有相似性，证明虫害和机械损伤都能系统诱导被害南瓜合成葫芦素B。此外，实验结果还显示虫害株未被害叶葫芦素B的含量比被害叶的高。     

锯叶裂臀瓢虫雌虫产卵和取食对寄主植物叶片的选择性

【目的】锯叶裂臀瓢虫Henosepilachna pusillanima (Mulsant)是瓜类蔬菜主要害虫之一,其成虫和幼虫取食前常常划圈。本研究旨在了解雌虫对南瓜Cucurbita moschata Duchesne、黄瓜Cucumis sativus L.和棱角丝瓜Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.叶片的行为选择。【方法】在(26±1)℃、相对湿度60%±5%、光周期L∶D=14∶10条件下,每株保留5张叶片(从生长点往下分别为第1-5位叶),接入1头已饥饿24 h怀卵雌虫。24 h后,检查每片叶正面和反面上的卵数,并测量划圈面积和取食面积,然后计算雌虫对叶片表面和不同叶位叶片的产卵选择百分率、划圈选择百分率和取食选择百分率。【结果】锯叶裂臀瓢虫雌虫仅在所划出的圈内取食,单日划圈面积和单日取食面积均以南瓜上的最小。雌虫对叶片表面的产卵选择性随瓜类植物种类而异,但划圈和取食时均喜欢选择叶片反面。雌虫不喜欢在第1叶和第2叶的叶片上产卵。雌虫的划圈和取食最喜欢南瓜和棱角丝瓜的第2叶和第3叶,但对黄瓜不同叶位的叶片没有偏好性。【结论】锯叶裂臀瓢虫雌虫产卵不喜欢太幼嫩的叶片,而划圈和取食偏好于瓜叶的反面。     

六种植物叶片中葫芦素B对美洲斑潜蝇寄主选择性的影响

在网室条件下 ,测定了美洲斑潜蝇对豇豆、苦瓜、黄瓜、白瓜、节瓜和丝瓜的寄主选择性。结果表明 ,美洲斑潜蝇在 6种不同植物叶片上的幼虫数、虫道数和为害程度具有明显的差异。从幼虫数和为害程度综合分析 ,美洲斑潜蝇在豇豆和丝瓜上的幼虫数、为害程度最高 ,分别是 0 .183头 / cm2 ,13.4 7%和 0 .0 99头 / cm2 ,2 3.4 2 % ,表明该虫对豇豆和丝瓜的选择性最强。在苦瓜上没有美洲斑潜蝇的幼虫寄生及取食虫道。该虫对其它 3种植物的选择性依次为节瓜、白瓜和黄瓜。在此基础上 ,进一步研究了不同植物叶片甲醇提取物中葫芦素 B的含量与美洲斑潜蝇寄主选择性的关系。经高效液相色谱 (HPL C)测定 ,苦瓜中的葫芦素 B含量最高 (2 3.8μg/ ml) ,其次是黄瓜 (9.6 μg/ ml)、白瓜 (4 .3μg/ ml)、豇豆 (2 .7μg/ ml)和节瓜 (2 .5 μg/ m l) ,丝瓜中含量最少 ,仅为1.3μg/ ml。分析结果证实不同植物叶中的葫芦素 B含量与其幼虫数呈负相关 (r1 =- 0 .82 0 6 ,r0 .0 5=0 .811) ;将不同植物叶中的葫芦素 B含量和美洲斑潜蝇的为害程度分别转换成对数后进行相关性分析 ,二者之间的相关性呈极显著的负相关(r2 =- 0 .980 4 ,r0 .0 1 =0 .917)。说明随着寄主植物叶片中葫芦素 B含量的增加 ,美洲斑潜蝇的幼虫数及为害程度明显     

棉蚜对寄主的选择及寄主专化型研究

采用叶片选择法,生命表及EPG技术研究了棉蚜对寄主植物的选择和专化性,结果表明,棉花上生长的棉蚜对棉花,西葫芦和西瓜叶片均具有强选择性,而对黄瓜和南瓜选择性弱,西瓜,南瓜和黄瓜上生长的棉蚜对其原寄主选择性强,而对棉花选择性弱,棉花上的棉蚜转接到黄瓜和南瓜上,其存活率和繁殖力极低,棉蚜的取食行为在黄瓜和马铃薯,黄瓜和棉花之间存在明显的寄主专化型,黄瓜与棉花上的棉蚜相互转接均难成功,而黄瓜和马铃薯上的棉蚜转移具有不对称性。     

籽瓜种子蛋白组分和生化特性的研究(简报)

籽瓜是西瓜的变种,其种子板大、味香,是人们喜爱的食品。籽瓜种子蛋白质含量约为38%,其中78%是球蛋白。Blagrove(1980)报道。南瓜、西瓜、甜瓜及黄瓜等瓜类种子球蛋     

瓜螟对寄生植物的选择和季节消长

瓜螟Diaphania indica Saunders是葫芦科植物的重要害虫.试验表明幼虫最嗜食冬瓜叶,其次是黄瓜、丝瓜和西瓜,对南瓜和蒲爪叶取食较少.雌蛾产卵时对植物有选择行为.在杭州每年从7月中旬起最多发生四代.十一年黑光灯下资料表明.灯下始蛾不早于七月上旬,终蛾不迟于十一月下旬,蛾蜂在八月下旬.卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹历期(天)与日平均温度(℃)的关系分别是:Y_e=18.500—0.550X,Y₁=35.203—0.901X,Y_p＆p=59.705—1.785X.拟澳洲赤眼蜂(Trichogramma confusum)和瓜螟小室姬蜂(Scenocharops sp.)是首次报道的瓜螟寄生蜂,前者年平均寄生率达54.2±38.2%.另发现瓜螟绒茧蜂(Apanteles sp.)、扁股小蜂(Elasmus sp.)和病毒.     

葫芦科蔬菜种质资源对南方根结线虫的抗性评价

根据不同种质的来源地、农艺性状等背景信息,从国家蔬菜种质资源中期库中选取具代表性的444份主要瓜类作物地方品种,分属葫芦科7个属的13个种或变种,采用病土接种法进行苗期根结线虫抗性鉴定,得出了不同葫芦科作物对南方根结线虫的抗性分布范围。忽略基因型差异,不同作物的平均病级指数从小到大的顺序为:冬瓜、西瓜、丝瓜、节瓜、苦瓜、越瓜、甜瓜、菜瓜、瓠瓜、黄瓜、中国南瓜、印度南瓜、美洲南瓜。通过抗性鉴定,共获得27份抗根结线虫种质(病级指数1~2),包括12份冬瓜、3份苦瓜、7份丝瓜和5份西瓜。     

Correspondence between rates of host plant consumption and responses to the Acalymma vittatum male-produced aggregation pheromone

Abstract In field studies, wind-directed traps were used to investigate the resource-based properties of the male-produced aggregation pheromone of Acalymma vittatum (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Responses to early season overwintered field-collected male A. vittatum without food were compared with those feeding on pollen, and in turn these were compared with those feeding on cucurbit seedlings. These comparisons were modelled after transitions as they would occur at the initiation of A. vittatum host plant colonization.
In another experiment, colony-reared male A. vittatum that had been fed only near isogenic lines of potted cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) seedlings that either lacked or contained cucurbitacin were placed as bait in the traps. Using the inverse relationship, which is understood for A. vittatum , between previous exposure and the phagostimulant response to cucurbitacin, rates of foliage consumption could be manipulated. The interaction between relative rates of host plant consumption of the males used as lures and responses to the pheromone could thus be tested. The use of A. vittatum reared entirely without dietary cucurbitacin as bait also enabled evaluation of the potential role of cucurbitacin in pheromone biosynthesis. Trap responses were closely correlated with the rates of feeding of the beetles in the trap lures, but cucurbitacin was neither a precursor nor a prerequisite for the pheromone. Implications for early season field colonization and the adaptive significance of this pheromone are discussed.     

光肩星天牛与星天牛种间竞争行为研究

光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis和星天牛Anoplophora chinensis是我国两种重要的林业蛀干害虫,存在很多共同的寄主植物。为了阐明两种星天牛之间的物种竞争关系,本文采用行为观察试验,研究两种星天牛寄主危害部位、异种危害寄主识别和种间争斗行为等试验。结果显示,光肩星天牛和星天牛在寄主植物上的取食危害部位有很大差异,光肩星天牛主要取食寄主植物的枝条上部,取食面积为2 390.0 mm^2,占整个寄主植物取食面积的69.3%,星天牛主要取食寄主植物的树干上部,取食面积为3 140.0 mm^2,占整个寄主植物的96.6%;两种星天牛都能识别异种天牛危害过的寄主,对其具有显著的回避性,其中光肩星天牛对星天牛危害过的寄主取食量平均值为420.8 mm^2,显著低于健康寄主取食量平均值2 518.8 mm^2,同样,星天牛对光肩星天牛危害过的寄主取食量平均值为436.8 mm^2,显著低于健康寄主取食量平均值1 803.5 mm^2,而对同种天牛危害过的寄主没有显著的选择性;两种星天牛之间争斗共发生34次,其中星天牛获胜30次,表现出更强的竞争力。两种星天牛之间存在显著的种间竞争关系,并且能够识别对方物种的存在,其对寄主的感受机制和植物免疫反应机制需要进一步的试验研究。     

Convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in spatially isolated rootworm taxa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae,Luperini)

Historically, chemical ecologists assumed that cucurbitacin feeding and sequestration in rootworm leaf beetles is a remnant of an ancient association between the Luperini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae) and Cucurbitaceae (ancestral host hypothesis). Under this premise, rootworms that do not develop on cucurbits but undergo pharmacophagous forays for cucurbitacins are thought to do so to supplement novel host diets that lack these bitter compounds. The ancestral host hypothesis is supported from studies of pyrrolizidine alkaloid pharmacophagy in Lepidoptera but has not been subjected to phylogenetic analysis within the Luperini. New evidence that this feeding behavior is better correlated with an adult affinity for pollen than with larval host offers the possibility that Old and New World rootworm species with an affinity for cucurbitacins converged on this behavior through apomorphic taste receptor modifications (loose receptor hypothesis). Here we test the monophyly of cucurbitacin feeding within the Luperini by using nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data to infer phylogenetic relationships among 49 taxa representing tribes of the Galerucinae and subtribes of the Luperini. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis is mostly concordant with existing tribal and subtribal delineations within the Subfamily Galerucinae sensu stricto (Galerucinae not including the flea beetles). The establishment of ancestry among the subtribes of the Luperini refutes the monophyly of cucurbitacin feeding and cucurbit specialization, with the New World Diabroticina being paraphyletic to the Old World Aulacophorina and cosmopolitan Luperina. These data unambiguously support the convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in rootworms and are inconsistent with the ancestral host hypothesis.     

B型烟粉虱羧酸酯酶对6种寄主植物时间响应的初步研究

通过连续测定饲养在6种寄主植物(黄瓜、苦瓜、水瓜、木瓜、薄荷、金银花)上的B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci羧酸酯酶的比活力,探索其随时间变化的趋势。结果显示,测定的6种寄主植物上烟粉虱羧酸酯酶的活性数据,随着时间推移呈开口向上的抛物线倾向,且时间段内各种寄主植物上烟粉虱羧酸酯酶活性的变化节律趋于一致,此结果强烈地暗示B型烟粉虱羧酸酯酶的活性变化除寄主植物外,与时间相关,分析认为这可能是寄主植物的次生物质浓度存在季节变化的原因。     

Maxillary appendages used by western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, to discriminate between a phagostimulant and -deterrent

Ablation of maxillary appendages on western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), were used to determine which mouthparts were involved in discrimination between the phagostimulant, cucurbitacin B, and the phagodeterrent, strychnine. Strychnine deterred feeding in unablated beetles when its concentration on disks was equal to or higher than cucurbitacin B. Unilateral or bilateral lacinea ablation did not affect discrimination between cucurbitacin B and strychnine. Galeal ablations abolished strychnine deterrence at equimolar concentrations of both compounds but not at higher strychnine concentrations, whereas maxillary palp ablation had no effect. However, bilateral ablation of both galea and maxillary palps resulted in a loss of deterrence at all strychnine concentrations. These results indicated strychnine sensitive chemoreceptors were primarily located on the galeae and maxillary palps. However, beetles without galeae and palps still feed on disks suggesting that cucurbitacin B sensitive chemoreceptors were located on other mouthparts and contributed to cucurbitacin B phagostimulation.     

Leaf trenching by Indian red admiral caterpillars for feeding and shelter construction

Many folivorous insects sever leaf veins, trench across leaf blades, or girdle petioles prior to feeding on leaves. The purpose of these behaviours is generally thought to be sabotage of the anti-herbivore chemical defences of host plants. For insects that construct leaf shelters, these behaviours may make leaves easier to roll or fold. Larvae of the Indian red admiral butterfly, Vanessa indica (Herbst), cut trenches at the base of host plant leaves and construct leaf-fold shelters. I attempted to determine which of the above functions the trenching behaviour of V. indica larvae serves. If the function of trenching is to facilitate leaf-folding, then larvae should cut trenches before folding leaves. When the larvae used larger leaves, they tended to trench them prior to folding them. This suggests that the function of trenching behaviour is to make leaves easier to fold. However, larvae sometimes cut trenches after folding the leaves, suggesting that this behaviour has additional functions. When the larvae were about to moult or pupate, they did not cut trenches, suggesting that trenching behaviour may also be involved in feeding.     

Plant exudates trigger leaf-trenching by cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Noctuidae)

Cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni, cut a narrow trench across leaves of plants that release exudate, then feed distal to the trench in an area of reduced exudation. The larvae do not normally trench plant species such as plantain, Plantago lanceolata, that lack exudate. To determine what cues elicit trenching, I reared larvae to the final instar on plantain, then applied test solutions to their mouthparts during feeding. Loopers that received latex from Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) or phloem exudate from watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris (Cucurbitaceae), often responded by cutting a trench in plantain, even though these larvae had not previously encountered exudate nor previously trenched. Loopers that were allowed to trench and feed on L. serriola for 1 day prior to the assay subsequently cut trenches in plantain more frequently and in response to more fluids, including a viscous solution of polyethylene glycol and latex from a non-host, poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima). Subsequent bioassays with larvae reared entirely on plantain tested whether bitter cucurbitacins or gelation are essential cues for trenching. Sap from non-bitter cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) caused larvae to trench, showing that cucurbitacins are not required to induce trenching. Loopers also trenched after receiving cucumber sap that did not gel due to the addition of mercaptoethanol. An extract of sap lacking the proteins that cause gelation likewise triggered trenching. Further fractionation revealed that cucumber sap and also butternut squash sap (Cucurbita moschata) contain trenching stimulants that are small (molecular weight < 3,000) water-soluble molecules. Received: 13 January 1997 / Accepted: 6 June 1997     

Host plant use in sympatric closely related flea beetles

Studies on strategies of host plant use in sympatric-related species are significant to the theory of sympatric speciation. Altica fragariae Nakane and Altica koreana Ogloblin are sympatric closely related flea beetles found in Beijing, northern China. All their recorded host plants are in the subfamily Rosoideae of the Rosaceae, so we regard them as a model system to study interactions between herbivorous insects and plant-insect co-evolution. We conducted a set of experiments on the host preference and performance of these flea beetles to study whether these closely related species have the ability to use sympatric novel host plants and whether monophagous and oligophagous flea beetles use the same strategy in host plant use. Oviposition preference experiments showed that A. koreana, a monophagous flea beetle, displayed high host fidelity. However, A. fragariae, which is oligophagous, often made "oviposition mistakes," ovipositing on nonhost plants such as Potentilla chinensis, the host plant of A. koreana, although normal host plants were preferred over novel ones. Larval performance studies suggested that A. fragariae was able to develop successfully on P. chinensis. Feeding experiences of larvae had no effect on feeding preference, oviposition preference, and fecundity of adults. However, females were impaired in their reproductive ability when fed on nonhost plants. Therefore, A. fragariae finished their development of larval stages on P. chinensis and came back to their primary host plant, Duchesnea indica, for feeding and reproduction after eclosion.     

Suppressive effect of exposure to Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum on the feeding response of the tortoise beetle, Cassida nebulosa, to spinach

Depending upon preceding dietary exposure, the tortoise beetle, Cassida nebulosa L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), exhibits various feeding responses to spinach, Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiaceae). Adult tortoise beetles reared as adults on the main host Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino (CAC) (Chenopodiaceae) eat little spinach, whereas those reared on spinach accept this plant as food. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of exposure to CAC on the feeding response of tortoise beetles to spinach. To investigate the effect of chemical factors in CAC, we provided beetles with Gomphrena globosa L. (Amaranthaceae) as the base food and exposed them to a CAC extract, because bioassays have indicated that exposure to G. globosa did not affect the feeding response of beetles to spinach. Adults reared on G. globosa treated with CAC extract consumed significantly less than adults reared on untreated G. globosa . Thus, we determined that exposure to CAC components is responsible for the suppressive effect on the feeding response to spinach observed in the beetles. In a choice feeding test with membrane filter discs, we found that adults reared on G. globosa treated with CAC extract exhibited a greater feeding deterrent response to the spinach deterrent than adults reared on untreated G. globosa leaves. Therefore, the suppression of spinach consumption due to exposure to CAC is probably caused by the development of a response to the feeding deterrents present in spinach.