不同温度、土壤含水量及日光照时数对棉露尾甲虫(Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson))生长发育的影响

在5,10,15,20,30℃等5种温度、10%,20%,30%等3种土壤含水量和8,12,16h等3种日光照时数共45个处理组合条件下,以丝瓜花作为饲料研究了3个因素对棉露尾甲生长发育的联合作用。结果表明:适合于卵生长发育的处理组合为25～35℃、10～15%和12～16h,其中最佳处理组合为30℃、10%和12h,在此组合条件下,卵发育历期为0.8d,孵化率为93.3%;适合于幼虫及蛹生长发育的处理组合为:25～30℃、10～15%和12～16h,其中最佳处理组合分别为30℃、10%、12h和30℃、10%、8h,在此组合条件下,幼虫历期、存活率和蛹历期、羽化率分别为5.0d、85.7%和2.2d、83.3%。在三元二次回归模型中,卵、幼虫、蛹和整个未成熟期(卵至蛹的历期)发育进度最快时的处理组合分别为27.5℃、10%、8h,30℃、20%、12h,32.5℃、10%、16h和30℃、10%、16h;此时理论最短历期分别为0.8、4.4、1.4d和7.3d。     

光周期和温度对枯叶蛱蝶幼虫生长发育的影响

在人工气候箱中研究不同光周期和温度条件下枯叶蛱蝶Kallima inachus Doubleday幼虫的生长发育情况。结果表明,20℃时,光周期对枯叶蛱蝶幼虫发育历期影响明显,25℃和30℃时无明显影响。20,25和30℃,12.5~14h光照下,幼虫发育历期分别为31.7~36.0,26.3~27.4和21.0~21.5d,最长和最短历期分别相差4.3,1.1和0.5d。随着温度升高,在相同光照下,幼虫发育历期缩短。20,25和30℃12.5~14h光照下幼虫存活率分别为80%~92%、75%~95%和55%~85%,随温度上升,不同光周期下幼虫存活率差异加大。30℃时大部分光周期下存活率较低,已对幼虫生长发育不利,人工养殖时温度不宜超过30℃。     

南亚果实蝇各虫态发育历期及有效积温研究

【背景】南亚果实蝇是世界性的检疫性害虫,在我国多个省市发生为害,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。【方法】采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别设置10、14、18、22、26、30、34℃7个恒温条件,测定不同温度条件下南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的生长发育历期,并推算出相应的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7．36、2．43、7．64℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的有效积温分别为20．21、187．69和156．65日度。完成整个世代的发育起点温度是7．64℃,有效积温为364．55日度。当温度达到34℃时,卵的发育历期相对延长,而蛹则不能正常发育,无法羽化为成虫。【结论与意义】在10～30℃,南亚果实蝇的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,各虫态的发育速率和温度呈显著正相关;在26和30℃下,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期均显著短于其他各处理温度的发育历期。该试验结果为了解南亚果实蝇的发育温度极限和进一步开展该害虫的适生性分析提供了基础信息,进而为制定该虫的检疫措施提供依据。     

低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵和蛹的影响

将金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu的卵、蛹分别在5℃和8℃下处理1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d后,放在25℃下培养,研究低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵和蛹的影响。结果表明,低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵的发育历期和孵化率、蛹的发育历期和羽化率均有显著的影响。低温处理后,卵、蛹的发育历期比对照显著缩短,并且随着低温处理天数的增加,发育历期逐渐缩短,差异达显著水平;卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率比对照也显著下降。经过5℃低温处理1 d、3 d卵的发育历期分别比对照缩短286 d、473 d;孵化率分别比对照下降了4234%和4967%;处理5 d、7 d的卵均不能孵化。经过8℃低温处理1 d、3 d卵的发育历期分别比对照缩短125 d、300 d;卵的孵化率分别比对照下降了3035%和4500%,处理5 d、7 d的卵也均不能孵化。经过5℃低温处理1 d、3 d、5 d的金银花尺蠖蛹的发育历期分别比对照缩短了249 d、454 d和701 d;羽化率分别比对照下降了5777%、6784%和7810%;处理7 d的蛹均不能羽化。经过8℃低温处理1 d、3 d、5 d的金银花尺蠖蛹的发育历期分别比对照缩短了133 d、354 d和549 d;羽化率分别比对照下降了3945%、5873%和7441%;处理7 d的蛹均不能羽化。     

幼虫期短时高温暴露对二点委夜蛾存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】随着全球气候变暖,夏季短时极端高温发生的频率逐渐增加。本研究旨在探明二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone幼虫期对高温的适应性。【方法】将二点委夜蛾不同日龄(1,6,12和18日龄)幼虫在不同高温(35,38和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(0.5,1,2,4和6 h)后转移至适温(26℃)继续饲养,观察短时高温对其存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量及次代卵孵化率的影响。【结果】幼虫期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对二点委夜蛾幼虫的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,而对化蛹率、成虫羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量以及次代卵孵化率影响不显著。随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长,幼虫存活率逐渐降低,发育历期逐渐延长。其中,18日龄的幼虫最为敏感,38℃和41℃暴露6 h后存活率分别为58.3%和17.7%,显著低于对照,发育历期分别为25.5 d和29.2 d,较对照显著延长。【结论】幼虫期经历短时高温暴露仅对幼虫的存活和发育历期有影响,而对后续蛹和成虫的生长发育及成虫繁殖力没有影响。     

温度与光周期对麝凤蝶生长发育的影响

观察了麝凤蝶的卵、幼虫和蛹在不同温度和光周期条件下的发育历期。结果表明 :卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为 1 3 7,7 9和 8 0℃ ,有效积温分别为 43 8,3 98 0和 2 79 4日·度 ;越冬蛹的发育可以分为 5个阶段 ;大部分越冬蛹在上午 (88 2 % )羽化 ;长光照处理平均比短光照出处理提前羽化 2d。     

光周期对国槐尺蠖生长发育状况的影响

在温度(25±1)℃,RH65%～75%条件下,对国槐尺蠖Semiothisa cinerearia Bremer et Grey各龄幼虫分别采用0:24、10:14、12:12、14:10、1:85种光周期处理。结果表明,以14:10处理的国槐尺蠖1～5龄幼虫历期最短;以16:8处理的幼虫发育历期最短,且随着光照时间的增加,幼虫发育历期逐渐缩短;不同光周期对于6～7龄幼虫存在显著的影响,但是对于1～5龄影响不大。成虫53%～56%在夜间羽化,越冬蛹在8～14h光照范围内,随光照长度增加发育历期延长,在14～16h光照范围内,历期随光照延长而缩短。以0:24处理的蛹羽化率最高,发育历期最短。     

温度对以白茶为寄主的米缟螟生长发育的影响

为探明温度对以白茶为寄主植物的产虫茶昆虫米缟螟生长发育的影响,分别设置5个温度条件(31、28、25、22、19℃),研究温度对米缟螟各虫态平均发育历期、发育速率和存活率的影响,计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温.结果表明:温度对米缟螟各虫态平均发育历期影响显著,除卵的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短外,幼虫、蛹及未成熟期的发育历期均在25℃达到最小值,分别为(249.53±23.83)d、(12.94±1.27)d和(273.00±24.19)d;除蛹外米缟螟各虫态发育速率与温度呈极显著相关,其中卵的发育速率与温度呈线性相关,幼虫、蛹和未成熟期则呈抛物线相关;温度显著影响各虫态存活率,卵、幼虫、蛹及未成熟期各虫态存活率均在25℃最高,分别为94.0％、73.8％、91.3％和63.4％,22和19℃次之,31℃最低;幼虫及蛹存活率在31℃均为0,表明米缟螟不耐高温;卵、幼虫、蛹及未成熟期的发育起点温度分别为13.21、17.12、14.76和16.47℃,有效积温分别为117.94、870.88、149.70和1442.75日·度.研究结果与米缟螟在贵州息烽地区一年发生2至3代的事实大致相符.     

不同温度对三叶虫萤卵孵化和初孵幼虫发育的影响

本文研究了三叶虫萤Emeia pseudosauteri在不同恒温设置和室内变温条件下卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率,并通过直接最优法和直线回归法计算出了三叶虫萤卵的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:12~30℃恒温条件下,卵的孵化率随着温度升高显著下降(P<0.05),且均低于室内变温条件(P<0.05)下的孵化率;初孵幼虫在恒温15℃下的存活率最高,为73.13%;低于12℃和高于30℃恒温中初孵幼虫均无法存活;在恒温条件12~30℃下,卵的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,其中恒温12℃下最长,发育历期为42.96 d(n=3),恒温30℃下最短,发育历期仅12.75 d(n=3)。通过直接最优法计算出三叶虫萤卵的发育起点温度为3.52℃,有效积温分别为382.20 d·℃。上述结果为三叶虫萤的人工繁育提供了参考。     

虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾汰选种群生长发育及生殖的影响

研究虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾汰选种群生长发育及生殖的影响。结果显示:经虫酰肼处理后,甜菜夜蛾SS种群和RR种群卵的孵化抑制中浓度分别为179.38和160.71mg/kg,孵化幼虫的存活抑制中浓度分别为18.64和30.53mg/kg,虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾卵的孵化率影响较小,而对孵化后幼虫的存活率影响较大。处理初孵幼虫6d后,2种群幼虫存活率及化蛹率随处理浓度的增加而降低,幼虫历期最高饲毒浓度与最低饲毒浓度相比分别延长了2.71d和6.19d,同一浓度下,RR种群幼虫历期比SS种群缩短了0.94～2.59d。处理甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫12h后,随虫酰肼浓度的增加,2种群化蛹率逐渐降低,雌雄蛹重均有递减的趋势,雌蛹比例随浓度的增加变化较小,但SS种群雌蛹比例≤50.00%,而RR种群雌蛹比例≥50.00%,雌雄成虫羽化率总体上依次递减,处理浓度大于1.00mg/kg时虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾成虫羽化的影响较大。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.