光照和温度对尖叶拟船叶藓孢子萌发及原丝体发育的影响

用组织培养法和光学显微镜技术初步研究了光照和温度对尖叶拟船叶藓孢子萌发及原丝体发育的影响。结果表明：（1）光照是影响孢子萌发的主要环境因子,20℃环境下,24h光照4d的孢子萌发率达83.3％;温度下黑暗培养的孢子30d也不能萌发,转光照后4d的萌发率可达84.6％;（2）温度是影响原丝体发育的主要环境因子,连续光照下,20℃的原丝体生长最快、分枝最多、分化最早,第31天可长达651.64μm;25℃次之,只有379.12μm;而自然光照下5-10℃环境下的孢子萌发率（18d为70.2％）和原丝体生长速度（127.44μm）均最慢;（3）原丝体发育到一定阶段,断裂为单个细胞,单个细胞再萌芽出新原丝体。     

光照、温度和pH值对小黑桫椤孢子萌发及早期配子体发育的影响

小黑桫椤(Alsophila metteniana)被列为我国国家二级保护植物。为探讨其种群数量下降原因, 作者采用无菌培养方法和显微观察技术, 在实验条件下研究了光照强度、光质、温度和pH值对小黑桫椤孢子萌发及早期配子体发育的影响。结果表明: 孢子萌发和配子体发育的最适光照强度为40–70 µmol;m^–2;s^–1, 全黑暗时孢子不萌发;白光、红光、黄光和蓝光下的萌发率分别为68.78%、65.66%、63.74%和7.51%; 白光和蓝光下配子体可以形成正常的心形原叶体, 红光和黄光下配子体发育一直处于丝状体阶段。孢子萌发和配子体发育需要在酸性土壤进行(pH值在3.7–6.7); 孢子萌发的适宜温度为20–30℃。从孢子接种到心形原叶体形成需要55 d左右。根据上述结果, 我们认为光照强度是小黑桫椤孢子萌发的必需条件, 光质是限制小黑桫椤孢子繁殖的重要原因; 光质、温度和pH值等环境因子的作用和配子体发育时间等是导致小黑桫椤种群数量日趋减少的主要原因。     

环境因子对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵萌发率的影响

萼花臂尾轮虫（Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｕｎｕｓ ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ Ｐａｌｌａｓ）休眠卵在不同萌发条件下累积萌发率的结果显示,保存在休眠卵形成的原液中,温度为２０℃～３０℃时萌发率均较高,３０℃时用过滤湖水萌发时的萌发率最高（６５％）,保存在无机培养中的休虎卵,用曝气自来水萌发时最主,用湖水次之,无机液萌发效果较差;２０℃和２５℃时三种萌发液中的萌发率接近,母体投喂小球藻形成的休眠卵的累积萌发率高于投     

盐生杜氏藻和青岛大扁藻的超低温保存

采用两步法冷冻技术超低浊保存盐生杜氏藻（Ｄｕｎａｌｉｅｌｌａ ｓａｌｉｎｕ（Ｄｕｎａｌ）Ｔｅｏｄ．）和青岛大扁藻（Ｐｌａｔｙｍｏｎａｓ ｈｅｌｇｏｌａｎｄｉｃａ Ｋｙｌｉｎ ｖａｒ．ｔｓｉｇｔａｏｅｎｓｉｓ）。当二甲基亚砚（ＤＭＳＯ）浓度分别为５％和２０％,平衡时间均为ｍｉｎ,预冻温度及保持时间分别为－４０℃,６０ｍｉｎ和－３０℃,３０ｍｉｎ;化冻后分别在０℃和到温下采用慢速稀释法去除ＤＭＳＯ时,     

广东阳春百涌自然保护区桫椤科植物资源调查

广东阳春百涌自然保护区属云开山脉,区内桫椤科植物资源丰富,但具体种类及其资源量并无准确资料,为此我们开展了相关野外调查和统计。调查表明,保护区内共有4种桫椤科植物,即桫椤Alsophila spinulosa、大叶黑桫椤Gymnosphaera gigantea、小黑桫椤G. metteniana和黑桫椤G. podophylla。依据保护区内桫椤科植物主要沿林道分布的特点,提出了按林道长度估算资源量的方法,据估算,保护区内有桫椤约900株,大叶黑桫椤约1.5万株,小黑桫椤约320株,黑桫椤约4500株。阳春百涌保护区是华南地区大叶黑桫椤的主要保存地。     

光照和温度对扇蕨孢子萌发的影响

用组织培养法和光学显微镜技术初步研究光照和温度影响扇蕨孢子萌发的结果表明,扇蕨孢子发芽是需光型,具有明显的光休眠现象。光照是孢子萌发的主要影响因子,25℃下,孢子萌发率达（85．1±5．1）％。相同温度下孢子即使在黑暗中培养50d也不能萌发,转入光照下后萌发率可达（82．4±6．6）％。孢子在光下的最适发芽温度为21．6-26．5℃,7d开始萌发,6-7周完全萌发,温度升高或下降均降低孢子萌发率。     

无菌马尾松种子超低温保存技术研究

该研究利用液氮将不同含水量的无菌马尾松种子(27.4%、24.6%、22.7%、16.8%、15.8%、10.7%、7.5%、6.1%、4.8%、3.2%)进行超低温保存。结果表明:(1)在3.2%～6.1%含水量范围内,经液氮冷冻保存后的发芽率随着含水量升高而逐渐升高,在含水量6.1%时,发芽率达到最大值(91.33%);当含水量大于6.1%时,发芽率逐渐下降,尤其是当含水量大于15.8%时,发芽率迅速下降;在3.2%～7.5%含水量范围内冻存后发芽率在80%以上。(2)冷冻、化冻方式影响超低温保存效果。种子无需低温预冷,直接投入液氮保存(快速冷冻)效果最好;室温空气化冻(缓慢化冻)较42℃水浴化冻发芽率高,且后者容易发生种皮炸裂现象。(3)种皮对马尾松种子超低温保存过程起到保护作用,使其免受机械损伤,去掉外种皮的种子冻存后发芽率显著下降,且容易出现形态不正常的幼苗。(4)超低温保存对马尾松种子萌发具有一定"刺激"作用,在最适含水量6.1%时,经超低温保存后种子的发芽率显著大于对照种子。总之,含水量、冷冻方法、化冻方法、种皮结构显著影响超低温保存效果,马尾松种子超低温保存的最优方法是将种子含水量控制在6.1%,直接投入液氮快速冷冻后室温空气缓慢化冻,冻后发芽率可在90%以上。马尾松种子超低温保存技术体系的建立,为其种质资源的长期保存提供了技术支持。     

二乔玉兰花粉贮存条件的比较研究

探讨了二乔玉兰(MagnoliasoulangeanaSoul.-Bod.)花粉在不同温度和贮存条件下的活力。结果表明:二乔玉兰花粉在5%蔗糖 0.01%硼酸及5%蔗糖 0.1%硼酸两种培养液上萌发较好,萌发率均达到70%以上。随着保存时间的延长,花粉萌发率不断降低,降低速度从快到慢依次为室温、5℃和-20℃。超低温(-196℃)保存花粉的萌发率并没有随着保存时间的延长而降低,液氮保存2a的花粉萌发率达到79.3%,与新鲜花粉的萌发率差异不显著。超低温反复冻存6次的花粉萌发率与新鲜花粉没有显著变化。     

重金属铅对3种蕨类植物孢子萌发和配子体发育的影响

研究了重金属铅对水蕨、中华桫椤和扇蕨孢子萌发及其对水蕨配子体发育的影响。结果表明：随着铅浓度的增加,水蕨、中华桫椤和扇蕨孢子的萌发率逐渐降低;在低于10^-4 mol·L^-1的环境中,水蕨孢子可以正常萌发;在低于10^-5 mol·L^-1的环境中,中华桫椤和扇蕨孢子能正常萌发;水蕨、中华桫椤和扇蕨的孢子都对铅具有一定的耐受性;铅对水蕨配子体的发育存在一定影响,铅使水蕨配子体呈不规则的心脏形,多发育为雄配子体;精子器凹陷入原叶体边缘;配子体细胞中叶绿体分布不均匀。本研究为铅污染土壤的植物修复筛选后备植物。     

乌蕨孢子萌发研究

用随机区组试验和方差分析方法, 研究了培养温度、贮藏温度、GA 处理和光照强度对乌蕨( Sphenomeris chinensis) 孢子萌发的影响。与室温(20～25℃ ) 相比, 培养温度在28℃时, 孢子最大萌发率相近而萌发速率明显较高。贮藏温度(A) 极显著( P < 0 . 01 ) 影响孢子萌发率, - 20℃ 贮藏降低萌发率; GA (B) 对孢子萌发率无显著影响。光照强度(C) 极显著( P < 0.01) 影响孢子萌发率, 充足光照和弱光照无显著差异, 黑暗处理降低萌发率。A×B, A×C, B×C 及A×B×C 交互效应不显著。     

Karyotype Analyses in Cupressus gigantea

The chromsomal number and karyotype of Cupressus gigantea Cheng et L. K. Fu is reported for the first time. The number of somatic chromosome in root tip cell of the species was found to be 2n=22. According to the terminology defined by Levan et al, the karyotype is 2n=22= 4m(SC)+16m+2sm, belonging to Stebbin's "A" type of karyotypic symmetry which is generally considered as primitive one. By comparing karyotypes of Cupressus gigantean with other four species of Cupressaceae, the author discovered that Cupressus gigantea is a primitive species in Cupressaceae.     

Triterpenoids from Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll.et Hemsl.) Rehd.et Wils and their chemotaxonomic significance

Thirty-three reported compounds were obtained for the first time from Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll.et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils and were all identified as triterpenoids. The structure of these compounds was determined by physicochemical constants and spectral analyses (NMR, MS). This is the first report on four compounds (7, 9, 10 and 22) from the family Rosaceae and thirteen compounds (2, 3, 4, 11, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31 and 33) from the genus Rosa. Finally, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds is discussed.     

大野芋种子形成丛生芽的微繁殖

大野芋(Colocasiagigantea)的成熟种子(褐色)和未成熟的种子(淡黄色)在1/2MS培养基上均能萌发,种子萌发率最高达50%,种子没有休眠期。在室温下,种子在1/4MS 1%蔗糖培养基上,寿命约可达1年。种子在MS BA2mg·L-1 IAA0.25mg·L-1的培养基上,产生丛生芽。增值率1∶4/60d。生根培养基为MS NAA0.3mg·L-1,生根率达95%以上。通过诱导大野芋种子产生丛生芽,建成了快繁无性系,并成功地实现了种子的离体保存。本研究工作的完成,对于芋头的这一野生近缘种的保存和利用、芋头品种的改良,均具有较大意义。     

根癌农杆菌介导的巨大口蘑遗传转化体系的构建

以巨大口蘑菌丝为受体材料,利用含有双元质粒plasmid4的根癌农杆菌EHA105介导,首次成功建立了巨大口蘑的遗传转化体系。通过潮霉素抗性筛选、PCR鉴定和绿色荧光蛋白的检测,表明潮霉素抗性基因（Hyg）已经整合到巨大口蘑基因组中,增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因（eGFP）在巨大口蘑菌丝中获得表达,并能够稳定遗传。本研究建立了农杆菌介导的巨大口蘑遗传转化体系,为今后巨大口蘑的基因功能研究奠定了基础。     

Previous agonistic experience determines both foraging behavior and territoriality in the limpet Lottia gigantea (Sowerby)

Lottia gigantea, the owl limpet, is an algal gardener. Territorial individuals actively defend gardens, which consist of clearedareas in the intertidal zone upon which a thick algal filmdevelops and upon which the territory holder feeds. Smaller,nonterritory holders raid these gardens and graze the algalfilm. Territorial individuals must obtain an adequate ration without compromising the productivity of the garden. In contrast,a nonterritory holder grazing on another limpet's territorymust obtain an adequate ration before it contacts the territoryholder and is driven off. In the laboratory, replicate setsof 10 limpets were trained to behave territorially and nonterritorially.Training mimicked natural encounters between territorial andnonterritorial L. gigantea. Limpets given territorial trainingleft significantly (t = -4.92, df = 9, p =.00041) more algalcover behind when grazing (on average 71%) than did limpetstrained to be nonterritorial (on average 50%). Territorial limpets seldom grazed over the same area more than once (4% of the grazedarea). In contrast, nonterritorial limpets frequently foragedover an area more than once; of the area grazed, 20% had beenvisited more than once. Previous agonistic experience determinesboth territorial behavior and foraging strategies, two of thecritical behaviors necessary for successful gardening behavior.Nonterritorial limpets maximize consumption per unit area, whereas territorial limpets appear to forage prudently, leaving a significantly greater proportion of the plant biomass behind.     

中国南部和西南部地区大野芋应用的民族植物学调查

民族植物学以人类传统植物学知识为主要研究内容,这些知识或经验是在长期的生活和生产过程中不断产生和积累的,而且绝大多数经过了长期的实践检验. 近年来,对各地蔬菜,尤其是野生蔬菜的民族植物学调查研究日渐兴起,不仅从集市调查着手进行野生蔬菜的调查编目和社会经济价值的研究,而且逐步深入到蔬菜在食物结构中的地位、对当地居民健康状况的影响及人工驯化培育等方面[1-7].     

大伏革菌防治小孔异担子菌的菌株筛选

以从芬兰引进的野生大伏革菌、中国的大伏革菌和小孔异担子菌为研究对象,通过平板对峙培养方法,从16株大伏革菌菌株中筛选出3株防治异担子菌的高效菌株,分别为:04052、08076和08077。这3号菌株具有较高的生长速率和拮抗率,能够快速覆盖病原菌,起到显著的生防效果。实验中还发现大伏革菌生长速率和拮抗率之间存在着显著的正相关关系。     

Francisella halioticida sp. nov., a pathogen of farmed giant abalone (Haliotis gigantea) in Japan

Aims: In 2005, a Francisella sp. was isolated from diseased cultured giant abalone (Haliotis gigantea) in Japan. The aim of this study was to clarify the taxonomic status of this Francisella sp. Shimane‐1 isolate in relation to the four described Francisella species. Methods and Results: The 16S rRNA gene and several housekeeping genes of the Shimane‐1 were compared to isolates of the four recognized species within the Francisella genus. DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) and biochemical profile comparison were performed with the two phylogenetically closely related species, Francisella philomiragia and Francisella noatunensis. Results show that the Shimane‐1 is genetically different from all described Francisella species and differs phenotypically from F. philomiragia and F. noatunensis. The average DDH similarity of Francisella sp. Shimane‐1 to F. noatunensis ssp. noatunensis (NCIMB14265^T) and to F. philomiragia (DSM7535^T) was 49·2 and 61%, respectably, clearly supporting the establishment of Shimane‐1 as a new species within the Francisella genus. Conclusions: The phenotypic and genetic results presented in this study suggest the establishment of Shimane‐1 as a novel species, for which the name Francisella halioticida sp. nov. (=LMG26062^T, =DSM23729^T) is proposed. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study clarifies the taxonomic position and characteristics of a novel mollusc pathogenic Francisella species.     

福建兰科羊耳蒜属一新记录种——紫花羊耳蒜

报道了福建兰科羊耳蒜属Liparis植物一新记录种--紫花羊耳蒜Liparis gigantea C L Tso,。该种与见血清L. nervosa (Thunb ex A Murray) Lindl.非常相似。但前者花较大,中萼片长达1.8～2 cm,花深紫红色,后者中萼片长度小于1.6 cm,花绿色,略带紫色,不呈深紫红色,可以区别。     

不同成熟期大秃马勃子实体提取物的抑菌活性及其挥发油成分分析

对不同成熟期大秃马勃Calvatia gigantea子实体的提取物抑菌活性进行了初步研究,并采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,利用GC-MS联用仪对成分进行了分析鉴定,还对挥发油的抑菌活性进行了研究。结果表明,对大肠杆菌ATCC8099和金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538抑制作用较强的是未成熟大秃马勃的氯仿提取物,浓度为50mg/mL时抑菌率分别为57.57%和50.12%,MIC值均为12.5mg/mL。不同成熟期的挥发油在成分组成上的主要区别是未成熟子实体的挥发油含有雪松醇、α-石竹烯及石竹烯氧化物,而成熟子