维生素对谷氨酸棒杆菌SYPS-062直接发酵合成L-丝氨酸的影响

研究了VB1,生物素,VB6,VB2,叶酸和VB12对一株谷氨酸棒杆菌（Corynebacterium glutamicum）SYPS-062直接利用糖质原料发酵生产L-丝氨酸的影响,并且初步分析了这几种维生素对菌株SYPS-062发酵积累L-丝氨酸的调控机制。添加一定量的生物素,VB1和VB6表现出对L-丝氨酸积累分别为35%,28%和11%的促进;添加VB2实现了L-丝氨酸和生物量的等幅提高;而叶酸和VB12则通过促进菌株SYPS-062中1C单元循环的效率使L-丝氨酸的积累量分别提高了39%和82%,并且实现了产物转化率（YP/S）及单位细胞产率（YP/X）的显著提高。将六种维生素在其分别的最优浓度下复配,添加在发酵培养基中,结果发现发酵周期有6 h左右的缩短,并且达到的最大生物量及L-丝氨酸的积累分别为11 g/L和9.0 g/L。     

氨基脱氧分支酸合成酶对Corynebacterium glutamicum SYPS-062积累L-丝氨酸的影响

为阐明氨基脱氧分支酸合成酶(ADC合成酶)在Corynebacterium glutamicum SYPS-062体内积累L-丝氨酸过程中的作用,通过交叉PCR以及同源重组的方法敲除叶酸途径关键酶ADC合成酶的编码基因pabAB,构建了叶酸缺陷型菌株Corynebacterium glutamicum SYPS-062△pabAB,同时构建pabAB基因增强表达重组菌C.glutamicum SYPS-062(pJC Ⅰ-pabAB).分别考察了ADC合成酶对菌株生长的影响、对L-丝氨酸降解途径关键酶丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT)的影响以及其对L-丝氨酸积累的影响.结果表明,与出发菌株相比,增强表达基因pabAB重组菌的ADC合成酶的酶活力提高了33%.SHMT酶的酶活力提高了30%,其最大比生长速率(μm)提高了48%,单位细胞产酸率(Yp/x)降低了36.2%;而敲除基因pabAB重组菌的ADC合成酶的酶活力降低了61%.SHMT酶的酶活力降低了20%,最大比生长速率降低了32%,单位细胞产酸率提高了12%.     

Pgk和ilvN基因对谷氨酸棒杆菌产L-丝氨酸的影响

为增加谷氨酸棒杆菌A36的L-丝氨酸合成途径的碳流,首先过表达磷酸甘油酸激酶(pgk),以增加前体物质3-磷酸甘油酸的积累,但经发酵分析发现其对菌株A36的L-丝氨酸产量无显著影响。进一步敲除副产物L-缬氨酸合成途径的乙酰羟酸合酶(AHAS)基因ilvN,敲除该基因后L-缬氨酸只有微量积累,但重组菌并未形成营养缺陷型菌株,L-丝氨酸的产量反而下降,分析发现L-缬氨酸的存在在一定程度上有助于L-丝氨酸的生成。在培养基中分别添加不同质量浓度的L-缬氨酸,在L-缬氨酸添加量为750 mg/L时,重组菌L-丝氨酸产量达到34.19 g/L,糖酸转化率为0.34 g/g,生产强度为0.28 g/(L·h),相比出发菌株A36分别提高了11.8%、13.3%和12.0%。     

一碳代谢路径通路在癌症发生中作用研究进展

我国癌症发病群体不断年轻化,发病率不断增加。最近科学研究表明,细胞代谢相关调控基因已成为新的癌症诊断标记和治疗靶点。一碳代谢对于细胞代谢必不可少,一碳代谢需要叶酸、丝氨酸和蛋氨酸等细胞必需的生物代谢物质参与,同时也产生嘌呤、腺苷和胸苷酸等生物代谢物质。一碳代谢包括三类关键反应:叶酸循环、蛋氨酸循环、反硫化途径。在叶酸循环中,叶酸及叶酸循环中间产物可以通过产生嘌呤和胸苷酸调控癌症细胞的生长和增殖。在蛋氨酸循环中产生的多胺和甲基等中间产物也能调控癌症细胞的生长和增值。反硫化途径是谷胱甘肽合成的重要途径,谷胱甘肽能够生成与肿瘤细胞密切相关的活性氧。该研究将简要综述一碳代谢在癌症发生中的作用,概况了近年来一碳代谢通路重要因子及中间产物作为靶点对癌症治疗的意义。     

透明颤菌vgb基因在脱氮假单胞菌中的表达及对维生素B12合成的碳中心代谢流分析

在为维生素B₁₂生产菌株脱氮假单胞菌确立合适的接合转移操作条件的基础上,通过单交换的方式,将vgb基因整合到脱氮假单胞菌染色体上,获得了vgb重组菌株Pvgb-16,并通过¹³C同位素标记实验,探索VHb蛋白对脱氮假单胞菌碳中心代谢流变化和维生素B₁₂合成的影响。研究结果表明,在相同的供氧条件下,vgb重组菌株Pvgb-16拥有更高的比生长速率和比产物合成速率,与出发菌株相比分别提升了22%和52%。碳代谢通量分布分析表明,vgb重组菌株Pvgb-16的PP途径改善,提升了NADPH合成通量;甘氨酸由甜菜碱合成的通量上升,促进了前体物质氨基乙酰丙酸的合成,进一步加速维生素B₁₂的合成。总体来看,含vgb基因的重组菌株与出发菌株相比在促进菌体的生长、维生素B₁₂的合成速率及得率上都有显著效果,对进一步的发酵生产应用研究具有重要意义。     

苹果酸对L-谷氨酸发酵代谢流迁移的影响

为更全面深入地理解细胞内谷氨酸代谢的调控机制,以黄色短杆菌GDK-9为供试菌株,应用MATLAB软件和代谢流分析方法定量研究添加苹果酸后L-谷氨酸发酵中、后期胞内的代谢流迁移。在L-谷氨酸发酵中、后期添加2．0g／L苹果酸后,合成副产物L-丙氨酸和乳酸的代谢流量明显减少,分别降低了22．1％和16．5％,EMP途径和乙醛酸循环的代谢流分别减少了2．26％和9．09％,HMP途径的代谢流增加了2．26％,而L-谷氨酸生物合成的代谢流从73．59％增长至79．92％,较未添加前提高了6．33％。添加适量苹果酸能使关键节点发生代谢流迁移,提高了L-谷氨酸合成中心代谢途径的代谢流量。     

QscR基因的调控对菌株M.sp.SDM11产L-丝氨酸的影响

M.sp.SDM11是一株能以甲醇为唯一碳源生长的细菌,初步发酵检测发现能转化甘氨酸为L-丝氨酸。QscR基因产物是甲基营养菌中丝氨酸循环的一个转录调控关键因子,根据在GenBank中已报道的QscR基因序列(登录号:NC_012988.1)设计引物,以M.sp.SDM11的染色体DNA为模板,利用PCR扩增得到一大小为987 bp的QscR基因,将该基因克隆到广泛宿主载体pLAFR3上,在帮助质粒pRK2013的介导下,利用三亲本结合使其导入到菌株SDM11中构建重组菌株SDM12。对SDM12进一步研究发现,重组菌株中与L-丝氨酸合成相关的关键酶丝氨酸羟甲基还原酶(SHMT)的酶活比野生型菌株SDM11要低,约为野生型菌株的70%左右,另一个酶——羟基丙酮酸还原酶(HPR)的酶活力也只有野生型的75%。进一步将菌株进行产L-丝氨酸研究,结果表明,重组菌的产L-丝氨酸能力也明显降低,约为野生型菌株的67%左右。     

温度调节基因开关调控大肠杆菌发酵合成L-丙氨

【目的】L-丙氨酸的存在导致Escherichia coli的生长速率显著降低,最终会降低发酵过程中L-丙氨酸的体积合成速率。用温度调节基因开关(λpR-pL)高效、动态调控重组E. coli菌株菌体生长与L-丙氨酸合成过程,使两者相协调。【方法】以野生型E. coli B0016为出发菌株,敲除乙酸、甲酸、乙醇、琥珀酸、乳酸代谢产物合成途径以及丙氨酸消旋酶编码基因(ackA-pta、pflB、adhE、frdA、ldhA、dadX),获得菌株B0016-060B。将嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus stearothermophilus)来源的L-丙氨酸脱氢酶基因(alaD)克隆于pL启动子下游,并在B0016-060B菌株中表达,获得菌株B0016-060B/pPL-alaD,进行摇瓶和发酵罐发酵考察菌体生长和L-丙氨酸发酵性能。【结果】竞争代谢途径的敲除显著降低了副产物合成量,仅形成极少量的乙酸、琥珀酸和乙醇。28 °C下菌株B0016-060B/pPL-alaD几乎不合成L-丙氨酸,可保证菌体快速生长;而在42 °C下可高效合成L-丙氨酸。经发酵罐发酵,可合成67.2 g/L L-丙氨酸,体积生产强度达到2.06 g/(L·h)。【结论】通过发酵培养温度的简单切换,分阶段实现了细胞的快速增量和L-丙氨酸的高强度合成。     

柠檬酸钠对L-组氨酸发酵代谢流分布的影响

目的：建立谷氨酸棒杆菌TL1105生物合成L-组氨酸的代谢网络模型,并进行代谢网络计量分析。方法：通过所构建的L-组氨酸代谢网络模型,利用MATLAB软件计算出添加柠檬酸钠和不添加柠檬酸钠发酵中后期代谢网络的代谢流分布。结果：在L-组氨酸分批发酵过程中,在发酵初期未添加柠檬酸钠的条件下流向戊糖磷酸途径（HMP）的代谢流为9.59,合成组氨酸的代谢流为8.91;在发酵初期添加2g/L柠檬酸钠的条件下流向HMP的代谢流为12.74,合成组氨酸的代谢流为9.61。结论：在发酵初期添加柠檬酸钠能够改变L-组氨酸生物合成途径的关键节点6-磷酸葡萄糖、丙酮酸及乙酰辅酶A的代谢流分布,保持糖酵解途径、三羧酸循环与HMP之间代谢流量平衡,有利于提高L-组氨酸生物合成途径的代谢流量,最终使流向组氨酸的代谢流增加了7.86%。     

钝齿棒杆菌的代谢改造：L-鸟氨酸与L-瓜氨酸合成菌株的构建

【目的】对一株产L-精氨酸的钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium crenatum)SYPA5-5进行代谢工程改造,构建L-鸟氨酸和L-瓜氨酸合成菌株,并考察其发酵生产相应氨基酸的性能。【方法】分别敲除菌株SYPA5-5鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶(Ornithine carbamoyltransferase,OTC)的编码基因argF和精胺琥珀酸合成酶(Argininosuccinate synthase,ASS)的编码基因argG,构建能够合成L-鸟氨酸及L-瓜氨酸的重组菌株SYPA5-5△argF和SYPA5-5△argG;考察不同营养条件对上述重组菌株生长和相应氨基酸积累的影响。【结果】添加0.3 g/L L-精氨酸可满足SYPA5-5△argF的生长及L-鸟氨酸积累所需,L-鸟氨酸产量可达21.5 g/L;添加L-精氨酸有利于SYPA5-5△argG的生长,但不利于L-瓜氨酸的积累;不添加L-精氨酸时,L-瓜氨酸产量可达15.2 g/L,同时积累6.8 g/L的L-谷氨酸。【结论】分别敲除L-精氨酸生产菌株SYPA5-5的argF及argG基因,可实现L-精氨酸合成途径的中间代谢物L-瓜氨酸和L-鸟氨酸的积累,拓展了该菌株的工业应用范围。     

产L-丝氨酸菌株SYPS-062的鉴定及碳源对发酵的影响

采用形态学、生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列分析的方法对从自然界中筛选得到的一株能直接利用糖质原料发酵生产L-丝氨酸菌株SYPS-062的分类地位进行了研究, 确定其为谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)。同时考察了碳源对菌株SYPS-062发酵产L-丝氨酸的影响, 实验结果表明, 当蔗糖浓度为60 g/L时, 菌株SYPS-062生物量和L-丝氨酸的积累均达到最大值, 分别为8.1 g/L和6.6 g/L。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌SYPS-062 L-丝氨酸脱水酶活性分析及其基因敲除对L-丝氨酸积累的影响

以谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum) SYPS-062基因组DNA为模板,扩增得到L-丝氨酸脱水酶(L-SerDH)的编码基因sdaA。将其克隆到表达载体pET-28a(+),并在E.coli BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,对纯化的L-SerDH进行了酶活测定,并与来自C.glutamicum ATCC13032的重组L-SerDH进行了比较,结果显示,两种不同菌株来源的重组L-SerDH降解L-丝氨酸的酶比活力差异并不显著。在此基础上敲除菌株SYPS-062 的sdaA基因,探讨该基因对C.glutamicum SYPS-062生长及产酸的影响。通过构建自杀型重组质粒pK18mobsacB-△sdaA,电击转入C.glutamicum SYPS-062中,以同源重组的方式获得了sdaA基因缺失突变株,并用PCR方法对突变株C.glutamicum SYPS-062△sdaA进行了验证。与出发菌株相比,突变菌株生长缓慢,单位菌体L-丝氨酸的产量(Y_P/X)提高了15.13%。     

Effects of pyruvate kinase on the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum and L-serine accumulation

Pyruvate kinase (PYK) is an important enzyme in the intermediary metabolism and has attracted much attention as a target for metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Genome sequencing revealed that the 308 residue of PYK was mutated from methionine in model strain C. glutamicum ATCC14067 to isoleucine in L-serine-producing strain C. glutamicum SYPS-062. Consequently, a significantly lower PYK activity (77%) was noted in C. glutamicum SYPS-062, when compared with that in C. glutamicum ATCC14067. To confirm the role of this point mutation, pyk in both C. glutamicum SYPS-062 and C. glutamicum SYPS-062-33aΔSSAA was reversely mutated to restore the PYK enzyme activity, which led to a 33.1% and 28.8% decrease in L-serine titer, respectively. This is the first report to show that the (Met-308→Ile) mutation site of pyk is closely associated with its activity and apparently affected L-serine production. Furthermore, pyk was deleted in strain C. glutamicum SYPS-062-33aΔSSAA, and the resulting strain did not show alteration in growth rate and presented a 12% increase in L-serine production.     

一些氨基酸对产甘油假丝酵母甘油生产的促进作用

以EMP途径与TCA循环中间代谢物的添加为对照,研究在尿素为氮源的产甘油假丝酵母发酵过程中添加氨基酸对甘油产量的影响。结果表明:对甘油产量有强促进作用的氨基酸有谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺、甘氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸、组氨酸和丝氨酸,其最适添加浓度在0.26～0.45g/L之间,丙酮酸、α_酮戊二酸、草酰乙酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸的最适添加浓度在0.24～0.42g/L之间;赖氨酸最适于在0h添加,丙酮酸和草酰乙酸在第14h,谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、组氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、甘氨酸、α_酮戊二酸和琥珀酸在第30h,天冬酰胺、丝氨酸和柠檬酸在第48h;在最适条件下添加这些促进剂,甘油产量均呈显著增加趋势,转化率和增加率分别达到60%和16%以上。氨基酸的作用机理为其脱氨形成的碳骨架经特定的分解代谢途径进入TCA循环,使其强化,导致碳代谢流在3_磷酸甘油醛节点处发生转移,使甘油合成途径的代谢流增加。     

Effect of zwf gene knockout on the metabolism of Escherichia coli grown on glucose or acetate

The mutant deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was constructed by disrupting zwf gene by one-step inactivation protocol using polymerase chain reaction primers. The knockout of zwf gene was shown to have different influence on the metabolism of Escherichia coli grown on glucose or acetate. The decreased rates of substrate uptake and CO(2) production were found for the mutant grown on acetate, whereas these two rates were increased during the growth on glucose. The metabolic flux analysis based on (13)C-labeling experiments indicates that the metabolism of the mutant grown on glucose is related to the higher flux via tricorboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to generate anabolic reducing equivalents normally provided by the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. However, the metabolism of the mutant grown on acetate shows a lower flux towards the TCA cycle as compared with the parent strain. The decreased flux through TCA cycle is associated with an increased flux via the glyoxylate shunt, by which the carbon source can bypass the two decarboxylative steps of TCA cycle in which CO(2) is released, thus conserving more carbon for biosynthesis in response to the decreased uptake rate of the carbon source.     

Metabolic flux analysis for serine alkaline protease fermentation by Bacillus licheniformis in a defined medium: effects of the oxygen transfer rate.

The metabolic fluxes through the central carbon pathways in the bioprocess for serine alkaline protease (SAP) production by Bacillus licheniformis were calculated by the metabolic flux-based stoichiometric model based on the proposed metabolic network that contains 102 metabolites and 133 reaction fluxes using the time profiles of citrate, dry cell, organic acids, amino acids, and SAP as the constraints. The model was solved by minimizing the SAP accumulation rate in the cell. The effects of the oxygen-transfer rate (OTR) on the metabolic fluxes were investigated in a defined medium where citrate was used as the sole carbon source. The central pathways were active for the growth and the SAP synthesis in all the periods of the bioprocess at low (LOT), medium (MOT), and high (HOT) oxygen-transfer conditions. The flux partitioning in the TCA cycle at alpha-ketoglutarate towards glutamate group and at oxalacetate (OA) toward aspartic acid group amino acids were dependent on the OTR. The flux of the anaplerotic reaction that connects the TCA cycle either from malate or OA to the gluconeogenesis pathway via the main branch point pyruvate (Pyr) was also influenced by the OTR. With the decrease in the OTR, the intracellular flux values after glycerate 3-phosphate (PG3) in the gluconeogenesis pathway and the specific growth rate decreased. The total ATP-generation rate increased with the increase in OTR. The pathway towards the aspartic acid family amino acids which is important for sporulation that precedes the SAP synthesis were all active throughout the bioprocess. Metabolic flux analysis results at LOT, MOT, and HOT conditions encourage the design of an oxygen-transfer strategy in the bioreactor; moreover, asparagine synthetase or aspartate kinase could be the potential metabolic engineering sites due to the low value of the flux from the branch point aspartate toward asparagine.     

High-level heterologous production of propionate in engineered Escherichia coli

A propanologenic (i.e., 1-propanol-producing) bacterium Escherichia coli strain was previously derived by activating the genomic sleeping beauty mutase (Sbm) operon. The activated Sbm pathway branches out of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at the succinyl-CoA node to form propionyl-CoA and its derived metabolites of 1-propanol and propionate. In this study, we targeted several TCA cycle genes encoding enzymes near the succinyl-CoA node for genetic manipulation to identify the individual contribution of the carbon flux into the Sbm pathway from the three TCA metabolic routes, that is, oxidative TCA cycle, reductive TCA branch, and glyoxylate shunt. For the control strain CPC-Sbm, in which propionate biosynthesis occurred under relatively anaerobic conditions, the carbon flux into the Sbm pathway was primarily derived from the reductive TCA branch, and both succinate availability and the SucCD-mediated interconversion of succinate/succinyl-CoA were critical for such carbon flux redirection. Although the oxidative TCA cycle normally had a minimal contribution to the carbon flux redirection, the glyoxylate shunt could be an alternative and effective carbon flux contributor under aerobic conditions. With mechanistic understanding of such carbon flux redirection, metabolic strategies based on blocking the oxidative TCA cycle (via ∆sdhA mutation) and deregulating the glyoxylate shunt (via ∆iclR mutation) were developed to enhance the carbon flux redirection and therefore propionate biosynthesis, achieving a high propionate titer of 30.9 g/L with an overall propionate yield of 49.7% upon fed-batch cultivation of the double mutant strain CPC-Sbm∆sdhA∆iclR under aerobic conditions. The results also suggest that the Sbm pathway could be metabolically active under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.     

Metabolism of L-amino acids in a marine bacterium isolated from mackerel intestines in relation to eicosapentaenoic acid biosynthesis.

Metabolism of glucose and L-amino acids in an obligately aerobic marine bacterium isolated from Pacific mackerel intestines was investigated for the mechanism and pathway of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) biosynthesis. This bacterium could not uptake glucose but the cell-free extract of this bacterium had the enzymatic activities of L-alanine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.2), L-alanine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.1). L-serine dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.13), and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.40), and of seven enzymes involved in the TCA cycle of the usual aerobes. On the other hand, the carbon-13 concentration in cellular fatty acids of the bacterium, especially that in their methyl carbon atoms in contrast to their carbonyl carbons, increased drastically when the bacterium was grown in the presence of 13CH3COONa. These results indicate that: (i) the TCA cycle works in this bacterium, (ii) glucose is not utilized and pyruvic acid is in vivo synthesized from L-alanine, L-serine, and malic acid, and (iii) EPA and other cellular fatty acids are in vivo synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A by the usual de novo synthesis route.     

Fermentative and aerobic metabolism in Rhizobium etli.

Strains of Rhizobium etli, Rhizobium meliloti, and Rhizobium tropici decreased their capacity to grow after successive subcultures in minimal medium, with a pattern characteristic for each species. During the growth of R. etli CE 3 in minimal medium (MM), a fermentation-like response was apparent: the O2 content was reduced and, simultaneously, organic acids and amino acids were excreted and poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) was accumulated. Some of the organic acids excreted into the medium were tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, and, concomitantly, the activities of several TCA cycle and auxiliary enzymes decreased substantially or became undetectable. Optimal and sustained growth and a low PHB content were found in R. etli CE 3 when it was grown in MM inoculated at a low cell density with O2 maintained at 20% or with the addition of supplements that have an effect on the supply of substrates for the TCA cycle. In the presence of supplements such as biotin or thiamine, no amino acids were excreted and the organic acids already excreted into the medium were later reutilized. Levels of enzyme activities in cells from supplemented cultures indicated that carbon flux through the TCA cycle was maintained, which did not happen in MM. It is proposed that the fermentative state in Rhizobium species is triggered by a cell density signal that results in the regulation of some of the enzymes responsible for the flux of carbon through the TCA cycle and that this in turn determines how much carbon is available for the synthesis and accumulation of PHB. The fermentative state of free-living Rhizobium species may be closely related to the metabolism that these bacteria express during symbiosis.