滦河流域及周边地区花粉与植被关系的研究

滦河流域及周边地区空气中的花粉组合基本上反映了当地的植被面貌, 与植物的花期相对应, 乔木植物的花期多在春季, 草本植物的花期多在夏秋季, 该地冬季基本上无植物开花, 冬季空气中的花粉应是当年或多年春、夏、秋季散落在地上又被风吹到空气中的表土花粉和一些外来花粉 ;表土花粉随海拔高程的降低依次出现山地草甸、针阔混交林或以针叶树为主的针阔混交林、山地灌草丛、滨海平原草甸和滨海草甸或滨海盐生草甸的等 5个花粉组合带, 分别为蒿 (Artemisia)唐松草 (Thalictrum)松(Pinus)桦 (Betula) 孢粉组合带、松桦栎 (Quercus) 蒿孢粉组合带、藜科 (Chenopodiaceae)蒿禾本科 (Gramineae)中华卷柏 (Selaginellasinensis) 孢粉组合带、藜科蒿菊科 (Com positae)香蒲 (Typha) 孢粉组合带和藜科蒿莎草科 (Cyperaceae)禾本科孢粉组合带 ;由于花粉在河水中是以悬移质颗粒被搬运, 因此在不同时期沉积物花粉组合存在着一定的差异, 其中洪水期间河水对孢粉的分选作用最为明显。     

大小兴安岭泥炭的孢粉记录及演变过程研究

根据３个高位泥炭剖面孢粉分析,揭示大注兴安岭分别于５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．、２７００ａＢ。．Ｐ．以来孢粉组合特征和植物群与气候演变过程。小兴安岭北部山地森林疲宣传早分为２个时期,５０００－３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．桦为主落叶阔叶林;３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．－－现今为红松、云冷杉为主,混有少量桦寒温必殖阔叶混交林。气候由温凉偏干向冷偏湿方向发展大兴安岭北部山地,２７００～１８００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来,已构成针叶林为主（樟子松     

腾格里沙漠晚更新世孢粉植物群与气候环境演变

根据腾格里沙漠断头梁人工开挖剖面距今约４２０００～２３０００ａＢＰ（晚更新世）的孢粉分析结果,可将该期植被和气候演化划分为５个阶段（组合带）：阶段Ⅰ,约４２０００～３８０００ａＢＰ,此段孢粉组合特征显示出,在现今为戈壁荒漠的山地丘陵上,当时发育着针阔混交林,在古湖边缘上发育着杨柳林和草原,气候较温暖湿润;阶段Ⅱ,约３８０００～３１０００ａＢＰ,气候温暖湿润,地带性植被为以温带、暖温带阔叶林为主的针阔混交林,湖畔河边发育着草甸植被;阶段Ⅲ,约３１０００～３００００ａＢＰ,为针叶林和寒温性高山柳丛大发展时期,气候寒温,为一冷期;阶段Ⅳ,约３００００～２８０００ａＢＰ,为冷期过后的升温期,也是湖面扩大期,孢粉组合中藻类含量高,为草甸和沼泽植被;阶段Ⅴ,２８０００～２３０００ａＢＰ,孢粉组合显示出丘陵山地上发育温带柏和桦为主的针阔混交林,平原上生长着草原植被,湖畔、河边有柳林分布,气候较温暖湿润,但较阶段Ⅰ略干。此剖面孢粉组合所反映的气候变化特征与古里雅及格陵兰冰芯δ１８Ｏ所记录的同期气候变化特征具有良好的可比性。     

东北长白山垂直林带下现代表土花粉与植被关系

在长白山北坡5个垂直植被带的林下采集29个表土(苔藓)样品进行孢粉分析,同时将其结果作对应分析.结果表明,除个别样品,在长白山垂直植被带的孢粉组合中乔木花粉占优势,其中以松属和桦木属最多,在各植被带均有分布.松属花粉最高含量出现在以红松为主的针阔混交林带的孢粉组合中;桦木属花粉则大量见于亚高山岳桦林带和以栎桦为主的阔叶落叶林带,但前者伴有耐寒、早的小灌丛杜鹃花属花粉,而在后者中则见有大量蕨类孢子.阔叶落叶林带的孢粉组合是以类型多、百分含量高的落叶乔木花粉和大量蕨类孢子为特征.亚高山针叶林带的孢粉组合中出现数量众多的云杉属花粉.在高山苔原带孢粉组合中虽然乔木花粉略占优势,但极少或不见蕨类孢子,与其他植被带比较,草本植物和小灌丛花粉明鲜较多,其中杜鹃属花粉含量在草本中占优势,其中出现苔原带的指示花粉--仙女木属.     

秦岭地区15kaBP以来的植被与环境

通过对秦岭海拔2200m-山间盆地沼泽沉积剖面的花粉分析和^14C年代测定,结合对该区植被与表土花粉的研究,认为秦岭的暗针叶林带15ka BP以来植被和环境经历了4个发展阶段：(1)约15450～6760a BP,植被为冷杉(Abies)-云杉(Picea)林,气候寒冷潮湿;(2)约6760～2940a BP,沉积物中花粉稀少,以冷杉、云杉、桦(Betula)、栎(Quercus)为主,出现了喜暖型植物桤木(alnus),气候暖湿;(3)2940～40a BP,植被为冷杉林,气候冷湿;(4)0～40a BP,植被为桦、栎、榛(Corylus)、桤木、铁杉(Tsuga)和小片状分布的冷杉,松(Pinus)的数量极少,气候向暖干方向发展,这是近期人为活动干扰的结果。     

云南高黎贡山北段植物物种多样性的垂直分布格局

在高黎贡山北段沿海拔梯度设置17个样地,采用数量分类,对高黎贡山北段植物群落类型、物种组成和多样性的垂直格局进行了研究.结果表明:(1)随着海拔的升高,森林群落类型由常绿阔叶林(2 000～2 300 m)依次过渡为以阔叶树为主的针阔混交林(2 300～2 600 m)、以针叶树为主的针阔混交林(2 600～3 000 m)和针叶林(3 000～3 100 m);(2)木本植物的物种丰富度随着海拔高度的增加显著下降,而草本植物的物种丰富度则随着海拔高度的增加先下降,然后在林线以上显著上升;(3)木本植物β多样性随着海拔的上升呈单调下降趋势,而草本植物β多样性在中海拔附近区域较低;(4)在植物区系方面,热带亚热带成分所占比例随海拔上升而下降,温带成分、世界分布成分则随着海拔的升高而增加.中国特有分布成分所占比重较小,主要分布在中海拔区域.总体上,温带成分占主导地位.区系平衡点在海拔2100～2200 m.     

上海青浦8.5kaB.P.以来植被演变与气候波动

钻孔取自上海青浦县赵巷镇,柱长19.8m,5个14C年龄(AMS测定)年代跨度从13460±60aB.P.到2660±60aB.P,但缺失全新世早期沉积。对15m以上(8.5aB.P.)部分系统采集了35孢粉样品,样品分辩率在150a左右(少数样品除外);通过有序分割并综合图谱特征划分出7个孢粉带和2个亚带,据此恢复和重建了本区8.5kaB.P以来植被变化和气候波动历史。具体结果为与现今气候相比,8.5aB.P.～8.2kaB.P.为冷干期,但气候呈上升趋势,地带性植被为含常绿阔叶树种的落叶阔叶林;8.2kaB.P.～8.0kaB.P.为暖湿期、常绿阔叶林,气候处于峰值,温度高于现今2℃左右,降雨量高于现今400mm左右;8.0kaB.P.～7.6kaB.P.为冷干期、落叶阔叶和针阔混交林,气候处于谷值,温度低于现今2℃左右,降雨量少于现今400mm左右;7.6kaB.P.～6.2kaB.P.为暖湿期、常绿阔叶林或常绿、落叶阔叶混交林;6.2kaB.P.～4.0kaB.P.为温干期、含常绿阔叶树种的落叶林或针阔混交林;4.0kaB.P.～3.0kaB.P.为温凉略湿期、含常绿阔叶的落叶阔叶林;3.0kaB.P.～1.5kaB.P.为暖湿期、常绿阔叶林,但2.6kaB.P.以来又有变冷趋势。 文中还对常绿阔叶木本孢粉与总木本孢粉的比值(E/W)的生态意义进行了讨论。     

云南省香格里拉地区现代孢粉与植被关系研究

本文对云南省香格里拉地区(海拔3 400～4 700 m)7个植物群系下采集的21个现代苔藓样品进行了孢粉研究,探讨了现代孢粉组合与样点周围植被之间的关系,以及主要孢粉类型的代表性与传播能力。结果表明,香格里拉地区不同植物群系的孢粉组合具有不同的代表性成分与变化特征,能较好地反映当地植被状况。桦木林和黄背栎林的孢粉组合中指示性成分分别是高含量的桦木属和常绿栎类花粉;冷杉林下的样品,除采自仅有稀疏冷杉的冷杉林下的样品外,其他样品的孢粉组合都较好地反映了高含量的冷杉属花粉;杜鹃灌丛和蔷薇灌丛的孢粉组合分别以高含量的杜鹃花科和蔷薇科花粉为特征;在花粉产量低且植被较开阔的流石滩疏生草甸中,孢粉组合以高含量的草本花粉和外来乔木花粉(如松、冷杉等)为主。松属花粉在本研究区各植物群系下所有样品的孢粉组合中均有较高含量,说明松属花粉产量高、传播能力最强,具有超代表性;铁杉属和桤木属花粉也具有较强的传播能力,它们是外来花粉的主要成分,在不同植物群系下其花粉含量的高低与当地植被的郁闭度及当地植被花粉产量有关;桦木属和常绿栎类花粉代表性强,花粉产量高,也具有较强的传播能力;冷杉属花粉具有明显的低代表性,但其传播能力较强;杜鹃花科花粉的代表性较好,但传播能力差,其花粉散布范围基本在有母体植物生长的地方;柳属花粉代表性低,其花粉含量高于1.0%可能指示柳树的存在;单裂缝孢子的蕨类植物在本研究区部分样品中有较高含量,说明单裂缝孢子的蕨类植物比三裂缝孢子的蕨类植物可能更能适应海拔3 400 m以上的高海拔环境。     

贡嘎山地区主要植被类型和分布

贡嘎山位于青藏高原东南缘横断山系大雪山脉中段,主峰海拔高7556m。该地区有维管束植物185科,869属,约2500种。其植物区系特点为:区系成分起源古老;物种分化显著,特有种丰富;成分复杂,地理替代明显。贡嘎山主要植被类型有:冷杉、云杉组成的亚高山针叶林;松、铁杉组成的中山针叶林;松、杉、柏、油杉组成的低山针叶林;铁杉、桦木、槭树组成的针叶、阔叶混交林;樟、楠、阔楠、石栎、青冈等组成的常绿阔叶林;栎、桦、槭、杨、桤等组成的落叶阔叶林;高山栎类组成的硬叶常绿阔叶林;杜鹃、柳、圆柏等组成的高山灌丛;仙人掌(Opuntia monacantha)、金合欢、羊蹄甲等组成的河谷灌丛;嵩草(Kobresia)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)、韭和风毛菊、绢毛菊、绵参(Eriophyton wallichii)等组成的高山草甸与高山流石滩稀疏植被。贡嘎山地区水平地带性植被为常绿阔叶林,它兼有我国亚热带东部和西部常绿阔叶林的特点。贡嘎山东坡植被垂直带谱是:1.常绿阔叶林带,海拔1100—2200m。2.山地针叶、阔叶混交林带,2200—2500m。3.亚高山针叶林带,2500—3600m。4.高山灌丛草甸带,3600—4600m。5.高山流石滩稀疏植被带,4600—4900m。6.永久冰雪带,海拔4900m以上。贡嘎山西坡植被垂直带谱是:1.亚高山针叶林带,海拔2800—4000m。2.高山灌丛草甸带,4000—4800m。3.高山流石滩稀疏植被带,4800—5100m。4.永久冰雪带,海拔5100m以上。     

中国热带－亚热带地区晚第四纪植被与气候变化

根据华南地区第四纪孢粉分析资料,中国热带低海拔丘陵地区冰期气候的被要垂直植被带的下降,而西部山区的山地雨林被常绿一落叶阔叶混交林和要公林所替代。在亚热带地区则以铁杉属、山毛榉属、桦属、冷杉属及其它落叶叶组分的增加为特点。除了末次盛冰期（２０～１８ｋａＢ．Ｐ．）沿海平原的植被为稀树草地,气候环境凉干。在此之前的多次冰期一间冰期旋回华南地区主要表现为冷／热的气候变化,而湿度的变化较小,西部庙的的一些地     

东北长白山垂直林带下现代表土花粉与植被关系

在长白山北坡5个垂直植被带的林下采集29个表土(苔藓)样品进行孢粉分析，同时将其结果作对应分析。结果表明，除个别样品，在长白山垂直植被带的孢粉组合中乔木花粉占优势，其中以松属和桦木属最多，在各植被带均有分布。松属花粉最高含量出现在以红松为主的针阔混交林带的孢粉组合中；桦木属花粉则大量见于亚高山岳桦林带和以栎桦为主的阔叶落叶林带，但前者伴有耐寒、旱的小灌从杜鹃花属花粉，而在后者中则见有大量蕨类孢子。阔叶落叶林带的孢粉组合是以类型多、百分含量高的落叶乔木花粉和大量蕨类饱子为特征。亚高山针叶林带的孢粉组合中出现数量众多的云杉属花粉。在高山苔原带孢粉组合中虽然乔木花粉略占优势，但极少或不见蕨类孢子，与其他植被带比较，草本植物和小灌丛花粉明鲜较多，其中杜鹃属花粉含量在草本中占优势，其中出现苔原带的指示花粉——仙女木属。     

History of a Pinus strobus-dominated stand in northern New York

Abstract. Pollen, plant macrofossils and charcoal from a small forest hollow were analyzed to determine the formation and dynamics of a Pinus strobus-dominated forest stand on outwash soil in northern New York. P. strobus, Betula papyrifera and Abies balsamea colonized the upland surrounding the hollow following a major disturbance that occurred ca. 360 yr ago. Pre-disturbance vegetation consisted of shade-tolerant Tsuga canadensis, Fagus grandifolia and Picea ruhens. The size-class distribution of modern vegetation suggests continuing recruitment of A. balsamea and Acer rubrum at the site. The status of P. strobus and B. papyrifera in the stand is uncertain, but there is no evidence for recolonization of T. canadensis, F. grandifolia or P. rubens. Frequent windthrow has probably played a role in stand dynamics since ca. 310 yr BP due to the high wind-susceptibility of overstory and understory tree taxa in the modern forest patch. Vegetation change that occurred following fire(s) ca. 310 yr BP was recorded by plant macrofossils but not by pollen, indicating that the pollen assemblage was insensitive to vegetation change within at least 30 m (and potentially 60 m) of the hollow. The apparent insensitivity of this small-hollow pollen assemblage to local vegetation change may be related to the relatively large size of the hollow (75 m²) and/or to its close proximity to a 0.24 ha kettle pond.     

北京地区全新世植被和气候变化研究进展

该文综述了北京地区全新世以来植被演替和气候变化的相关研究资料,这些资料反映了当前阶段对该地区该时段植被与气候环境格局特征的认识。北京地区全新世早期(约12 000–8 000 cal a B.P.)植被为森林草地和/或针叶树占主导的针阔混交林,森林中阔叶树类群逐渐增多,指示了气候由寒冷干燥转为温暖湿润;全新世中期(约8 000–2 000 cal a B.P.前后)植被为暖温带针阔混交林,指示暖湿气候;全新世晚期(约2 000 cal a B.P.以来)转为森林草地和/或针叶树占主导的针阔混交林,气候转向凉干。植被演替反映的湿润度变化与季风区其它地区变化趋势一致。值得注意的是,前人研究揭示北京地区山区与平原中植被类型和类群组成已经出现空间分异。今后如能深入开展定量古气候重建研究,有可能精确描述其气候变化的过程,增进中国不同地理单元同时期气候变化的对比。     

Gradational Forest Change along the Climatically Dry Valley Slopes of Bhutan in the Midst of Humid Eastern Himalaya

Altitudinal forest and climate changes from warm, dry valley bottom (1250 m a.s.l.) to cool, humid ridge top (3550 m a.s.l.) along the typical dry valley slopes of the Bhutan Himalaya were studied. Annual mean temperature decreased upslope with a lapse rate of 0.62 °C·100 m⁻¹ from 18.2 °C at the valley bottom to 4.3 °C at the ridge top. On the contrary volumetric soil moisture content increased from 14.7 to 75.0%. This inverse relationship is the major determinant factor for the distribution of different forest types along the altitudinal gradient. Based on the quantitative vegetation data from 15 plots arranged ca. 200 m in altitude interval (1520–3370 m a.s.l.), a total of 83 tree species belonging to 35 families were recorded. Three major formation types of lower and upper coniferous forests, and a mid-altitude evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest were contrasted. Including two transitional types, five forest zones were categorized based on cluster analysis, and each zone can be characterized by the dominants and their phytogeographical traits, viz. (1) west Himalayan warm, dry pine (1520–1760 m a.s.l.), (2) wide ranging east-west Himalayan mixed broad-leaved (1860–2540 m a.s.l.), (3) humid east Himalayan evergreen broad-leaved (2640–2820 m a.s.l.), (4) cool, humid east Himalayan conifer (2950–3210 m a.s.l.), and (5) wide ranging cold, humid conifer (3305–3370 m a.s.l.). Structurally, total basal area (biomass) increased from 15.2 m² ha⁻¹ in the pine forest (1520 m) to 101.7 m² ha⁻¹, in the conifer forest (3370 m a.s.l.). Similarly, soil organic carbon increased from 2.7 to 11.3% and nitrogen from 0.2 to 1.9% indicating dry, poor nutrient fragile ecosystem at the dry valley bottom. We concluded that low soil moisture content (<20%) limits downslope extension of broad-leaved species below 1650 m a.s.l. while coldest month’s mean temperature of −1 °C restricted the upslope extension of evergreen broad-leaved species above 3000 m a.s.l. Along the dry valley slopes, the transition from dry pine forest in the valley bottom, to a mixture of dry west Himalayan evergreen and deciduous east Himalayan broad-leaved, and to humid evergreen oak–laurel forests feature a unique pattern of forest type distribution.     

Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation history and dynamics as shown by pollen and plant macrofossil analyses in annually laminated sediments from Soppensee, central Switzerland

The palynostratigraphy of two sediment cores from Soppensee, Central Switzerland (596 m asl) was correlated with nine regional pollen assemblage zones defined for the Swiss Plateau. This biostratigraphy shows that the sedimentary record of Soppensee includes the last 15 000 years, i.e. the entire Late-glacial and Holocene environmental history. The vegetation history of the Soppensee catchment was inferred by pollen and plant-macrofossil analyses on three different cores taken in the deepest part of the lake basin (27 m). On the basis of a high-resolution varve and calibrated radiocarbonchronology it was possible to estimate pollen accumulation rates, which together with the pollen percentage data, formed the basis for the interpretation of the past vegetation dynamics. The basal sediment dates back to the last glacial. After reforestation with juniper and birch at ca. 12 700 B.P., the vegetation changed at around 12 000 B.P. to a pine-birch woodland and at the onset of the Holocene to a mixed deciduous forest. At ca. 7000 B.P., fir expanded and dominated the vegetation with beech becoming predominant at ca. 500¹⁴C-years later until sometime during the Iron Age. Large-scale deforestation, especially during the Middle Ages, altered the vegetation cover drastically. During the Late-glacial period two distinct regressive phases in vegetation development are demonstrated, namely, the Aegelsee oscillation (equivalent to the Older Dryas biozone) and the Younger Dryas biozone. No unambiguous evidence for Holocene climatic change was detected at Soppensee. Human presence is indicated by early cereal pollen and distinct pulses of forest clearance as a result of human activity can be observed from the Neolithic period onwards.     

广东省自然植被类型划分的探讨-针叶林

广东省自然植被分类系统的建立,是借助包括地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）、全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）与遥感（ＲＳ）等３Ｓ技术来绘制数字化植被类型分布图的基础,我们提出的广东省自然植被的分类方案及阿拉伯数字编码植被类型的方法,是在前人有关广东省植被分类的各种不同观点的基础上的一种探索,初步将广东陆生植被划分为５个植被型组,即针叶林、阔叶林、竹林、灌丛、草丛;并详细探讨针叶林植被型组的分类系统,将其划分为２个植被型     

Paleoenvironmental history of the Popayán area since 27 000 yr BP at Timbio, Southern Colombia

A pollen record from Timbio, located at an elevation of 1750m on the high plain of Popayán (2 degrees 24'N, 76 degrees 36'W) is presented. This forms the basis for reconstructing the vegetation and climate history for the periods from 27000 to 9200 radiocarbon years before the present (14Cyr BP) and 2100 14Cyr BP to sub-recent. The 5m sediment core has time control based on seven AMS radiocarbon dates. Four pollen assemblage zones (TIM-1 to TIM-4) are recognized. During the period of 27200 to 26000 14Cyr BP, an Andean forest was near the site. The vegetation consisted of forest and open herb-rich vegetation, climatic conditions were moist and temperatures some 6 degrees C lower than compared to those of today. During the period of 26000 to 16000 14Cyr BP forest was less open. The observed succession from a Podocarpus-Weinmannia dominated forest to a Hedyosmum dominated forest, and finally to a forest with Ilex, Myrica and ferns indicates a progressive decrease of temperature during this period, with a maximum temperature depression of ca. 5-7.5 degrees C compared to present-day conditions. During the period of 16000 to 9200 14Cyr BP, temperature decrease is estimated at ca. 7.5 degrees C and the climate was the driest. During the period of 2100 to 600 14C2600m altitude (ca. 8 degrees C) and those at sea-level (2.5-6 degrees C) and supports the observation that glacial lapse rates were higher than in modern times.