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1.
GTP 结合蛋白(G 蛋白)有三个亚单位:α,β和γ,其中α链有多种分子形式,β和γ链变化较小,二者偶联构成βγ复合体。一般认为,α链是 G 蛋白的调节亚基,介导神经递质和激素的受体后效应。但 Lo-gothetis 等最近证明了βγ复合体能使心肌胆碱型钾离子通道开放,而α链则无此功能,说明α链不是 G  相似文献   

2.
G蛋白亚单位以前被认为在味蕾中特异性的表达,和味导素、苦味受体共表达于味蕾的II型细胞。目前的研究发现,Gγ13(G proteinγ-subunit Gγ13)在小鼠不同发育时期嗅上皮和梨鼻均存在表达,包括胚胎期15.5 d(E15.5)、生后期第0 d(P0)、生后期第5 d(P5)、生后期第10 d(P10)、生后期第21 d(P21)和成年期(P40)。研究也表明,Gγ13可能是一个成熟嗅神经和梨鼻神经的分子标记物。m RNA原位杂交表明,Gγ13和Gα亚单位Gαolf(Gαolf在成熟嗅神经细胞中表达)的表达模式在嗅上皮是一致的,Gγ13和Gα亚单位Gαi2(Gαi2在成熟梨鼻嗅神经细胞中表达)在梨鼻上皮共定位。Gγ13的分布不同于标记细胞发育的标记物GAP43(growth associated protein 43)在嗅上皮的分布,它的表达也不同于另外一个G蛋白亚单位Gγ8的表达分布。在P21的嗅觉系统,Gγ13蛋白在嗅上皮嗅毛中表达丰富,在梨鼻的嗅毛表达也丰富。在主嗅球,在颗粒细胞带、外网层、僧帽细胞带均发现Gγ13的阳性信号。而且,m RNA原位杂交也显示,Gγ13在僧帽细胞带表达,表明Gγ13可能参与到僧帽细胞向大脑嗅皮质区的信号输送。在副嗅球,在颗粒细胞层发现微弱的阳性信号。总之,目前的研究表明,Gγ13可能参与嗅上皮和梨鼻的嗅分子信号传导过程。  相似文献   

3.
Richard Dixon 等在1986年5月报告,他们已将哺乳动物β-肾上腺素受体(β-adrenegic receptors,βAR)的基因按顺序排列成功,并确信不是假基因。通过仓鼠肺βAR 基因序列的分析,得出二个结论:一是βAR 和光敏色素视紫红质(rhodopsin)在结构上有相似性;二是仑鼠βAR 基因密码子序列中未发现有非密码片段(内含子introns)插入。药理学家把AR 分为α_1、α_2、β_1和β_2几个亚型,并已认识到AR 与儿茶酚胺接触后所发生的几种反应,例如受体的敏感性降低和受体总数减少。生化学家阐明了儿茶酚胺与受体结合后最初的几步反应:儿茶酚胺与βAR 结合引起受体与G(或N)蛋白发生偶联,并进一步引起GTP 与G 蛋白的α亚单位结合。这  相似文献   

4.
G蛋白βγ亚单位介导的信号转导途径   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
跨膜信息传递有关的G蛋白由α、β和γ亚单位所组成,受体激动后,引起GTP与α亚单位结合,导致Gα与Gβγ分离。近年来发现Gα、受体本射和许多效应分子如K^+通道、Ga^2+通道、磷脂酶C-β、腺苷酸环化酶、酷氨酸、MAPK和受体激酶等都受Gβγ的调节,Gβγ同Gα一样均可引起效应蛋白的激活,在细胞信号转导中起同样重要作用,共同介导一系列的生物学效应。  相似文献   

5.
为了系统分析八肋游仆虫(Euplotes octocarinatus)微管蛋白基因家族, 从八肋游仆虫大核基因组中共鉴定得到20个微管蛋白基因, 基于同源比对及系统进化分析, 将其归入α、β、γ、δ、ε及η六个微管蛋白亚家族; 多序列比对及Western blot结果显示八肋游仆虫η微管蛋白基因在翻译过程中需发生一次+1位编程性核糖体移码, 其移码位点为AAA-TAA; 所有自由生纤毛虫都含有多个α和β微管蛋白基因亚型, 可能用于组成不同的微管结构。研究为后续深入探讨八肋游仆虫微管蛋白的生物学功能及微管多样性奠定了基础。  相似文献   

6.
一些鸟苷结合蛋白(G 蛋白)在细胞外信号向细胞内传递过程中起桥梁作用。激素与受体结合后可促使腺苷环化酶催化 cAMP 生成,后者可启动细胞内一系列磷酸化级联反应,以产生其激素诱导的特征性细胞内应答。有二种 G 蛋白可与腺苷环化酶相互作用,一种对该酶起刺激作用(Gs);另一种则对该酶活性产生抑制效应(Gi)。Gs 和 Gi 都包括三个亚基:α、β和γ,Gs 和 Gi 的β和γ亚基都非常相似,只是α亚基  相似文献   

7.
整合素是一类细胞表面受体家族分子,通过双向信号转导参与细胞与细胞外基质、细胞与细胞的粘附以及细胞的迁移.整合素αⅡbβ3(GPⅡb-Ⅲa)特异表达于巨核/血小板系,并且是其含量最多的膜糖蛋白,介导血小板的粘附、伸展、聚集等.G蛋白在整合素αⅡbβ3双向信号转导中发挥重要作用,其中较受关注的是:异源三聚体G蛋白和小G蛋白Rap1参与整合素αⅡbβ3的内向外信号转导;小G蛋白(Rho A、Rac等)和Gα13参与整合素αⅡbβ3的外向内信号转导.在蛋白质结构与功能关系的层面,本文总结了G蛋白的结构、分类、功能以及近年来G蛋白在整合素αⅡbβ3双向信号转导中作用的研究进展.  相似文献   

8.
本研究在分析金针菇减数分裂重组热点时发现B交配型位点可能存在第三个亚位点,为此对同核菌株‘6-3’和‘6-21’的B交配型位点进行全基因组注释,获得8对同源信息素受体基因(pheromone receptor gene,pr)和3对同源信息素前体基因(pheromone precursor gene,pp),组成了2个结构完整、相距326kb的亚位点α和β;‘6-21’菌株还发现1个‘6-3’菌株不具有的pr,组成第3个亚位点γ,它与亚位点α和β没有连锁。‘6-3’和‘6-21’配对形成异核体后出菇,分离获得142个单孢菌株,其B交配型有8种基因型,通过亲和性试验得到证实,同时还验证了第3个亚位点γ具有与α、β相同的功能。  相似文献   

9.
姚君  王立生  高原 《生物磁学》2009,(18):3565-3568
以往研究已发现Na^+,K^+-ATPase含有α、β和γ亚单位。为了对三种亚单位有一个较为全面的认识,现对亚单位的基本结构、研究简况、生理及病理功能、表达调节等基本情况作一综述。  相似文献   

10.
G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)在大脑信号传递中至关重要,而在阿尔兹海默症(AD)中,G蛋白偶联受体通过调控α-、β-及γ-分泌酶分泌、淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)生成及β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)降解,直接影响β-淀粉样蛋白在神经系统信号级联反应;另外,阿尔兹海默症中β-淀粉样蛋白的生成可以扰乱G蛋白偶联受体功能.因此,阐明G蛋白偶联受体与阿尔兹海默症发病之间的关联有助于开发以G蛋白偶联受体为靶点的阿尔兹海默症治疗药物.  相似文献   

11.
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) transduce extracellular signals received by transmembrane receptors to effector proteins. Each subunit of the G protein complex is encoded by a member of one of three corresponding gene families. Currently, 16 different members of the alpha subunit family, 5 different members of the beta subunit family, and 11 different members of the gamma subunit family have been described in mammals. Here we have identified and characterized Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) containing the human homologs of each of the alpha, beta, and gamma subunit genes as well as a G alpha11 pseudogene and a previously undiscovered G gamma5-like gene. The gene structure and chromosome location of each gene was determined, as were the orientations of paired genes. These results provide greater insight into the evolution and functional diversity of the mammalian G protein subunit genes.  相似文献   

12.
The STE4 and STE18 genes are required for haploid yeast cell mating. Sequencing of the cloned genes revealed that the STE4 polypeptide shows extensive homology to the beta subunits of mammalian G proteins, while the STE18 polypeptide shows weak similarity to the gamma subunit of transducin. Null mutations in either gene can suppress the haploid-specific cell-cycle arrest caused by mutations in the SCG1 gene (previously shown to encode a protein with similarity to the alpha subunit of G proteins). We propose that the products of the STE4 and STE18 genes comprise the beta and gamma subunits of a G protein complex coupled to the mating pheromone receptors. The genetic data suggest pheromone-receptor binding leads to the dissociation of the alpha subunit from beta gamma (as shown for mammalian G proteins), and the free beta gamma element initiates the pheromone response.  相似文献   

13.
Heterotrimeric G proteins, composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, transduce signals from transmembrane receptors to a wide range of intracellular effectors. The G protein gamma subunits, which play an indispensible role in this communication, constitute a large and diverse multigene family. Using an interspecific backcross panel, we have determined the mouse chromosomal locations of five gamma subunit genes: gamma2, gamma8, gamma10, gamma12, and gammaCone. Combined with previous mapping studies, these data indicate that, with the possible exception of gamma1 and gamma11, the G protein gamma subunit genes are well dispersed within the mouse and human genomes.  相似文献   

14.
The STE4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes the beta subunit of the yeast pheromone receptor-coupled G protein. Overexpression of the STE4 protein led to cell cycle arrest of haploid cells. This arrest was like the arrest mediated by mating pheromones in that it led to similar morphological changes in the arrested cells. The arrest occurred in haploid cells of either mating type but not in MATa/MAT alpha diploids, and it was suppressed by defects in genes such as STE12 that are needed for pheromone response. Overexpression of the STE4 gene product also suppressed the sterility of cells defective in the mating pheromone receptors encoded by the STE2 and STE3 genes. Cell cycle arrest mediated by STE4 overexpression was prevented in cells that either were overexpressing the SCG1 gene product (the alpha subunit of the G protein) or lacked the STE18 gene product (the gamma subunit of the G protein). This finding suggests that in yeast cells, the beta subunit is the limiting component of the active beta gamma element and that a proper balance in the levels of the G-protein subunits is critical to a normal mating pheromone response.  相似文献   

15.
The signal-transducing G proteins are heterotrimers composed of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma. Multiple distinctive forms of the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, each encoded by a distinct gene, have been described. To investigate further the structural diversity of the beta subunits, we recently cloned and characterized a novel cDNA encoding a third form of the G protein beta subunit, which we have termed beta 3. The protein corresponding to beta 3 has not yet been identified. The three forms of the beta subunit show 81-90% amino acid sequence identity. Previous studies had localized the human genes for the beta 1 and beta 2 subunits to chromosomes 1 and 7, respectively. The present studies were designed to determine whether the gene encoding beta 3 is linked to either the beta 1 or the beta 2 gene. Genomic DNA was isolated from a panel of rodent-human hybrid cell lines and analyzed by hybridization to cDNAs for beta 1 and beta 3. Discordancy analysis allowed assignment of the beta 3 gene to chromosome 12 and confirmed the previous assignment of the beta 1 gene to chromosome 1. These results were confirmed and extended by using in situ chromosome hybridization, which permitted the regional localization of the beta 1 gene to 1pter----p31.2 and the beta 3 gene to 12pter----p12.3. Digestion of human genomic DNA with 10 restriction enzymes failed to disclose a restriction fragment length polymorphism for the beta 3 gene. These data indicate that there is considerable diversity in the genomic organization of the beta subunit family.  相似文献   

16.
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins transduce signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular effectors. The alpha subunit is believed to confer receptor and effector specificity on the G protein. This role is reflected in the diversity of genes that encode these subunits. The beta and gamma subunits are thought to have a more passive role in G protein function; biochemical data suggests that beta-gamma dimers are shared among the alpha subunits. However, there is growing evidence for active participation of beta-gamma dimers in some G protein mediated signaling systems. To further investigate this role, we examined the diversity of the beta subunit family in mouse. Using the polymerase chain reaction, we uncovered a new member of this family, G beta 4, which is expressed at widely varying levels in a variety of tissues. The predicted amino acid sequence of G beta 4 is 79% to 89% identical to the three previously known beta subunits. The diversity of beta gene products may be an important corollary to the functional diversity of G proteins.  相似文献   

17.
Voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) are heteromultimers composed of a pore-forming alpha1 subunit and auxiliary subunits, including the intracellular beta subunit, which has a strong influence on the channel properties. Voltage-dependent inhibitory modulation of neuronal VDCCs occurs primarily by activation of G-proteins and elevation of the free G beta gamma dimer concentration. Here we have examined the interaction between the regulation of N-type (alpha 1 B) channels by their beta subunits and by G beta gamma dimers, heterologously expressed in COS-7 cells. In contrast to previous studies suggesting antagonism of G protein inhibition by the VDCC beta subunit, we found a significantly larger G beta gamma-dependent inhibition of alpha 1 B channel activation when the VDCC alpha 1 B and beta subunits were coexpressed. In the absence of coexpressed VDCC beta subunit, the G beta gamma dimers, either expressed tonically or elevated via receptor activation, did not produce the expected features of voltage-dependent G protein modulation of N-type channels, including slowed activation and prepulse facilitation, while VDCC beta subunit coexpression restored all of the hallmarks of G beta gamma modulation. These results suggest that the VDCC beta subunit must be present for G beta gamma to induce voltage-dependent modulation of N-type calcium channels.  相似文献   

18.
The beta gamma subunits of G-proteins are composed of closely related beta 35 and beta 36 subunits tightly associated with diverse 6-10 kDa gamma subunits. We have developed a reconstitution assay using rhodopsin-catalyzed guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) binding to resolved alpha subunit of the retinal G-protein transducin (Gt alpha) to quantitate the activity of beta gamma proteins. Rhodopsin facilitates the exchange of GTP gamma S for GDP bound to Gt alpha beta gamma with a 60-fold higher apparent affinity than for Gt alpha alone. At limiting rhodopsin, G-protein-derived beta gamma subunits catalytically enhance the rate of GTP gamma S binding to resolved Gt alpha. The isolated beta gamma subunit of retinal G-protein (beta 1, gamma 1 genes) facilitates rhodopsin-catalyzed GTP gamma S exchange on Gt alpha in a concentration-dependent manner (K0.5 = 254 +/- 21 nM). Purified human placental beta 35 gamma, composed of beta 2 gene product and gamma-placenta protein (Evans, T., Fawzi, A., Fraser, E.D., Brown, L.M., and Northup, J.K. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 176-181), substitutes for Gt beta gamma reconstitution of rhodopsin with Gt alpha. However, human placental beta 35 gamma facilitates rhodopsin-catalyzed GTP gamma S exchange on Gt alpha with a higher apparent affinity than Gt beta gamma (K0.5 = 76 +/- 54 nM). As an alternative assay for these interactions, we have examined pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of the Gt alpha subunit which is markedly enhanced in rate by beta gamma subunits. Quantitative analyses of rates of pertussis modification reveal no differences in apparent affinity between Gt beta gamma and human placental beta 35 gamma (K0.5 values of 49 +/- 29 and 70 +/- 24 nM, respectively). Thus, the Gt alpha subunit alone does not distinguish among the beta gamma subunit forms. These results clearly show a high degree of functional homology among the beta 35 and beta 36 subunits of G-proteins for interaction with Gt alpha and rhodopsin, and establish a simple functional assay for the beta gamma subunits of G-proteins. Our data also suggest a specificity of recognition of beta gamma subunit forms which is dependent both on Gt alpha and rhodopsin. These results may indicate that the recently uncovered diversity in the expression of beta gamma subunit forms may complement the diversity of G alpha subunits in providing for specific receptor recognition of G-proteins.  相似文献   

19.
The wide range of functions attributed to GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) is reflected in the structural diversity which exists among the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of G proteins. Recently two cDNA clones encoding beta subunits, beta 1 and beta 2, were isolated from bovine and human cDNA libraries. We report here that the beta 2 gene encodes the 35-kilodalton (kDa) component of the beta 35/beta 36 subunit of G proteins and that the beta 1 gene encodes the 36-kilodalton component. The in vitro translation product of the beta 2 cDNA co-migrates with the 35-kDa beta subunit (beta 35), while the in vitro product of the beta 1 cDNA co-migrates with the 36-kDa beta subunit (beta 36) on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. In addition, antisera generated against synthetic beta 2 peptides bind specifically to the beta 35 component of isolated G proteins and to a 35-kDa protein in myeloid cell membranes. Our results suggest that the two beta subunits could serve distinct functions, as they are derived from separate genes which have been highly conserved in evolution.  相似文献   

20.
Two genes in the rice genome were identified as those encoding the gamma subunits, gamma1 and gamma2, of heterotrimeric G proteins. Using antibodies against the recombinant proteins for the alpha, beta, gamma1, and gamma2 subunits of the G protein complexes, all of the subunits were proven to be localized in the plasma membrane in rice. Gel filtration of solubilized plasma membrane proteins showed that all of the alpha subunits were present in large protein complexes (about 400 kDa) containing the other subunits, beta, gamma1, and gamma2, and probably also some other proteins, whereas large amounts of the beta and gamma (gamma1 and gamma2) subunits were freed from the large complexes and took a 60-kDa form. A yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the beta subunit interacted tightly with the gamma1 and gamma2 subunits, and so the beta and gamma subunits appeared to form dimers in rice cells. Some dimers were associated with the alpha subunit, because few beta, gamma1, and gamma2 subunits were present in the 400-kDa complexes in a rice mutant, d1, which was lacking in the alpha subunit. When a constitutively active form of the alpha subunit was prepared by the exchange of one amino acid residue and introduced into d1, the mutagenized subunit was localized in the plasma membrane of the transformants and took a free, and not the 400-kDa, form.  相似文献   

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