神经胶质瘤的治疗策略

神经胶质瘤是来源于神经上皮的肿瘤,是颅内最常见的恶性肿瘤,约占中枢神经系统肿瘤的40%~50%。主要分为星型细胞瘤、胶质母细胞瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤、室管膜瘤等。如何提高胶质瘤的治疗效果,提高病人的生命质量,仍是神经外科医生面临的巨大难题。     

YKL-40在脑胶质母细胞瘤微环境中的作用

胶质母细胞瘤是大脑及其他中枢神经系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,其复杂的肿瘤微环境是胶质母细胞瘤临床治疗的主要挑战,也是胶质母细胞瘤患者复发率高、生存率低的主要原因。YKL-40,这一分泌性蛋白质与多种类型的癌症预后不良相关,且在高级别胶质瘤尤其是胶质母细胞瘤患者中血清水平与肿瘤组织表达水平显著升高,而在低级别胶质瘤中并未发现这一特征。这提示,YKL-40与胶质瘤分级及胶质母细胞瘤恶性发展过程密切相关。针对YKL-40的抗体治疗也被证明能够与电离辐射协同抑制胶质母细胞瘤血管生成及恶性发展。基于YKL-40的临床价值,本文将从肿瘤微环境的角度,归纳总结YKL-40在恶性肿瘤中的相关研究成果,并讨论其在胶质母细胞瘤发生发展中的相关作用及临床应用前景。     

多甲氧基黄酮对人胶质母细胞瘤细胞系生物学特性的影响

目的：多甲氧基黄酮（PMFs）因其抗氧化、抗癌、抗炎及抗动脉粥样硬化等多样的生物学活性受到国内外学者的广泛关注,但其在神经胶质瘤治疗中的潜在作用尚未见报道。本研究对多甲氧基黄酮处理人胶质母细胞瘤细胞系对其生物学特性的影响,初步探讨PMFs在神经胶质瘤治疗中的潜在应用。方法：不同浓度（0,20,40,60,80,100μg／mL）的PMFs处理人胶质母细胞瘤细胞系U251不同时间后．分别用Annexinv／PI双染法检测细胞凋亡的变化,MTT法检细胞活力的变化,Transwell小室实验检测细胞侵袭能力的变化。结果：随着多甲氧基黄酮的浓度及处理时间的增加,细胞的增殖明显受到抑制,同时诱导细胞大量凋亡,促使细胞生长停滞于G2／M期;此外,多甲氧基黄酮剂量依赖性的抑制胶质瘤细胞的侵袭。结论：PMFs能剂量和时间依赖性降低人胶质母细胞瘤细胞系U251的,同时显著诱导细胞瘤的凋亡和侵袭能力,提示PMFs可能对神经胶质瘤的高增殖性和侵袭性有一定的抑制作用,因此可能具有成为治疗神经胶质瘤药物的潜在应用价值。     

脑肿瘤及脑肿瘤图像分类的研究进展

脑肿瘤分类的方法很多,目前尚无统一的分类方法,并且各种肿瘤的组织发生与病理特征不同,其良性与恶性以及物学特性也不一样。通常按组织学可分类如下：（1）发源于神经胶质的肿瘤：星形细胞瘤、少支胶质细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤等。（2）发源于脑膜的肿瘤：脑膜瘤、脑膜肉瘤、蛛网膜囊肿等。（3）发源于垂体的肿瘤：厌色细胞腺瘤,嗜酸、嗜碱性细胞腺瘤。（4）发源于颅神经的肿瘤：听神经瘤、三又神经瘤等各种神经鞘瘤。（5）发源于胚胎残余组织：颅咽管瘤、脊索瘤、皮样囊肿等。（6）发源于血管细胞：血管瘤及血管网织细胞瘤等。（7）由其它部位转移或侵入的肿瘤：各种转移瘤及鼻咽癌等。     

脑肿瘤及脑肿瘤图像分类的研究进展

脑肿瘤分类的方法很多,目前尚无统一的分类方法,并且各种肿瘤的组织发生与病理特征不同,其良性与恶性以及物学特性也不一样。通常按组织学可分类如下:(1)发源于神经胶质的肿瘤:星形细胞瘤、少支胶质细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤等。(2)发源于脑膜的肿瘤:脑膜瘤、脑膜肉瘤、蛛网膜囊肿等。(3)发源于垂体的肿瘤:厌色细胞腺瘤,嗜酸、嗜碱性细胞腺瘤。(4)发源于颅神经的肿瘤:听神经瘤、三叉神经瘤等各种神经鞘瘤。(5)发源于胚胎残余组织:颅咽管瘤、脊索瘤、皮样囊肿等。(6)发源于血管细胞:血管瘤及血管网织细胞瘤等。(7)由其它部位转移或侵入的肿瘤:各种转移瘤及鼻咽癌等。     

寨卡病毒可作为溶瘤病毒特异杀伤胶质瘤干细胞

正胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma)是一种恶性程度最高的原发性脑肿瘤.由于肿瘤生长快、侵袭性强,常规手术、放疗、化疗等治疗后复发率极高,预后差,绝大多数患者生存期中位数低于两年[1].胶质母细胞瘤的成因复杂,最新研究显示胶质瘤干细胞(glioblastoma stem cells, GSCs)可能在其中发挥了关键作用.胶质瘤干细胞是一群具备无限增殖、自我更新和多向分化等类干细胞潜能的细胞,不仅参与促进肿瘤血管生成,而且能够抵抗放化疗的杀瘤作用[2].以胶质瘤干细胞为     

脑胶质瘤治疗相关时空演化机制及其在精准治疗中的应用

胶质母细胞瘤是成人中最恶性的颅内肿瘤,但其治疗方式在过去数十年未有突破. 随着近年精准医学和下一代测序技术的发展,使研究胶质母细胞瘤背后多维基因组学的复杂机制成为可能. 其中继发胶质母细胞瘤及与其配对的原发肿瘤是十分珍贵的数据,可用以分析低级别胶质瘤在时间和空间轴上的演化以及治疗对肿瘤的影响. 本综述阐述胶质母细胞瘤的复杂性,包括各种驱动突变、空间上的异形性和不同的演化方式;此外,会讨论如何将这些基因学上的发现应用在肿瘤预后的预测以及精准治疗上.     

脑胶质瘤治疗相关时空演化机制及其在精准治疗中的应用（英文）

胶质母细胞瘤是成人中最恶性的颅内肿瘤,但其治疗方式在过去数十年未有突破.随着近年精准医学和下一代测序技术的发展,使研究胶质母细胞瘤背后多维基因组学的复杂机制成为可能.其中继发胶质母细胞瘤及与其配对的原发肿瘤是十分珍贵的数据,可用以分析低级别胶质瘤在时间和空间轴上的演化以及治疗对肿瘤的影响.本综述阐述胶质母细胞瘤的复杂性,包括各种驱动突变、空间上的异形性和不同的演化方式;此外,会讨论如何将这些基因学上的发现应用在肿瘤预后的预测以及精准治疗上.     

研究报告: 星形胶质细胞瘤分泌一氧化氮促进炎性水肿带相关肿瘤微环境的研究

目的 检测在星形胶质细胞瘤中一氧化氮（nitric oxide，NO）的表达及促进炎性水肿带相关肿瘤微环境的作用。方法 收集27例星形胶质细胞瘤患者的临床资料和肿瘤标本（WHO II级10例、II-III级7例、IV级10例），磁共振成像确认水肿带及手术取材部位；格里斯试剂比色法检测亚硝酸盐含量；质谱分析不同级别星形胶质细胞瘤（不同级别各5例）水肿带炎性分子含量；通过ClusterProfiler包以及Proteomaps和Metascape网页工具进行富集分析预测肿瘤分泌的NO与微环境中互作的蛋白质。结果 星形胶质细胞瘤组织及水肿带中存在NO，胶质瘤组织中的NO高于水肿带中的NO。在WHO II-III级和WHO IV级胶质瘤的水肿带中，有大量超氧化物歧化酶、细胞色素C氧化酶、热休克蛋白、CD44抗原，白介素-8、白介素-24、凝溶胶蛋白、应激诱导磷酸蛋白1、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶、S100蛋白等炎症相关蛋白质的表达。信号通路分析提示，与II-III级别星形胶质细胞瘤相比，Ⅳ级胶质母细胞瘤水肿带中的基因更多地参与无氧代谢，如糖酵解。更重要的是，这些目标基因显著参与多种氧化还原反应，如氧化还原酶活性和过氧化物酶活性。其中，诱导性一氧化氮合酶（inducible NOS，iNOS）、NO、过氧亚硝酸阴离子（ONOO^-）、铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶（Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase，SOD-1）在氧化还原反应中发挥重要作用。结论 星形胶质细胞瘤周围水肿带的形成是炎症反应的结果，胶质瘤细胞通过分泌NO调控SOD-1等炎性分子促进侵袭性炎性肿瘤微环境的形成。     

替莫唑胺治疗胶质母细胞瘤的耐药性产生机制研究进展

胶质母细胞瘤作为胶质瘤中恶性程度最高的原发性脑部肿瘤,具有治愈率低、复发率高、呈浸润性生长等特点,在不使用化疗药物的情况下,患者中位生存期仅为12.1个月。胶质母细胞瘤患者的标准治疗方法以手术切除为主,放化疗为辅,其中替莫唑胺（temozolomide,TMZ）作为一种新型的口服烷化剂,是目前用于胶质瘤化学治疗的一线药物。但经过替莫唑胺治疗后,患者中位生存期仅提高了2个月,主要原因为胶质母细胞瘤可对TMZ产生耐药性。胶质母细胞瘤对TMZ产生的耐药机制主要为DNA修复机制,其包括了O⁶?甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶（O⁶?methyl guanine DNA methyltransferase,MGMT）对药物作用位点进行的直接修复、错配修复（mismatch repair,MMR）及碱基切除修复（base excision repair,BER）,这些修复机制可修复TMZ引起的DNA损伤,从而降低肿瘤细胞对TMZ敏感性。通过对近年来胶质母细胞瘤的TMZ耐药机制的研究进展进行介绍,旨在为发展新的治疗手段提供理论基础。     

Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Antibiotic resistance has resulted in unsatisfactory eradication results with dual and now triple therapy in many countries. Newer antibiotics and changes in dosing and duration of therapy may overcome resistant strains but may only provide limited improvement in eradication rates. Sequential therapy with amoxicillin (1 g twice a day) and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (twice a day) given for 5 days followed by a PPI plus clarithromycin (500 mg twice a day) and tinidazole (500 mg twice a day) for 5 days is now a first-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori in some countries. Standard triple therapy is effective in regions where clarithromycin resistance is low. Levofloxacin based triple therapy is an effective alternative to quadruple therapy in second-line treatment. Adjuvant therapy may reduce side-effects and improve compliance. Molecular and genomic research on H. pylori may result in the development of targeted antibiotic therapy; however, more research is required in this field. Further research in vaccination is also necessary before this can become an option in clinical practice.     

Nonbismuth quadruple (concomitant) therapy: empirical and tailored efficacy versus standard triple therapy for clarithromycin-susceptible Helicobacter pylori and versus sequential therapy for clarithromycin-resistant strains

Background:  Using quadruple clarithromycin‐containing regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication is controversial with high rates of macrolide resistance. Aim:  To evaluate antibiotic resistance rates and the efficacy of empirical and tailored nonbismuth quadruple (concomitant) therapy in a setting with cure rates <80% for triple and sequential therapies. Methods:  209 consecutive naive H. pylori‐positive patients without susceptibility testing were empirically treated with 10‐day concomitant therapy (proton pump inhibitors (PPI), amoxicillin 1 g, clarithromycin 500 mg, and metronidazole 500 mg; all drugs b.i.d.). Simultaneously, 89 patients with positive H. pylori culture were randomized to receive triple versus concomitant therapy for clarithromycin‐susceptible H. pylori, and sequential versus concomitant therapy for clarithromycin‐resistant strains. Eradication was confirmed with ¹³C‐urea breath test or histology 8 weeks after completion of treatment. Results:  Per‐protocol (PP) and intention‐to‐treat eradication rates after empirical concomitant therapy without susceptibility testing were 89% (95%CI:84–93%) and 87% (83–92%). Antibiotic resistance rates were: clarithromycin, 20%; metronidazole, 34%; and both clarithromycin and metronidazole, 10%. Regarding clarithromycin‐susceptible H. pylori, concomitant therapy was significantly better than triple therapy by per protocol [92% (82–100%) vs 74% (58–91%), p = 0.05] and by intention to treat [92% (82–100%) vs 70% (57–90%), p = 0.02]. As for antibiotic‐resistant strains, eradication rates for concomitant and sequential therapies were 100% (5/5) vs 75% (3/4), for clarithromycin‐resistant/metronidazole‐susceptible strains and 75% (3/4) vs 60% (3/5) for dual‐resistant strains. Conclusions:  Empirical 10‐day concomitant therapy achieves good eradication rates, close to 90%, in settings with multiresistant H. pylori strains. Tailored concomitant therapy is significantly superior to triple therapy for clarithromycin‐susceptible H. pylori and at least as effective as sequential therapy for resistant strains.     

Review – Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection 2020

This review summarizes important studies regarding Helicobacter pylori therapy published from April 2019 to April 2020. The main themes that emerge involve studies assessing antibiotic resistance, and there is also growing momentum behind the utility of vonoprazan as an alternative to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and also bismuth‐based regimens as a first‐line regimen. Antibiotic resistance is rising wherever it is being assessed, and clarithromycin resistance in particular has reached a point where it may no longer be a viable therapy without previous testing in many regions of the world. The evidence for the efficacy of a bismuth‐based quadruple therapy as a first‐line therapy is now very clearly established, and there is substantial evidence that it is the best performing first‐line therapy. The utility of vonoprazan as an alternative to PPI therapy, especially in resistant and difficult‐to‐treat groups, has also been considered in great detail this year, and it may offer an opportunity in the near future to reduce the problem of antibiotic resistance.     

Review: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection 2019

This review summarizes important studies regarding Helicobacter pylori therapy published from May 2018 to May 2019. The main themes that emerge involve studies assessing the efficacy of bismuth‐based regimens. While in recent years the efficacy of bismuth‐based quadruple therapy as a second‐line therapy has been clearly established, there is now substantial evidence that it is the best performing first‐line therapy. Antibiotic resistance was again intensely studied this year, and a clear and dramatic increase in resistance is noted for clarithromycin and levofloxacin; most notably, it may not be possible to support these therapies in most regions of the world much longer without testing. The utility of vonoprazan as an alternative to proton‐pump inhibitor therapy, especially in resistant and difficult to treat groups, has also been considered in greater detail this year, as well as means of supporting and enhancing adherence to therapy. Several studies showed that the diversity of gut microbiota was significantly altered shortly after H pylori eradication. However, the diversity was restored to pre‐treatment state after 2 months in patients treated with triple therapy. More studies are warranted to assess the long‐term changes of gut microbiota after H pylori eradication.     

Effectiveness and safety of repeated quadruple therapy in Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of second-line quadruple therapy: repeated quadruple therapy as a third-line therapy

Backgrounds: Quadruple therapy using a proton‐pump inhibitor, bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline is a standard second‐line therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection, achieving an eradication rate of about 80% in Korea. A standard third‐line therapy is not currently established, although various protocols have been proposed. We performed this study to evaluate the effectiveness of a retrial with quadruple therapy before starting a third‐line treatment with new drugs. Materials and Methods: In 80 of 746 patients treated with a second‐line quadruple therapy at the Korea University Ansan Hospital between January 2002 and September 2010, treatment for H. pylori had failed, and 45 of these patients were eligible for this study. Eradication of H. pylori was assessed by repeated endoscopy or by the ¹³C‐urea breath test at least 4 weeks after therapy. The patients with treatment failure were treated again with quadruple regimen for 2 weeks and reevaluated for treatment effectiveness and safety. Results: The eradication rate with second‐line quadruple therapy was 86.9%. Of the 80 patients who failed treatment for H. pylori with the initial second‐line quadruple therapy, 64 patients were treated again with the same regimen. Of the 45 retreated patients in this study, three patients were lost to follow‐up and two complied poorly with medication. The eradication rate in the 40 patients retreated was 75.0% at per‐protocol analysis. Seventeen patients experienced mild adverse events. Conclusions: A retrial of quadruple therapy before use of a third‐line therapy may be safe and effective for patients who fail to respond to second‐line quadruple therapy.     

黄连素四联方案补救治疗幽门螺杆菌感染的有效性和安全性

目的:探索黄连素四联方案用于幽门螺杆菌感染根除失败患者补救治疗的有效性及安全性。方法:将经四联方案初次根除治疗失败并自愿接受补救治疗的130例患者按纳入顺序,以1:1的比例分配治疗,随机接受14天黄连素四联(埃索美拉唑20mg+胶体果胶铋200 mg+阿莫西林1000 mg,2/d+黄连素300 mg 3/d)或四环素四联(埃索美拉唑20 mg+胶体果胶铋200 mg+四环素750 mg+呋喃唑酮100 mg,2/d)方案的治疗。所有患者均于治疗14天及治疗结束至少28天后随诊,详细记录患者症状及不良反应情况。治疗结束至少28天后进行13C尿素呼气试验来判断幽门螺杆菌根除情况。结果:65例接受黄连素四联根除治疗,65例接受四环素四联方案治疗。两组分别有6例和4例患者因不良反应服药依从性小于80%,其余患者均完成了14天的治疗。黄连素组和四环素组的幽门螺杆菌根除率ITT分析分别为76.9%(50/65)和81.5%(53/65),P=0.520;PP分析分别为84.7%(50/59)和86.9%(53/61),P=0.739。黄连素组和四环素组不良事件总体发生率分别为49.2%和41.5%,P=0.370。结论:黄连素四联疗法用于幽门螺杆菌感染的二次根除治疗,根除率较高,未明显增加不良事件发生率,是有效及安全的补救治疗方案。     

Gene therapy in cancer

Gene therapy, recently frequently investigated, is an alternative treatment method that introduces therapeutic genes into a cancer cell or tissue to cause cell death or slow down the growth of the cancer. This treatment has various strategies such as therapeutic gene activation or silencing of unwanted or defective genes; therefore a wide variety of genes and viral or nonviral vectors are being used in studies. Gene therapy strategies in cancer can be classified as inhibition of oncogene activation, activation of tumor suppressor gene, immunotherapy, suicide gene therapy and antiangiogenic gene therapy. In this review, we explain gene therapy, gene therapy strategies in cancer, approved gene medicines for cancer treatment and future of gene therapy in cancer. Today gene therapy has not yet reached the level of replacing conventional therapies. However, with a better understanding of the mechanism of cancer to determine the right treatment and target, in the future gene therapy, used as monotherapy or in combination with another existing treatment options, is likely to be used as a new medical procedure that will make cancer a controllable disease.     

Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapies for depression in children and adolescents: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis

Previous meta-analyses of psychotherapies for child and adolescent depression were limited because of the small number of trials with direct comparisons between two treatments. A network meta-analysis, a novel approach that integrates direct and indirect evidence from randomized controlled studies, was undertaken to investigate the comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapies for depression in children and adolescents. Systematic searches resulted in 52 studies (total N=3805) of nine psychotherapies and four control conditions. We assessed the efficacy at post-treatment and at follow-up, as well as the acceptability (all-cause discontinuation) of psychotherapies and control conditions. At post-treatment, only interpersonal therapy (IPT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) were significantly more effective than most control conditions (standardized mean differences, SMDs ranged from −0.47 to −0.96). Also, IPT and CBT were more beneficial than play therapy. Only psychodynamic therapy and play therapy were not significantly superior to waitlist. At follow-up, IPT and CBT were significantly more effective than most control conditions (SMDs ranged from −0.26 to −1.05), although only IPT retained this superiority at both short-term and long-term follow-up. In addition, IPT and CBT were more beneficial than problem-solving therapy. Waitlist was significantly inferior to other control conditions. With regard to acceptability, IPT and problem-solving therapy had significantly fewer all-cause discontinuations than cognitive therapy and CBT (ORs ranged from 0.06 to 0.33). These data suggest that IPT and CBT should be considered as the best available psychotherapies for depression in children and adolescents. However, several alternative psychotherapies are understudied in this age group. Waitlist may inflate the effect of psychotherapies, so that psychological placebo or treatment-as-usual may be preferable as a control condition in psychotherapy trials.     

Cell and gene therapy manufacturing capabilities in Australia and New Zealand

Cell and gene therapy products are rapidly being integrated into mainstream medicine. Developing global capability will facilitate broad access to these novel therapeutics. An initial step toward achieving this goal is to understand cell and gene therapy manufacturing capability in each region. We conducted an academic survey in 2018 to assess cell and gene therapy manufacturing capacity in Australia and New Zealand. We examined the following: the number and types of cell therapy manufacturing facilities; the number of projects, parallel processes and clinical trials; the types of products; and the manufacturing and quality staffing levels. It was found that Australia and New Zealand provide diverse facilities for cell therapy manufacturing, infrastructure and capability. Further investment and development will enable both countries to make important decisions to meet the growing need for cell and gene therapy and regenerative medicine in the region.     

阿托品压抑疗法和遮盖疗法治疗学龄儿童单眼弱视的临床效果

目的:探讨阿托品不同治疗方法对于学龄儿童单眼弱势的治疗效果。方法:回顾抽取我院眼科住院治疗的90例单眼弱视学龄儿童患者,根据疗法分成压抑组(压抑疗法)和遮盖组(短时遮盖疗法)各45例,对比分析两组患儿在视力、依从性、临床疗效和不良反应方面的差异性。结果:治疗后,压抑组患儿的视力、依从率(93.33%)、总有效率(91.11%)均显著高于遮盖组,且不良反应总发生率(15.00%)显著低于遮盖组(26.67%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:阿托品压抑疗法治疗学龄儿童单眼弱视具有疗效显著、依从性好、视力矫正效果明显、安全性好等优点,值得临床推荐。