EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1通过结合TRAFs调控NF-κB

为了探讨EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1（LMP1）的致瘤机制,对鼻咽癌中LMP1激活重要的核转录因子NF－κB机制进行了研究,首先,采用免疫共沉淀－蛋白质印迹在稳定表达LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系HNE2－LMP1中证实LMP1与TRAF1,2,3结合形成免疫共沉淀复合物,进一步以野生型LMP1及其三种突变体的鼻咽癌细胞系LMP1（野生型, wt),HNE2－LMP1 del187-351(CTAR1缺失型）,HNE2－LMP1（1－231）,（CTAR2缺失型）,HNE2－LMP1（1－187）（羰基端胞浆区缺失型）,HNE2－pSG5(空白载体型）为材料,结合NF－κB报道基因质粒（pG12-NF-B-luc)的荧光素酶活性表达分析NF－κB的活性,证实：较之母细胞,野生型LMP1活化NF－B达13．8倍,LMP1（1－187）几乎不活化NF－kb,LMP1(1-231)活化NF－kB 达4．9倍,LMP1（del187-351)活化NFκB达9．1倍,TRAF1过表达升高LMP1（ wt)及LMP1（1－231）介导的NF－κB活性,而对LMP1（del187-351)活化NFκB无影响,TRAF3过表达或TRAF3负显性突变体抑,制LMP1（wt)及LMP1（1－231）介导的NF－κB活性而不影响LMP1（del187－351）活化NF－κB,TRAF2过表达升高LMP1（wt),LMP1(1-231)及LMP1（del 187-351)介导的NF－kB活性,这些结果表明：鼻咽癌中LMP1通过TRAF1,TRAF2或TRAF3调控NF－kB,TRAF1和TRAF3主要通过CTAR1发挥作用,TRAF2的作用主要是通过CTAR1和CTAR2介导的。     

EB病毒LMP1 CTAR1、CTAR2的表达促使人鼻咽癌细胞HNE2增殖

探讨EB病毒LMP1不同结构域在鼻咽癌中的致瘤作用,为阐明鼻咽癌分子发病机理,寻找治疗鼻咽癌的分子靶提供实验依据。以转染空白载体为对照,利用电穿孔转染方法,建立稳定表达LMP1不同突变体的鼻咽癌细胞系HNE2-LMP1(1～815)、HNE2-LMP1(1～231)、HNE2-LMP1△187～351,并以这些细胞系为材料,用MTT法检测增殖期活细胞,BrdU掺入法检测细胞增殖状况,比较各组细胞的软琼脂集落形成率和裸鼠成瘤能力,以观察LMP1不同的结构域对鼻咽癌细胞生长的影响。LMP1(1～231)和LMP1△187～351在体外明显促进HNE2细胞增殖,HNE2-LMP1(1～231)、HNE2-LMP1△187～351平均吸光度(A)比值、BrdU掺入率、软琼脂集落形成率均高于HNE2-pSG5与HNE2(P<0 01),而HNE2-LMP1(1～187)与HNE2-pSG5、HNE2相比,这些指标无明显差别。HNE2-LMP1△187～351和HNE2-LMP1(1～231)的裸鼠成瘤潜伏期、倍增时间与平均瘤重明显高于HNE2-pSG5鼻咽癌细胞系,其差异有显著的统计学意义(P<0 05)。而HNE2-LMP1(1～187)、HNE2-pSG5和HNE2鼻咽癌细胞系在潜伏期、倍增时间与平均瘤重方面两两比较,差异无显著的统计学意义(P>0 05)。EB病毒LMP1CTAR1和CTAR2对HNE2细胞生长有明显促进作用,提示EB病毒LMP1可能在鼻咽癌的发生发展中起着重要的作用。     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1通过结合TRAFs调控NF-κB

为了探讨EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)的致瘤机制,对鼻咽癌中LMP1激活重要的核转录因子NF-κB机制进行了研究.首先,采用免疫共沉淀-蛋白质印迹在稳定表达LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系HNE2-LMP1中证实LMP1与TRAF1,2,3结合形成免疫共沉淀复合物,进一步以野生型LMP1及其三种突变体的鼻咽癌细胞系LMP1（野生型,wt）、HNE2-LMP1 del187～351(CTAR1缺失型)、HNE2-LMP1(1～231)(CTAR2缺失型)、HNE2-LMP1(1～187)(羧基端胞浆区缺失型)、HNE2-pSG5(空白载体型)为材料,结合NF-κB报道基因质粒（pGL2-NF-κB-luc）的荧光素酶活性表达分析NF-κB的活性,证实:较之母细胞, 野生型LMP1活化NF-κB达13.8倍, LMP1(1～187)几乎不活化NF-κB,LMP1(1～231)活化NF-κB达4.9倍, LMP1(del187～351)活化NF-κB达9.1倍;TRAF1过表达升高LMP1(wt)及LMP1(1～231)介导的NF-κB活性,而对LMP1(del 187～351)活化NF-κB无影响;TRAF3过表达或TRAF3负显性突变体抑制LMP1(wt)及LMP1(1～231)介导的NF-κB活性,而不影响LMP1(del 187～351)活化NF-κB; TRAF2过表达升高LMP1(wt)、LMP1 (1～231)及LMP1(del 187～351)介导的NF-κB活性.这些结果表明：鼻咽癌中LMP1通过TRAF1、TRAF2或TRAF3调控NF-κB,TRAF1和TRAF3主要通过CTAR1发挥作用,TRAF2的作用主要是通过CTAR1和CTAR2介导的.     

鼻咽癌细胞中EB病毒编码的潜伏膜蛋白1活化cyclinD1的表达

为了探讨EB病毒编码的潜伏膜蛋白1(EBV-LMP1)促进细胞增殖,参与EBV相关疾病致瘤的分子机制,研究了LMP1在鼻咽癌细胞中调节cyclinD1表达,进而影响细胞周期行进及细胞恶性表型改变,并初步确定了LMP1发挥该功能的结构域.利用已建株的Tet-on-LMP1-HNE2鼻咽癌细胞系,蛋白质印迹实验分析LMP1诱导cyclinD1蛋白质表达的表达动力学,包括时间效应及剂量效应;利用三种LMP1功能区缺失的突变体及野生型LMP1,以载体型细胞为对照,确定LMP1活化cyclinD1表达的结构域.同时结合基因诱导表达及反义寡聚核酸技术阻断基因表达的实验方法,进一步确定LMP1上调的cyclinD1功能,即对细胞周期行进及细胞恶性表型的影响.结果表明LMP1确实可以诱导cyclinD1的表达（2～4倍）,且诱导具有时间依赖性及剂量依赖性;利用三种LMP1功能区缺失的突变体及野生型LMP1,以载体型细胞为对照,结合报道基因分析法,确定与空白载体细胞系比较,野生型LMP1从转录水平可反式激活cyclinD1报道基因活性约11.2倍,其中CTAR1及CTAR2均可活化cyclinD1表达,但以CTAR2为主,与野生型LMP1诱导cyclinD1反式激活活性比较,CTAR1缺失导致cyclinD1报道基因活性下降23.6%,CTAR2缺失导致cyclinD1活性下降约80.7%,C端均缺失时cyclinD1活性只有野生型的17.7%.流式细胞仪分析显示,强力霉素诱导后cyclinD1高表达的细胞停留于G0/G1期明显减少,较未经诱导的细胞,从66.42%减至56.55%,而进入S期及G2/M期的细胞明显增多.在稳定表达LMP1的细胞中,与导入正义LMP1比较,导入反义LMP1 PS-ODNs及反义cylinD1,可以使细胞软琼脂集落形成率明显降低(从30.48%分别降至15.21%,21.76%).EBV-LMP1可以活化cyclinD1的表达,且发挥这种功能的结构域以CTAR2为主,活化的cyclinD1参与细胞周期行进,抑制LMP1及cyclinD1的表达均可导致细胞软琼脂集落形成率降低.     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1通过TRAF/TRADD激活JNK信号途径

为了探讨在鼻咽癌细胞中EB病毒编码的潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)激活c-Jun氨基端激酶(JNK)信号途径的分子机制,利用可调控表达LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系L7,蛋白质印迹检测,发现LMP1能够促进JNK的活化;利用稳定表达LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系HNE₂-LMP1及其三种突变体HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR1、HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR2、HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR1,2及LMP1阴性的HNE₂为材料,采用蛋白质印迹和报告基因法分析JNK和活化蛋白1(AP1)活化情况,结果显示HNE₂-LMP1和HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR1中磷酸化JNK蛋白表达量和AP1活性都无显著差异,而与HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR2、HNE₂-LMP1ΔCTAR1,2、阴性对照HNE2及空白载体转染细胞的JNK蛋白表达和AP1活性具有显著差异;进一步比较转染TRAF、TRADD显性负性突变体鼻咽癌细胞系HNE₂-LMP1中磷酸化的JNK量和AP1活性,结果显示：TRAF-DN和TRADD-DN的导入使活化的JNK蛋白和AP-1活性显著降低,二者间无显著差异,提示TRAF和TRADD可能参与了LMP1对JNK和AP-1的活化.以上结果提示在鼻咽癌细胞系中LMP1功能结构域CTAR2通过结合TRAF/TRADD激活JNK从而活化重要的转录因子AP1.     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1在鼻咽癌细胞中通过STAT3促进VEGF表达

探讨了EB病毒编码的潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)是否通过STAT3调控诱导血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)的表达.利用蛋白质印迹的方法对HNE2、HNE2-LMP1以及瞬时转染STAT3显性负性突变体STAT3β的HNE2-LMP1细胞中VEGF含量进行检测,发现LMP1可以上调VEGF的表达,而STAT3β可以抑制VEGF的上调;利用LMP1可控表达细胞系tet-on-LMP1-HNE2进行LMP1时间和剂量诱导表达研究,发现VEGF可以随LMP1的动态表达而表达;将VEGF野生型报告基因和VEGF潜在的STAT3转录因子突变体报告基因与LMP1表达载体分别共转染研究发现,LMP1可以激活VEGF的转录,这种转录通过VEGF启动子区STAT3转录因子的结合位点发挥作用;电泳迁移率变动分析(EMSA)确证了STAT3的这种DNA位点的特异性活性.结果表明：EB病毒编码的LMP1 在鼻咽癌细胞中可以增加VEGF的转录和表达,并能通过VEGF启动子区STAT3转录因子结合位点发挥作用.     

Epstein-Barr病毒潜伏性膜蛋白1 CTAR3缺失突变体的构建与功能分析

[目的]探讨Epstein-Barr病毒潜伏性膜蛋白1(LMP1)促细胞转化的主要活性部位及其作用机制.[方法]采用PCR方法重组LMP1羧基末端活化域3(aa232-aa351)对应密码子缺失突变体(LMP1△232-351),将突变型LMP1△232-351和野生型LMP1(LMP1WT)分别导入永生化的鼻咽上皮细胞NP69中,比较二者对细胞的转化作用.同时,构建含JAK3启动子序列的荧光素酶表达质粒(pGL-2/JAK3-LUC),将LMP1△232-351与LMP1WT分别与含有JAK3启动子序列或NF-kB结合序列启动子的荧光酶表达质粒共转染293细胞(用pLNSX质粒作对照),比较二者活化JAK3启动子或转录因子NF-KB的功能.[结果](1)LMP1△232-351促NP69细胞转化的能力较LMP1WT显著降低(n=3,p<0.01).(2)LMP1WT能明显呈浓度依赖陛活化JAK3启动子,而LMP1△232-351上调能力几乎丧失.[结论]LMP1羧基末端活化域3(aa232-aa351)是LMP1的重要活性部位之一,其促细胞转化的作用与JAK3蛋白表达调节有关.     

鼻咽癌中EB病毒LMP1激活TRAFs的初步研究

在EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白LMP1介导的信号传导通路中,TRAFs作为LMP1活化的第一位信号分子,可能扮演着重要的分子开关角色,令人关注的是,在上皮性肿瘤NPC的发生中,EB病毒LMP1能否激活重要的TRAFs信号分子？究竟激活何种TRAFs信号分子,激活的机制何在？将LMP1 cDNA导入LMP1表达阴性的HNE2中,建立稳定表达LMP1的劓咽癌细胞系：HNE2－LMP1。以此为材料,应用差异RT－PCR和Western blotting法证实,无论在RNA水平,还是蛋白水平上,TRAF1在HNE2－LMP1中表达较HNE2强,而TRAF2及TRAF3在HNE2－LMP1与HNE2细胞中表达无明显差异;进一步用免疫共沉淀－Western blotting证实LMP1可使TRAF1、TRAF2、TRAF3磷酸化耐被活化,这些结果提示在鼻咽癌中,LMP1可能诱导TRAF1表达,而对TRAF2及TRAF3并不影响,但LMP1可磷酸化TRAF1、TRAF2、TRAF3面使其功能性活化。     

EB病毒LMP1-CTAR3对NP69细胞增殖和蛋白质表达的影响

为了探讨EB病毒潜伏性膜蛋白1(LMP1)第三个功能活性区域(CTAR3)在鼻咽上皮细胞NP69中的转化作用机制,采用逆病毒感染的方法,将浓缩的逆病毒RV-LMP1和RV-LMP1△232～351分别感染鼻咽上皮细胞NP69,建立NP69-LMP1与NP69-LMP1△232～351稳定表达细胞系.通过绘制生长曲线、平皿克隆形成试验和软琼脂集落形成试验比较野生型和突变型LMP1对NP69细胞增殖的影响,运用蛋白质组学方法鉴定NP69-LMP1与NP69-LMP1△232～351细胞间的差异表达蛋白,选用实时荧光定量RT-PCR与Western blot对其中部分蛋白质点差异表达进行验证.结果发现:a.突变型LMP1△232～351促NP69细胞增殖的能力较野生型LMP1明显降低(n=3,P<0.05);b.鉴定了LMP1-CTAR3在NP69细胞中参与调节的16个蛋白质(表达上调的蛋白质8个,下调的8个).c.实时荧光定量RT-PCR和Western blot证实了部分上述蛋白质的差异表达.以上结果说明,LMP1-CTAR3是其发挥促细胞增殖的重要活性部位,可能通过参与调节G蛋白和异柠檬酸脱氢酶等蛋白质的表达而起作用.     

LMP1羧基端活化区3对鼻咽癌干细胞SP18迁移与侵袭的影响

为了观察潜伏性膜蛋白1(LMP1)羧基端活性区3(CTAR3)对鼻咽癌干细胞SP18迁移与侵袭的影响,本研究通过建立稳定表达LMP1及CTAR3突变型LMP1(LMP1△252-351)的SP18细胞系(即SP18-LMP1和SP18-LMP1△252-351),观察LMP1-CTAR3缺失突变后对SP18细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭的影响.采用基因芯片分析SP18-LMP1和SP18-LMP1△252-351间的差异表达基因,并验证基因的表达,用生物信息学分析差异表达基因间的相互关系.结果显示:a.SP-LMP1△252-351细胞生长速度较SP-LMP1细胞明显变缓,克隆形成和迁移与侵袭能力降低(n=3,P0.05);b.鉴定出LMP1羧基端CTAR3影响SP18细胞迁移与侵袭的18个基因(其中表达上调基因13个,下调基因5个),经荧光定量PCR验证与基因芯片检测结果基本一致.c.13个差异基因间相互联系,网络节点联系最多的基因是FN1、MMP14、THBS1、ITGA2、IL1B和IL6基因.结果提示,LMP1羧基端CTAR3可能通过调节FN1、MMP14、THBS1、ITGA2、IL1B和IL6基因的表达,发挥其促鼻咽癌干细胞SP18细胞迁移与侵袭的功能.     

Unique signaling properties of CTAR1 in LMP1-mediated transformation

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) gene is considered the EBV oncogene as it is necessary for EBV-mediated transformation of B lymphocytes and itself transforms rodent fibroblasts. LMP1 activates the NF-kappaB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Jun N-terminal protein kinase signaling pathways through its two signaling domains, carboxyl-terminal activating regions 1 and 2 (CTAR1 and CTAR2). CTAR1 and CTAR2 induce signal transduction pathways through their direct (CTAR1) or indirect (CTAR2) recruitment of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). CTAR1 is necessary for LMP1-mediated transformation as well as activation of PI3K signaling and induction of cell cycle markers associated with G(1)/S transition. In this study, activation of PI3K-Akt signaling and deregulation of cell cycle markers were mapped to the TRAF-binding domain within CTAR1 and to the residues between CTAR1 and CTAR2. LMP1 CTAR1 also activated the MEK1/2-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway, and this activation was necessary for LMP1-induced transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts. Dominant-negative forms of TRAF2 and TRAF3 inhibited but did not fully block LMP1-mediated transformation. These findings identify a new signaling pathway that is uniquely activated by the TRAF-binding domain of LMP1 and is required for transformation.     

Canonical NF-kappaB activation is essential for Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 TES2/CTAR2 gene regulation

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) transforms rodent fibroblasts and is expressed in most EBV-associated malignancies. LMP1 (transformation effector site 2 [TES2]/C-terminal activation region 2 [CTAR2]) activates NF-κB, p38, Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) pathways. We have investigated LMP1 TES2 genome-wide RNA effects at 4 time points after LMP1 TES2 expression in HEK-293 cells. By using a false discovery rate (FDR) of <0.001 after correction for multiple hypotheses, LMP1 TES2 caused >2-fold changes in 1,916 mRNAs; 1,479 RNAs were upregulated and 437 were downregulated. In contrast to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulation, which transiently upregulates many target genes, LMP1 TES2 maintained most RNA effects through the time course, despite robust and sustained induction of negative feedback regulators, such as IκBα and A20. LMP1 TES2-regulated RNAs encode many NF-κB signaling proteins and secondary interacting proteins. Consequently, many LMP1 TES2-regulated RNAs encode proteins that form an extensive interactome. Gene set enrichment analyses found LMP1 TES2-upregulated genes to be significantly enriched for pathways in cancer, B- and T-cell receptor signaling, and Toll-like receptor signaling. Surprisingly, LMP1 TES2 and IκBα superrepressor coexpression decreased LMP1 TES2 RNA effects to only 5 RNAs, with FDRs of <0.001-fold and >2-fold changes. Thus, canonical NF-κB activation is critical for almost all LMP1 TES2 RNA effects in HEK-293 cells and a more significant therapeutic target than previously appreciated.     

IGF2BP1

The oncofetal RNA-binding protein IGF2BP1 (IGF2 mRNA binding protein 1) controls the cytoplasmic fate of specific target mRNAs including ACTB and CD44. During neural development, IGF2BPs promote neurite protrusion and the migration of neuronal crest cells. In tumor-derived cells, IGF2BP1 enhances the formation of lamellipodia and invadopodia. Accordingly, the de novo synthesis of IGF2BP1 observed in primary malignancies was reported to correlate with increased metastasis and an overall poor prognosis. However, if and how the protein enhances metastasis remains controversial. In recent studies, we reveal that IGF2BP1 promotes the directed migration of tumor-derived cells in vitro by controlling the expression of MAPK4 and PTEN. The IGF2BP1-facilitated inhibition of MAPK4 mRNA translation interferes with MK5-directed phosphorylation of the heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). This limits G-actin sequestering by phosphorylated HSP27, enhances cell adhesion and elevates the velocity of tumor cell migration. Concomitantly, IGF2BP1 promotes the expression of PTEN by interfering with PTEN mRNA turnover. This results in a shift of cellular PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃/PtdIns(4,5)P₂ ratios and enhances RAC1-dependent cell polarization which finally promotes the directionality of tumor cell migration. These findings identify IGF2BP1 as a potent oncogenic factor that regulates the adhesion, migration and invasiveness of tumor cells by modulating intracellular signaling.     

Interleukin-1 receptor cluster: gene organization of IL1R2, IL1R1, IL1RL2 (IL-1Rrp2), IL1RL1 (T1/ST2), and IL18R1 (IL-1Rrp) on human chromosome 2q

The family of interleukin-1 receptor-like genes currently has six known members. We have constructed a contig of 10 overlapping human PAC clones that covers 530 kb and includes five of the six family members. The termini of the contig were mapped to the interval between D2S373 and D2S176 (chromosome 2q12) by radiation hybrid mapping. The contig contains the genes (cen --> tel), in the order given, for the type II interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (IL1R2), the type I IL-1 receptor (IL1R1), the IL-1 receptor-related protein 2 (IL1RL2), T1/ST2/fit-1 (IL1RL1), and the IL-1 receptor-related protein 1, which has recently been shown to be a component of the IL-18 receptor (IL18R1). We show that all the genes are transcribed in the same direction, with IL1R2 being transcribed toward the cluster. The only known family member that is absent from the human contig is the IL-1 receptor accessory protein gene (IL1RAP), which maps to 3q28.     

Purification of human haptoglobin 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 using monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography

Similar to blood type, human plasma haptoglobin (Hp) is classified as 3 phenotypes: Hp 1-1, 2-1, or 2-2. The structural and functional relationship between the phenotypes, however, has not been studied in detail due to the complicated and difficult isolation procedures. This report provides a simple protocol that can be used to purify each Hp phenotype. Plasma was first passed through an affinity column coupled with a high affinity Hp monoclonal antibody. The bound material was washed with a buffer containing 0.2M NaCl and 0.02 M phosphate, pH 7.4, eluted at pH 11, and collected in tubes containing 1M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8. The crude Hp fraction was then chromatographed on a HPLC Superose 12 column in 0.05 M ammonium bicarbonate at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The homogeneity of purified Hp 1-1, 2-1, or 2-2 was greater than 95% as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Essentially, each Hp isolated was not contaminated with hemoglobin and apolipoprotein A-I as that reported from the other methods, and was able to bind hemoglobin. Neuraminidase treatment demonstrated that the purified Hp possessed a carbohydrate moiety, while Western blot analysis confirmed alpha and beta chains corresponding to each Hp 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 phenotype. The procedures described here represent a significant improvement in current purification methods for the isolation of Hp phenotypes. Circular dichroic spectra showed that the alpha-helical content of Hp 1-1 (29%) was higher than that of Hp 2-1 (22%), and 2-2 (21%). The structural difference with respect to its clinical relevance is discussed.     

A mosaic XY1Y2/XY1Y2Y2 common shrewSorex araneus

XY₁Y₂/XY₁Y₂Y₂ mosaicism was found in a wild adult common shrewSorex araneus (Linnaeus, 1758) in lymphocytes from spleen. The multiple sex chromosome system in the common shrew was the result of an X-autosome translocation and the Y₂ chromosome was the unpaired autosome present in males. The external phenotype of the shrew was that of a mormal male. The histological picture of its testis showed complete spermatogenic breakdown on the stage of primary spermatocytes, hence the shrew was sterile. The possible causes of spermatogenic arrest in a mosaic shrew are dis cussed.