温室栽培光强和光质对高山红景天生物量和红景天甙含量的影响

为探讨光强及光质对高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis)生物量和红景天甙含量的影响。于2000年4月至6月在东北林业大学温室内以移栽于大兴安岭加格达奇圃地人工种植生长3a的高山红景天为材料,通过纱布遮荫及遮以不同颜色的滤光膜分别进行了光强、光质控制实验(处理45d)。随着光强的降低,高山红景天全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量以及叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素的含量均有降低的趋势,但叶绿素含量变化很小,不同光强及对照之间的差异均未达到显著水平。相对光强为67．75％和44．71％的两种处理下的全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量差异不显著,它们的全株生物量和红景天甙含量与对照(全光照)的差异也不显著,但根生物量和红景天甙产量与对照的差异显著。当相对光强减弱至31．96％,全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量均大幅度下降,根冠比显著增加。4种滤光膜处理均使高山红景天的全株生物量及根生物量显著降低,蓝膜和绿膜处理的降低幅度大于红膜和黄膜处理的。红膜处理的红景天甙的含量和产量均高于对照,但黄膜、蓝膜和绿膜处理的红景天甙含量和产量则低于对照。通过计算去除4种滤光膜的光强因素,仅从光质的作用看。4种滤光膜处理仍是减小了全株生物量和根生物量,红膜和绿膜处理提高了红景天甙的含量和产量,而黄膜处理降低了红景天甙的含量和产量,蓝膜处理几乎没有效果。4种滤光膜处理均使叶绿素含量增加,但只有蓝膜处理的与对照差异显著。红膜处理不仅显著提高根中红景天甙的含量(为对照的3．42倍),而且对根生物量的影响较小(为对照的90．24％)。因而提高了高山红景天根的红景天甙产量,这意味着在生产上可能会有一定的实践意义。     

遮荫和红膜处理对高山红景天根生物量及红景天甙含量季节变化的影响

采用纱布遮荫(覆以透明膜)和红色滤光膜处理人工种植生长3年和4年的高山红景天,观察了根生物量和红景天甙含量的季节变化结果表明,纱布遮荫处理(相对光强为全光照的51．8％)下根的生物量显著下降;红景天甙含量略有增加,红景天甙产量(红景天甙含量与根生物量乘积)则有所降低,但差异均不显著,红色滤光膜处理(相对光强为全光照的51．8％)与纱布遮荫处理相比,根生物量减少但不显著,红景天甙的含量和产量则显著增加,生长季末前者的红景天甙含量为后者的1．63倍(生长3年)和1．55倍(生长4年),红景天甙产量为后者的1．44倍(生长3年)和1．45倍(生长4年)。     

土壤水分对高山红景天生长和红景天甙含量的影响

温室中3种土壤水分条件(土壤相对含水量分别为35％～55％、55％～75％和75％～95％)下,以55％～75％土壤相对含水量上生长的高山红景天的株高、生物量、红景天甙含量和产量最高。     

高效毛细管电泳法测定高山红景天中红景天甙含量的比较研究

采用高效毛细管电泳法对采集于两个野生产地不同居群和两个人工栽培地的高山红景天中红景天甙的含量进行了对比研究 ,实验结果表明 ,该方法高效、简便、灵敏、可靠 ;人工栽培高山红景天和自然生境下高山红景天中红景天甙含量有差异 ,不同天然居群高山红景天中红景天甙含量也有差异。     

高山红景天年龄与根部红景天甙含量的关系

对1998年8月和1999年7月采自吉林省长白山自然保护区内共14个天然居群和人工栽培于黑龙江省大兴安岭的高山红景年龄和根部红景天甙含量的关系进行了研究。高山红景天的年龄根据其极茎上芽磷痕的数量判断,结果表明,人工栽培的高山红景天的年龄与其根部红景天甙的含量呈显著正相关,而长白山自然保护区内自然生境下的高山红景天,其根部的红景天甙含量与年龄的正相关性则较弱。     

高山红景天细胞悬浮培养中pH值对红景天甙胞外释放及细胞活性…

高山红景天细胞悬浮培养中,通过降低培养基ＰＨ值能有效地诱导培养细胞中红景天甙的胞外释放。红景天甙的跨膜运输是一个有与Ｈ对运的动态过程,培养基ＰＨ值决定了红景天甙在胞内外含量的分布。细胞组织在ＰＨ值大于３的培养基中处理３ｈ以内,对细胞活性的影响不大。将诱导释放处理过的细胞转入到新鲜的生产培养基中,细胞仍具有合成红景天甙的能力。     

高效毛细管电泳地测定高山红景天中红景天甙含量的比较研究

采用高效毛细管电泳法对采集于两个野生产地不同居群和两个人工栽培地的高山红景天中红景天甙的含量进行了对比研究,实验结果表明,该方法高效,简便,灵敏,可靠;人工栽培高山红景天和自然生境下高山红景天中红景天甙含量有差异,不同天然居群高山红景天中红景天甙含量也有差异。     

大海林地区不同生境高山红景天根部红景天甙含量的差异

在黑龙江省大海林地区海拔１４００－１６２０ｍ的高山上,依据高山红景天的生境于岳桦林内、高山草甸、苔原上选择了６个样地,测定了高山红景天根部的红景天甙含量。生境不同的高山红景天,根部红景天甙的含量有明显差异,红景天甙含量范围内０．１０１％－０．６８４％。从测定结果看,光照条件好、土壤肥沃的生境下高山红景天根部的红景天甙含量较高。     

氮素营养水平对高山红景天生长和红景天苷含量的影响

在温室中采用砂培法以4种氮素营养水平(1．75、3．50、7．00和14．00mmol／L)培养移栽的高山红景天,50d后测定了生长状况和根的红景天苷含量。株高、全株生物量、地上部分生物量随氮水平的增加而增加,而根生物量、根冠比则随着氮水平的增加而降低。在氮水平为7mmol／L左右时,高山红景天根中红景天苷的含量和产量最高,而低氮水平和高氮水平均不利于红景天苷的积累。     

高山红景天细胞悬浮培养中pH值对红景天甙胞外释放及细胞活性的影响

高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A.Bor.)细胞悬浮培养中,通过降低培养基pH值能有效地诱导培养细胞中红景天甙的胞外释放。红景天甙的跨膜运输是一个与H~ 对运的动态过程,培养基pH值决定了红景天甙在胞内外含量的分布。细胞组织在pH值大于3的培养基中处理3h以内,对细胞活性的影响不大。将诱导释放处理过的细胞组织转入到新鲜的生产培养基中,细胞仍具有合成红景天甙的能力。     

光质、光强对入侵植物紫茎泽兰种子萌发及幼苗状态的影响

为了探讨紫茎泽兰种子需光萌发特性,对光质（不同颜色、红光/远红光）和光强对种子萌发率及幼苗状态进行了研究。研究发现：不同颜色光对发芽率影响显著,其中黄光、橙光和红光等波长在（591~750 nm）之间的光更有利于提高种子的萌发率（74.3%~83.3%）,而较短波长的光（<570 nm,紫光、蓝光和绿光）促进效果显著降低（62.3%~66.7%）（p<0.05）。光强对紫茎泽兰种子发芽和幼苗影响较光的颜色更具有规律性。黑暗条件下发芽率22%,随着光照提高,发芽率指数增加(r²=0.96),芽长指数下降(r²=0.99)、根长指数增加(r²=0.98),而鲜重呈现线性增加(r²=0.70)。适量红光（630 nm）和远红光（730 nm）照射能够打破和引起休眠,红光照射量与发芽率提高量成线性正相关（r²=0.98）,而远红光照射率与发芽率降低量呈线性正相关（r²=0.92）,说明紫茎泽兰需光萌发是一个光敏色素引起的过程。紫茎泽兰通常在裸地和人为干扰土壤上泛滥,这可能与其种子需光萌发有关。而对其生态学控制可以考虑从光强、特别是光质角度（如人工造林）控制种子萌发来实现。     

Influence of light intensity and wavelength on phototactic behaviour of larval silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus and golden perch Macquana ambigua and the effectiveness of light traps

Larval golden perch, Macquaria ambigua , and silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus , were exposed to light gradients in wavebands centred on 400, 496, 601 and 695 nm at nominal quantum irradiance values of 0–1, 1–0 and 10 μmol m⁻² s^−l. Silver perch larvae displayed stronger phototactic behaviour than golden perch, and both species were most responsive to light in the 601 nm waveband. The intensity of phototactic responses in both species was greater at higher irradiance levels. Enhanced responsiveness to longer wavelengths reflects possible adaptations to life in turbid habitats where the underwater light field is dominated by yellow/orange wavebands.
At night, traps fitted with 12 h yellow lightsticks attracted more golden perch larvae than traps with blue, green, orange, red or no lightstick. The efficacy of yellow lightsticks may be due to yellow/orange wavebands not being attenuated under water as rapidly as blue or red wavebands. Yellow lightsticks also emit a greater intensity of light over a longer time than other colours tested, which may have increased the effectiveness of yellow traps. Light traps were ineffective during the day.     

光质及种子大小对普洱地区14种植物种子萌发的影响

以普洱地区14种常见植物种子为材料,在实验室条件下研究了其在白光、黑暗、红光和蓝光条件下的萌发特性,并分析了种子大小与萌发率、萌发速率、萌发开始时间的关系。结果表明:光质对四方蒿、沙针、尖子木、藿香蓟种子萌发率和萌发速率均有显著影响(P0.05)。光质对大叶斑鸠菊、云南山枇花、臭灵丹、车桑子、光萼猪屎豆、葫芦茶、云南地桃花、西南宿苞豆、岗柃、中国宿苞豆10个物种的种子萌发率和萌发速率均没有显著影响(P0.05),以上物种中除中国宿苞豆外,其他物种种子萌发率均在20%以下,处于休眠状态。四方蒿种子在白光(89.9%)和红光(84.7%)下萌发率最高,红光下种子萌发最快(4.93),蓝光下种子萌发开始时间最晚(11.3 d);沙针种子在白光下萌发率最高(80.4%)、萌发速率最快(2.71),在黑暗和蓝光下萌发率较低(43.9%和38%)、萌发速率最慢(0.73和0.85),白光、红光下萌发开始最早(11 d),黑暗条件下萌发开始最晚(21.7 d);尖子木种子萌发率在白光、黑暗、蓝光下均在86%以上,而红光下仅32%且萌发速率最慢(1.29),在蓝光下萌发开始时间最晚(13 d);藿香蓟种子萌发率和萌发速率在红光下最高(分别为71.3%和6.46),黑暗条件下最低(分别为42.5%和2.62);大叶斑鸠菊萌发开始时间在黑暗条件下最早(6 d),其次是白光下(7 d),蓝光和红光下较晚,分别为8 d和7.7 d。14个物种种子的萌发率与种子大小间均有显著负相关关系;种子萌发速率、萌发开始时间与种子大小间也有负相关关系,但不显著;种子大小与萌发率、萌发速率和萌发开始时间的关系不会随着光质的变化而发生变化。     

蓝光、紫外光的受体及其对CHS表达诱导的研究

植物在进化过程中形成了对环境信号反应的能力,光是植物生长发育中的一个重要的环境信号,综述了蓝光,紫外光的受体及蓝光,紫外光对编码植物类黄酮合成中的一个重要的限速酶－苯基苯乙烯酮合酶基因CHS的诱导作用,并介绍该反应信号转导的可能组分。     

光质对杉木种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

光是影响森林早期天然更新(种子萌发和幼苗生长)的重要因子之一.但光质对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook)早期更新的影响尚不清楚.为探讨光质对杉木种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响机制,以杉木种子为研究对象,通过设置8h白光(W)、8h红光(R)、6h红光-2 h远红光(R-FR)、4h红光-2 h远红光-2 h红光(R-FR-R)、黑暗(D,对照)5种不同光质处理,观察种子萌发及幼苗生长特征.结果表明,不同光质处理对杉木种子萌发影响显著,D和R-FR-R处理促进杉木种子萌发,R处理抑制种子萌发.最后一次照光选择红光处理(R和R-FR-R)能够显著促进杉木幼苗根和子叶的伸长,促进生物量积累以及增加叶生物量分配比例,但抑制茎的伸长,远红光处理则促进茎的生长.杉木种子为光不敏感种子,黑暗处理下萌发率最高,且远红光间断处理能够相对促进其萌发,说明杉木种子可以较好地适应异质光环境.     

The effect of SAN 9789 and light on the germination of seeds from Taraxacum vulgare

Photoblastic seeds (achenes) of Taraxacum vulgare coll. were treated with a water solution of SAN 9789, 4-chloro-5 (methylamino) -2- (α,α,α-trifluoro- m -tolyl) -3(2H) pyridazinone. SAN-treatment increased the germination in darkness from 0 to 12%. An irradiation for 5 min with red light, giving a germination of 12% for seeds in water only, gave together with SAN treatment a germination of 60%. In both water and SAN, the effect of red irradiation could be reversed by a short irradiation (15 min) of far-red light. If far-red light was repeatedly given (5 min per h) it had hardly any effect on germination in water (4% germination), but for seeds in SAN solution, intermittent far-red light had a stimulating effect (63% germination). If far-red light was given continuously for 96 h, the germination in water was 1% and in SAN solution 17%. The results in the present paper indicate that SAN may broaden the concentration interval of P_fr for which germination is high.     

Adaptational changes in the lipids and fatty acid profile of the cell and thylakoid membrane of rice plants exposed to sunlight

Adaptational changes occurring in the lipids and fatty acids of the cell and the thylakoid membrane in response to high light treatment, was studied in 30 days old rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Jyothi) plants grown under low (150–200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) or moderate (600–800 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) light conditions. Results were compared with rice plants grown in high (1200–2200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) light conditions. Exposure of rice plants and isolated chloroplast to high light, resulted in an increase in the amount of malonaldehyde, indicating oxidation of membrane lipids. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the phosphoglycolipids and quantitative changes in neutral lipids were observed in rice plants grown under the different growth conditions. A few of the phosphoglycolipids and neutral lipids were present exclusively in plants grown at low or moderate or high light, indicating requirement of different type of lipid composition of rice plants in response to their different growth irradiances. However, no significant quantitative changes were observed in the different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid groups of total lipids in low, moderate and high light grown rice plants, as a result of exposure to high light. No qualitative changes in the fatty acid composition due to difference in growth irradiance or high light treatment were seen. The changes observed in the phosphoglycolipids and neutral lipid composition of cell and thylakoid membrane of low, moderate and high light grown rice plants in response to high light, are probably the result of physiological changes in the rice plants, to sustain optimum structure and function of the cell and thylakoid membrane to maintain active physiological functions to endure high light conditions.     

塞罕坝华北落叶松针叶光响应指标变化规律及其影响因素

以河北省塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,比较潜在最大光能利用效率(LUE_max)、潜在最有效光照强度(PAR_e)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)在树冠不同垂直位置和不同物候期的差异,并分析其主要影响因素。结果表明: LUE_max在树冠垂直方向随着冠层深度的增加而增大,PAR_e、LCP和LSP则随冠层深度的增加而减小,表明上层针叶对强光具有更高的利用效率而下层针叶能更高效地适应弱光环境。LUE_max在生长季内随着叶片发育呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,但在7月有所下降;其余指标均呈现出“单峰”的变化趋势。环境因子与光响应指标显著相关,主要原因是叶片气孔对周边环境的应激反应。了解光响应指标的垂直及物候期变化规律对制定科学的经营措施、优化林分结构、改善局部微环境、最大限度提高森林生产力有重要意义。     

Effects of light flashes on the dark closure of Albizzia julibrissin pinnules

An electronic flash unit is used to deliver, at the beginning of a 10 min dark period and within a few ms, large doses of light to Albizzia julibrissin pinnules, to ascertain their effects on the rate of pinnule closing. In a series of alternating light flashes at 710 and 550 nm, the first 710 nm light flash significantly retards closing. A following light flash at 550 nm negates the far-red induced delay. The second 710 nm light flash delays closing less effectively than the first when given within 4 s after the green flash, but is just as effective when given after 30 s. The delay brought about by the second 710 nm light flash is again abolished by a light flash at 550 nm. A light flash at 660 nm has no effect on pinnule closing by itself and is also ineffective in reversing the far-red induced delay. A series of ten 710 nm light flashes becomes most effective in delaying closure when there is a dark interval of one min between flashes. The closing delay induced by a 710 nm light flash escapes reversal by a 550 nm light flash when the dark interval between the two flashes exceeds 2–3 min. A 750 nm light flash has no retarding effect on pinnule closing, but it becomes effective when preceded by a 660 nm or 550 nm light flash. The results obtained are suggested to be due to light absorbed by phytochrome and an unknown photoreceptor with green, far-red photoreversal property.