青海糯性春小麦综合标记辅助育种研究

选用全糯小麦品种‘糯麦1号’与青海主要栽培品种‘阿勃’杂交,综合利用改良碘染色法、SDS-PAGE法和Waxy基因的分子标记等,对杂交后代进行了鉴定筛选。最终从F2代鉴定出了5粒全糯种子,从F3代鉴定出8株Wx-B1亚基缺失的植株。对全糯株系F3代的农艺性状进行评价,5个全糯株系的综合农艺性状都优于‘糯麦1号’,与‘阿勃’较接近。测定全糯株系和Wx-B1亚基缺失植株F4代种子的直链淀粉含量,5个全糯株系F4代种子的直链淀粉含量接近于0,8个Wx-B1亚基缺失植株F4代种子的直链淀粉含量在总体上比‘阿勃’的直链淀粉含量低。研究表明,采用综合标记辅助选择可快速而准确地获得适合在青海栽培的全糯和部分糯性小麦。     

糯性和非糯性小麦灌浆期胚乳直/支链淀粉积累及其相关酶活性研究

选用3份糯性和2份非糯性小麦材料,通过田间试验在灌浆过程中分别检测了各材料的籽粒直链和支链淀粉积累量、淀粉积累速率及淀粉合成关键酶活性的动态变化过程,探讨籽粒淀粉累积与相关酶活性的关系.结果表明:(1)非糯小麦在花后7 d前均未检测到直链淀粉存在,而此时已经检测到支链淀粉含量,并且糯小麦仅含有支链淀粉,支链淀粉早于直链淀粉合成.(2)糯性和非糯性小麦灌浆期籽粒的直、支链淀粉积累速率均呈先增加后降低的趋势,且直、支链淀粉最终积累量取决于最大积累速率和平均积累速率的大小,而积累活跃期的调节作用较小;糯性和非糯性小麦在淀粉合成过程中的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SEB)活性均呈单峰曲线变化,活性峰值基本上都出现在花后20～25 d左右.(3)直链淀粉积累速率与AGPP、SSS、GBSS和SBE活性变化显著或极显著正相关,而支链淀粉积累速率仅与SSS活性变化极显著正相关,总淀粉积累速率与AGPP和SSS活性变化显著或极显著正相关.     

利用回交法与Wx基因分子标记辅助选择培育糯性小麦

以中国春糯性位点全套近等基因系为研究材料,对小麦Wx基因的6个STS标记和1个CAPS标记进行了筛选。改良PCR扩增条件以及产物检测方式后,从这些标记中筛选出3个标记,包括鉴定Wx-A1、Wx-D1位点的2个共显性STS标记和Wx-B1位点的1个显性STS标记,用于本研究中糯性小麦的分子标记辅助育种。在育种过程中,首先配制全糯材料“98Y1441”与推广品种“川育12”的杂交组合,采用籽粒碘染法从其F2种子中选择全糯基因型个体与回交亲本川育12杂交,如此反复自交、回交,历经数代异地加代繁殖得到BC5F2代回交改良群体。利用上述3个分子标记从该群体中筛选出了8种Wx基因型,经卡方检验,其分离比符合3对基因的分离比例,其中基因型为aabbdd的植株有2株,直链淀粉含量分别为1.81%和0.82%,为全糯小麦;基因型为AAbbdd, aabbDD的部分糯性植株各有1株,直链淀粉含量分别为15.24%和17.57%。研究中获得的BC5 F2代群体的农艺性状接近回交亲本,并明显优于全糯材料“98Y1441”,表明采用回交法与Wx基因分子标记辅助选择相结合,有助于培育高产、优质的全糯和部分糯小麦。     

小麦糯性基因的多重PCR分子鉴定

采用多重 PCR 的方法, 对其反应条件进行优化, 以获得用于小麦糯性(Wx)基因分析的稳定PCR体系。应用两对引物, 分别扩增小麦 Wx-A1、Wx-B1、Wx-D1 基因, 目的片段大小分别为: 230 bp/265 bp、854 bp和 204 bp。经反复验证, 结果准确可靠, 重复性好, 成本低, 可以在同一PCR反应体系中对 3 个Wx 基因进行同时筛选鉴定。该体系可用于 Wx 蛋白基因的分子标记辅助选择, 可以提高小麦淀粉品质评价和糯麦选育的效率。     

利用回交结合Wx基因分子标记培育部分糯性小麦

颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶Ⅰ(GBSSI,Waxy蛋白)是小麦胚乳中直链淀粉合成的关键酶。小麦基因组中存在3个Waxy基因(Wx-A1、Wx-B1、Wx-D1)。在白火麦中Wx-D1位点的突变(Wx-D1b)引起Wx-D蛋白的缺失,导致直链淀粉含量下降,其面粉表现出部分糯性。与目前生产上推广品种相比,白火麦的农艺性状较差,产量非常低。为了培育农艺性状优良的部分糯性小麦,我们将白火麦与具有优良农艺性状的小麦品种PH85-16、济南17和烟农15(轮回亲本)分别进行杂交,后代分别与相应的三个轮回亲本回交五代,在每代中均选择农艺性状与轮回亲本相近并含有Wx-D1b的后代。在第六代自交后选择具有Wx-D1b的纯合体,选出的单株连续自交三代。获得了六个农艺性状与轮回亲本相似的品系,它们均携带纯合的Wx-D1b位点。研究表明采用回交的方法并结合基于Wx基因序列的分子标记技术,是培育优良部分糯性小麦的一种非常有效的方法。本研究培育出的部分糯性小麦品系可以直接用于大田生产。     

小麦Wx基因及其在农业生产中的潜在应用

围绕影响小麦品质的蜡质基因,介绍了小麦蜡质基因突变体筛选、蜡质基因对淀粉合成的影响、蜡质基因的分子遗传和蜡质小麦培育的研究近况,并对Wx基因的结构特征和分子标记辅助选择进行了分析,还就Wx基因的研究前景和问题作了分析和展望.     

糯性水稻中蜡质基因第1内含子的剪接活性

以前的研究结果表明 ,非糯性的稻米中直链淀粉的含量与各品种中蜡质基因 (Wx)第 1内含子被剪接的效率有关 ,即剪接效率高的品种直链淀粉含量也高。为弄清糯米中不含直链淀粉是否也与此内含子剪接效率有关系 ,构建了蜡质基因启动子 (来自籼稻品种2 32 )、蜡质基因第 1内含子 [来自籼稻品种 2 32 (高直链淀粉含量的品种 )或粳稻品种寒丰 6 36 6 (中、低直链淀粉含量的品种 ) ]与GUS报告基因组成的两种嵌合基因 ,将含有这两种嵌合基因的质粒分别转化进粳性糯稻品种奉糯 5 93中 ,同时还分别转化进非糯性的籼稻品种特青和粳稻品种中花 11中作为对照 ,测定它们的抗性愈伤组织与转基因植株未成熟种子胚乳中的GUS酶活性。结果表明与在非糯性的籼稻和粳稻中一样 ,这两种嵌合质粒在不合成直链淀粉的糯稻中也有相当水平的表达。从此结果可以推测 ,糯稻品种有从嵌合基因的转录本中剪接蜡质基因第 1内含子的正常能力 ,而在糯稻中缺乏直链淀粉可能是糯稻蜡质基因第1内含子中的其它突变所造成的     

利用wx基因分子标记辅助选择培育糯性小麦

利用中国春及其缺体-四体对wx-B1基因的STS标记和wx-A1、wx-D1的微卫星(SSR)标记进行了定位.联合应用这2种分子标记,对12个小麦品种和5个高代糯麦株系做了鉴定,与Wx蛋白的SDS-PAGE结果一致;从组合江苏白火麦×关东107的F2分离群体中筛选出8种wx基因型,其中3种基因型(AD同缺型,BD同缺型和糯型)为自然界中所没有,并且培育出了国内首批糯性小麦品系.另外,应用SSR标记对江苏白火麦回交改良群体中个体进行辅助选择,得到了含wx-D1b的7D单体,为将来进一步改良糯性小麦的农艺性状提供广泛的遗传材料.利用wx基因分子标记辅助选择,可以加速培育糯性小麦的进程.     

植物支链淀粉生物合成研究进展

植物支链淀粉占贮存淀粉的70%～80%,是决定植物果实或种子品质的关键成分.对植物支链淀粉生物合成途径及其代谢酶基因的研究,可大大推动支链淀粉结构的改造和在食品工业上的应用.该文介绍了植物支链淀粉的结构组成,详细阐述了参与支链淀粉生物合成的三类酶,即淀粉分支酶(starch branchingenzyme,SBE)、可溶性淀粉合酶(soluble starch synthase,SSS)和淀粉脱支酶(starch debranching enzyme,SDBE)的编码基因、酶学特性及其在支链淀粉合成中的作用,并就植物支链淀粉的合成模型加以探讨.同时提出了该研究领域尚待解决的问题,对其应用前景作了展望.     

糯大麦与非糯大麦颖果发育过程的解剖学与组织化学研究

为了明确糯大麦与非糯大麦颖果发育的差异,该研究以糯大麦代表性品种(‘白青稞’、‘甘垦5号’)和非糯大麦代表性品种(‘扬农啤10号’和‘苏裸麦1号’)为材料,采用体视显微镜观察、组织化学染色、树脂半薄切片和光学显微镜观察等方法,比较研究了糯大麦与非糯大麦颖果及其胚乳淀粉体发育的过程。结果显示:(1)糯大麦和非糯大麦颖果的形态变化,以及鲜、干重和含水率等的变化规律基本一致,生长曲线均呈"S"型。(2)两类大麦颖果胚乳和果皮的I2/KI染色结果不同,糯大麦胚乳的I2/KI染色结果为红褐色,其果皮被染为蓝黑色,而非糯大麦胚乳和果皮均被I2/KI染成蓝黑色,表明糯大麦和非糯大麦的颖果果皮里直链淀粉含量都较高,且糯大麦胚乳内以支链淀粉为主,而非糯大麦的胚乳内以直链淀粉为主。(3)糯大麦胚乳淀粉体的出现时间早于非糯大麦,且其中小淀粉体的比例高于非糯大麦,淀粉体充实状况也好于非糯大麦。(4)与非糯大麦相比,糯大麦表观直链淀粉以及总淀粉含量较低,但可溶性糖含量较高。研究表明,糯大麦颖果生长规律与非糯大麦类似,但内含物淀粉的积累规律不同。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).