酵母发酵蔗渣半纤维素水解物生产木糖醇

采用二次正交旋转组合设计研究了蔗渣半纤维素水解过程中硫酸浓度与液/固比对木糖收率的影响。回归分析表明,这两个因素与木糖的收率之间存在显著的回归关系。通过回归方程优化水解条件,当硫酸浓度2.4g/L,液/固=6.2,在蒸汽压力2.5×10⁴ Pa的条件下水解2.5h,100g蔗渣可水解生成木糖约24g 。大孔树脂吸附层析处理蔗渣半纤维素水解物,能有效地减少其中的酵母生长抑制物含量,显著改善水解物的发酵性能。用大孔树脂在pH 2条件下处理过的蔗渣半纤维素水解物作基质,含木糖200g/L,产木糖醇酵母菌株Candida tropicalis AS2.1776发酵110h耗完基质中的木糖,生成木糖醇127g/L,产物转化率0.64（木糖醇g/木糖g）,产物生成速率1.15g/L·h.       

聚氨酯固定化热带假丝酵母发酵木糖醇

固定在多孔聚氨酯载体中的热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis), 可有效地利用玉米芯半纤维素水解液生产木糖醇。在摇瓶条件下, 采用分批发酵方式, 确立了适宜的发酵工艺参数为: 接种量7%, 聚氨酯加入量1.0 g/100 mL, 温度30°C, 初始pH值6.0, 分段改变摇床转速进行溶氧调节, 其中0~24 h 为200 r/min; 24 h~46 h为140 r/min。聚氨酯固定化提高了菌体对发酵抑制物的耐受力, 固定化细胞密度高, 发酵性能稳定, 发酵产率和体积生产速率都有所提高。水解液未经脱色与离子交换便可转化成木糖醇, 大幅降低了成本, 显示了良好的应用前景。固定化细胞连续重复进行12批次21 d的发酵, 木糖醇得率平均为67.6%, 体积生产速率平均为1.92 g/(L·h)。     

代谢改造热带假丝酵母发酵木糖母液生产木糖醇

木糖醇是一种在食品、医药、轻工等领域具有广泛用途的多元醇,目前主要通过酸水解木聚糖获得木糖并进一步化学催化加氢方法制备。提取木糖过程中会产生大量的木糖母液副产物,其中含有一定浓度的葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖等碳源,以及少量的糠醛、四氢呋喃等物质。研究微生物转化木糖母液生产高附加值化学品不仅能够提高木糖母液的利用价值,而且能够减少环境污染。热带假丝酵母不仅能够利用葡萄糖,也具有高效的木糖代谢途径。首先利用代谢工程技术删除了热带假丝酵母菌株的木糖醇脱氢酶基因,获得能够转化木糖积累木糖醇的突变株。在此基础上,评价了突变株在木糖母液培养基中的发酵性能。通过单因素优化实验确定了突变株发酵生产木糖醇较优的发酵工艺:培养基组成为木糖母液300g/L,玉米浆5g/L;最佳发酵条件为:发酵温度35℃,初始p H为5.0,接种量15%,200r/min摇床培养140h。利用优化后的发酵工艺,木糖醇产量达到83.01g/L。初步建立了转化木糖母液生产木糖醇的工艺,为进一步利用木糖母液奠定了基础。     

活性炭对玉米芯半纤维素稀硫酸水解液的脱毒效果

用稀硫酸对玉米芯半纤维素进行水解是一种常用的方法,但是玉米芯半纤维素在水解成木糖等还原糖的同时还产生了糠醛、乙酸和酚类等抑制水解液发酵的毒物。以混合脱毒法为基础,研究活性炭在脱毒过程中的作用。结果表明,有脱毒效果的活性炭种类是GH-13和GH-15,随着活性炭添加量的增大,脱毒效果增强,但木糖损失也随之增多。其中采用5%GH-15时的脱毒效果最佳,该条件下乙酸去除率为24.60%,糠醛去除率达100%,酚类化合物去除效率R280值0.009,而木糖的损失率为23.70%。     

半纤维素水解物生物转化生产木糖醇

木糖醇在食品、医药及化工行业中有着广泛的用途而深受关注。但是,传统的化学法生产木糖醇需要一系列复杂的分离纯化步骤,过高的生产成本限制了木糖醇的使用范围。发酵工艺生产木糖醇无需木糖的纯化步骤,是取代化学合成法的一条可行工艺路线。本文着重介绍产木糖醇的微生物,酵母对木糖的同化途径,半纤维素水解物的脱毒方法,影响木糖醇发酵的工艺条件等。     

克隆木糖还原酶XYL1基因的工程菌YT发酵玉米芯水解液的研究

克隆毕赤氏酵母(Pichia stipitis)木糖还原酶基因XYL1,将其连接到适用于酿酒酵母工业菌株的多拷贝载体pYMIKP中,构建得到表达质粒pYMIKY-XYL1,转化酿酒酵母工业菌株Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6508.利用G418筛选转化子,得到含高拷贝木糖还原酶基因的酿酒酵母重组菌YT,以YT发酵玉米芯工业水解液生产木糖醇,研究其发酵特性和规律,为工业上生物转化法生产木糖醇提供参考.     

利用蔗渣半纤维素水解液产油酵母的筛选、鉴定及发酵实验

对已分离到的产油酵母通过木糖摇瓶发酵,从中筛选到2株H2-1和J2-2利用蔗渣半纤维素水解液高产油脂酵母,其利用蔗渣半纤维素水解液油脂得率系数分别为13.49和10.28,均显示出对蔗渣半纤维素水解液的高转化率.根据常规生理生化特征和26S rDNA序列分析结果,确认H2-1为小红酵母(Rhodotorula minuta),J2-2为粘红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis).     

玉米芯半纤维素水解液中抑制物对丁醇发酵的影响北大核心CSCD

半纤维素水解液抑制物对微生物细胞的毒性限制了其在丁醇发酵中的应用,旨在探讨其对产丁醇共生体系TSH06的抑制作用并为其应用于丁醇发酵奠定基础。通过稀酸水解半纤维素制得水解液,采用P2培养基稀释的半纤维素水解液为底物,分别利用NaOH和氨水调节培养基pH值,结合实时荧光定量PCR方法来研究水解液对产丁醇共生体系TSH06的抑制作用。以NaOH调节pH抑制菌体的生长,氨水调节pH菌体可生长发酵。产丁醇菌株TSH06可以在50%稀释度以下的水解液中发酵生长,并且能够耐受并降解抑制物糠醛与5-羟甲基糠醛,最终丁醇产量达到4.16-5.16 g/L,低于P2培养基中的丁醇产量(8.83 g/L)。稀释水解液中,48 h之后乙酸浓度在3.18-4.16 g/L,远大于P2培养基中的乙酸浓度(低于2 g/L)。相对于P2培养基,在50%水解液中培养的TSH06有机酸生成途径关键基因的基因转录水平明显提高,而有机酸返耗途径以及丁醇生成途径的关键基因的基因转录水平则明显下降。水解液中过多的乙酸抑制了产酸期到产溶剂期的转化,而酸的累积使得菌体在底物被完全消耗之前就趋于衰退死亡,从而造成丁醇产量的降低与底物的不完全利用。     

Influence of Medium Composition on Xylitol Bioproduction from Wheat Straw Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate

Summary Xylose-to-xylitol batch bioconversions from wheat straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate were carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks in order to assess the influence of medium composition (hydrolysate concentration, supplementation with ammonium sulphate, calcium chloride and rice bran extract, and initial pH) on xylitol production, productivity and yield. By using the screening design and the response surface methodologies, the statistically significant variables influencing the bioconversion were selected and linear models were fitted to the experimental data. According to the results, the best conditions to perform the bioconversion consisted in using a threefold concentrated hydrolysate supplemented with ammonium sulphate (1.0 g/l) and rice bran extract (5.0 g/l), whose pH was adjusted to 6.0 prior to inoculation. Under these conditions, a xylitol production of 24.17 g/l was observed after 72 h of fermentation, resulting in a productivity of 0.34 g/l h and in a bioconversion yield of 0.49 g/g.     

Enhanced Xylitol Production by Precultivation of Candida guilliermondii Cells in Sugarcane Bagasse Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate

The present work evaluated the key enzymes involved in xylitol production (xylose reductase [XR] and xylitol dehydrogenase [XDH]) and their correlation with xylose, arabinose, and acetic acid assimilation during cultivation of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 cells in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate. For this purpose, inocula previously grown either in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SBHH) or in semidefined medium (xylose as a substrate) were used. The highest xylose/acetic acid consumption ratio (1.78) and the lowest arabinose consumption (13%) were attained in the fermentation using inoculum previously grown in semidefined medium (without acetic acid and arabinose). In this case, the highest values of XR (1.37 U mg prot⁻¹) and XDH (0.91 U mg prot⁻¹) activities were observed. The highest xylitol yield (∼0.55 g g⁻¹) and byproducts (ethanol and glycerol) formation were not influenced by inoculum procedure. However, the cell previously grown in the hydrolysate was effective in enhancing xylitol production by keeping the XR enzyme activity at high levels (around 0.99 U·mg_prot⁻¹), reducing the XDH activity (34.0%) and increasing xylitol volumetric productivity (26.5%) with respect to the inoculum cultivated in semidefined medium. Therefore, inoculum adaptation to SBHH was shown to be an important strategy to improve xylitol productivity.     

Production of xylitol by Candida peltata

Candida peltata NRRL Y-6888 to ferment xylose to xylitol was evaluated under different fermentation conditions such as pH, temperature, aeration, substrate concentration and in the presence of glucose, arabinose, ethanol, methanol and organic acids. Maximum xylitol yield of 0.56 g g⁻¹ xylose was obtained when the yeast was cultivated at pH 6.0, 28°C and 200 rpm on 50 g L⁻¹ xylose. The yeast produced ethanol (0.41 g g⁻¹ in 40 h) from glucose (50 g L⁻¹) and arabitol (0.55 g g⁻¹ in 87 h) from arabinose (50 g L⁻¹). It preferentially utilized glucose > xylose > arabinose from mixed substrates. Glucose (10 g L⁻¹), ethanol (7.5 g L⁻¹) and acetate (5 g L⁻¹) inhibited xylitol production by 61, 84 and 68%, respectively. Arabinose (10 g L⁻¹) had no inhibitory effect on xylitol production. Received 24 December 1998/ Accepted in revised form 18 March 1999     

Evaluation of xylitol production from corn cob hemicellulose hydrolysate by Candida parapsilosis

Candida parapsilosis was grown for 59 h in a medium containing corn cob hydrolysate consisting of 50 g xylose l^–1, 3.0 g glucose l^–1, 2.0 g arabinose l^–1, and 0.9 g acetic acid l^–1. A biomass of 9.1 g l^–1 was produced with 36 g xylitol l^–1 and 2.5 g ethanol l^–1. In a medium containing 50 g xylose l^–1 instead of corn cob hydrolysate, the concentrations of cells, xylitol, and ethanol were 8.6 g l^–1, 33 g l^–1, and 0.2 g l^–1, respectively. The differences between two cultures were due to the glucose and arabinose in the corn cob hydrolysate stimulating growth and the low concentration of acetic acid stimulating xylitol production.     

Xylitol production from a mutant strain of Candida tropicalis

Aims: To characterize the kinetics of growth, sugar uptake and xylitol production in batch and fed‐batch cultures for a xylitol assimilation‐deficient strain of Candida tropicalis isolated via chemical mutagenesis. Methods and Results: Chemical mutagenesis using nitrosoguanidine led to the isolation of the xylitol‐assimilation deficient strain C. tropicalis SS2. Shake‐flask fermentations with this mutant showed a sixfold higher xylitol yield than the parent strain in medium containing 25 g l^?1 glucose and 25 g l^?1 xylose. With 20 g l^?1 glycerol, replacing glucose for cell growth, and various concentrations of xylose, the studies indicated that the mutant strain resulted in xylitol yields from xylose close to theoretical. Under fully aerobic conditions, fed‐batch fermentation with repeated addition of glycerol and xylose resulted in 3·3 g l^?1 h^?1 xylitol volumetric productivity with the final concentration of 220 g l^?1 and overall yield of 0·93 g g^?1 xylitol. Conclusions: The xylitol assimilation‐deficient mutant isolated in this study showed the potential for high xylitol yield and volumetric productivity under aerobic conditions. In the evaluation of glycerol as an alternative low‐cost nonfermentable carbon source, high biomass and xylitol yields under aerobic conditions were achieved; however, the increase in initial xylose concentrations resulted in a reduction in biomass yield based on glycerol consumption. This may be a consequence of the role of an active transport system in the yeast requiring increasing energy for xylose uptake and possible xylitol secretion, with little or no energy available from xylose metabolism. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study confirms the advantage of using a xylitol assimilation‐deficient yeast under aerobic conditions for xylitol production with glycerol as a primary carbon source. It illustrates the potential of using the xylose stream in a biomass‐based bio‐refinery for the production of xylitol with further cost reductions resulting from using glycerol for yeast growth and energy production.     

Xylitol production from aspenwood hemicellulose hydrolysate by Candida guilliermondii

The production of xylitol by the yeast Candida guilliermondii was investigated in batch fermentations with aspenwood hemicellulose hydrolysate and compared with results obtained in semi-defined media with a mixture of glucose and xylose. The hemicellulose hydrolysate had to be supplemented by yeast extract and the maximum xylitol yield (0.8 g g^–1) and productivity (0.6 g l^–1 h^–1) were reached by controlling oxygen input.     

Optimization of fed-batch fermentation for xylitol production by Candida tropicalis

Xylitol, a functional sweetener, was produced from xylose by biological conversion using Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803. Based on a two-substrate fermentation using glucose for cell growth and xylose for xylitol production, fed-batch fermentations were undertaken to increase the final xylitol concentration. The effects of xylose and xylitol on xylitol production rate were studied to determine the optimum concentrations for fed-batch fermentation. Xylose concentration in the medium (100 g l⁻¹) and less than 200 g l⁻¹ total xylose plus xylitol concentration were determined as optimum for maximum xylitol production rate and xylitol yield. Increasing the concentrations of xylose and xylitol decreased the rate and yield of xylitol production and the specific cell growth rate, probably because of an increase in osmotic stress that would interfere with xylose transport, xylitol flux to secretion to cell metabolism. The feeding rate of xylose solution during the fed-batch mode of operation was determined by using the mass balance equations and kinetic parameters involved in the equations in order to increase final xylitol concentration without affecting xylitol and productivity. The optimized fed-batch fermentation resulted in 187 g l⁻¹ xylitol concentration, 0.75 g xylitol g xylose⁻¹ xylitol yield and 3.9 g xylitol l⁻¹ h⁻¹ volumetric productivity. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 29, 16–19 doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000257 Received 15 October 2001/ Accepted in revised form 30 March 2002     

酵母发酵蔗渣半纤维素水解物生产木糖酶

采用二次正交旋转组合设计研究了蔗渣半纤维素水解过程中硫酸浓度与液 固比对木糖收率的影响。回归分析表明 ,这两个因素与木糖的收率之间存在显著的回归关系。通过回归方程优化水解条件 ,当硫酸浓度 2 .4g L ,液 固 =6 .2 ,在蒸汽压力 2 .5× 10 4Pa的条件下水解 2 .5h ,10 0g蔗渣可水解生成木糖约 2 4g。大孔树脂吸附层析处理蔗渣半纤维素水解物 ,能有效地减少其中的酵母生长抑制物含量 ,显著改善水解物的发酵性能。用大孔树脂在pH 2条件下处理过的蔗渣半纤维素水解物作基质 ,含木糖 2 0 0g L ,产木糖醇酵母菌株CandidatropicalisAS2 .1776发酵 110h耗完基质中的木糖 ,生成木糖醇 12 7g L ,产物转化率 0 .6 4(木糖醇g 木糖g) ,产物生成速率 1.15g L·h .     

Effect of phosphate buffer concentration on the batch xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii

AIMS: To evaluate the effect of phosphate buffer concentration on growth and xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fermentations runs were carried out in batch mode employing semisynthetic medium supplemented with phosphate buffer at different concentrations (from 200 to 600 mmol l(-1)). The xylitol yield (Y(P/S)) and volumetric productivity (Q(P)) were improved when the fermentation medium was supplemented with phosphate buffer at concentration of 600 mmol l(-1). Under this condition (Y(P/S)) and (Q(P)) values were 0.75 g g(-1) and 0.66 g l(-1) h(-1), respectively, whereas in the absence of the phosphate buffer these values decreased to 0.52 g g(-1) and 0.44 g l(-1)h(-1) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of phosphate buffer at 600 mmol l(-1) promoted an easier pH control during shake flasks fermentation of C. guilliermondii. In addition the xylitol yield and productivity were significantly improved in response to the supplementation of potassium phosphate in the medium. The increase in these parameters could be related to both osmotic effect and pH control. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This approach provided a method for improving the xylitol production from semisynthetic medium by C. guilliermondii, being possible their use as a simple strategy to achieve efficient fermentation processes employing complex medium such as lignocellulosic hydrolysates.