中国稻蝗属细胞分类学研究(英文)

本文对分布于中国境内11省区,27个采集地点的八种稻蝗进行了染色体C带核型比较研究。结果表明:中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis,上海稻蝗O.shanghaiensis,无齿稻蝗O.adentata C带分布型式相似,但染色体分组型式、交叉定位数据以及异染色质含量具有差异;山稻蝗O.agauisa具有本身独特的带纹结构,与本属其它种类迥异;双带稻蝗O.bicingula染色体带型结构相似于山稻蝗及中华稻蝗类群,表明三者在进化历程中有一定联系。小稻蝗O.hyla intricata中一个亲缘种团(Sibling species group),体现在种内的形态差异及染色体带型结构的不同。显示该种近期内分化速率较高。据此,本文讨论了稻蝗属内八个种相互间的亲缘关系和分类地位,本文认为稻蝗属内务物种进化速率是不均衡的,这种状态应归因于各物种的遗传背景和环境因素的影响。     

山稻蝗不同地域种群染色体C带核型研究

对我国分布的山稻蝗OxyaagavisaTsai不同种群进行了染色体C带核型研究 ,并对山稻蝗武夷山种群染色体C带核型进行了深入探讨 ,分析了其带型特殊性及该种群与其它山稻蝗种群染色体C带核型的区别与联系。同时通过对山稻蝗与中华稻蝗Oxyachinensis (Thunberg)、日本稻蝗Oxyajaponica (Thunberg)的形态、分布及染色体C带核型等方面的比较 ,探讨了该 3个种之间的进化关系 ,认为作为稻蝗属中的大型种类 ,上述 3个种之间有着较近的亲缘关系。染色体带型的实验结果表明 ,中华稻蝗为较原始的种类 ,而日本稻蝗和山稻蝗则可能是由原始中华稻蝗进化而来 ,其中日本稻蝗L2染色体的形成是由于原始中华稻蝗该染色体常染色质部分异染色质化的结果 ,山稻蝗L2染色体则可能是由于原始中华稻蝗该染色体近端部的臂间倒位所致。通过对武夷山山稻蝗的研究 ,对日本稻蝗和山稻蝗之间的近缘关系进行了分析和讨论。     

山稻蝗不同地域和种群染色体C带核型研究

对我国分布的山稻蝗Oxya agavisa Tsai不同种群进行了染色体C带核型研究,并对山稻蝗武夷山种群染色体C带核型进行了深入探讨,分析了其带型特殊性及该种群与其它山稻蝗种群染色体C带核型的区别与联系。同时通过对山稻蝗与中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis(Thunberg)日本稻蝗Oxya japonica(Thunberg）的形态,分布及染色体C带核型等方面的比较,探讨了该3个种之间的进化关系,认为作稻蝗属中的大型种类,上述3个种之间有着较近的亲缘关系。染色体带型的实验结果表明,中华稻蝗为较原始的种类,而日本稻蝗和山稻蝗则可能是由原始中华稻蝗进化而来,其中日本稻蝗L2染色体的形成是由于原始中华稻蝗该染色体常染色质部分异染色质化的结果,山稻蝗L2染色体则可能是由于原始中华稻蝗该染色体近端部的臂间倒位所致。通过对武夷山山稻蝗的研究,对日本稻蝗和山稻蝗之间的近缘关系进行了分析和讨论。     

两种小车蝗染色体C带核型研究(蝗总科:斑翅蝗科)

采用秋水仙素体内注射法取昆虫精巢,低渗处理,空气干燥制片法制作染色体标本,吉姆萨染色.首次对分布在广西的小车蝗属Oedaleus两个种隆义小车蝗Oedaleus abruptus(Thunberg)和红胫小车蝗Oedaleus manjius Chang染色体核型和C带带型进行了分析研究.结果表明:两种小车蝗的染色体摹数、性别决定机制、染色体组式、染色体着丝粒类型和着丝粒C带等方面有着相同的特征,结构异染色质在染色体组中的总含量也比较接近;染色体是端部着丝粒和染色体都含有着丝粒C带带纹上具有一致性.但在个体大小、相对长度值、性染色体、除着丝粒C带以外的其它C带分布类型方面都有明显差异.所得结果符合传统的形态学分类.研究结果为直翅目的物种亲缘关系、遗传多样性分析提供有价值的生化遗传指标.     

异爪蝗属及雏蝗属部分种类染色体核型及C带带型分析研究(直翅目,蝗总科)

分析研究异爪蝗属Euchorthippus Tarb.2种和雏蝗属Chorthippus Fieb.5种的染色体核型及C带带型.结果表明,2个属在染色体数目、染色体组式、异染色质含量等方面都有明显的差异.属下种间在染色体数目、染色体组式、性别决定机制、着丝粒C带等方面有相同的特征,在染色体相对长度、异染色质含量等方面有差异.     

两种突颜蝗的染色体C带核型研究

采用染色体C分带技术初次对癞蝗科Pamphagidae中国特有的突颜蝗属Eotmethis B.-Bienko 2个种,即天祝突颜蝗E. tientsuensis (Chang)和景泰突颜蝗E.jintaiensis Xi et Zheng的精原细胞有丝分裂中期和初级精母细胞减数分裂中期（中期I）染色体C带核型进行了比较研究。结果表明: 2种突颜蝗的染色体基数、着丝粒位置及染色体分组形式相同,且与前人的研究结果基本吻合,反映了癞蝗科昆虫核型的稳定性。同时,2种突颜蝗染色体相对长度值较为接近;结构异染色质总含量没有明显差异;并且两者无论在精原细胞有丝分裂中期还是减数分裂中期I细胞,其3号、4号和X染色体上都显现深着色较大块的着丝粒C带, 9号染色体上都出现大块深着色的端部C带,2号染色体上都发生清晰的近中部居间C带,以上反映了2个种在系统发生上的亲缘关系。另外,2种突颜蝗在C带带型上的差异,在1号、7号、8号染色体上有不同程度的反映,尤其是对应的7号、8号染色体上着丝粒C带块的大小和强弱有明显变化。     

中国2种短鼻蝗染色体C带核型研究(蝗总科:癞蝗科)

染色体C带核型在物种鉴定、分类阶元间的比较及其系统演化关系的推断中是一个有用的指标,染色体组内C带分布位置、大小、数量及异染色质含量可以反映出属、种及种下阶元的细胞学异同.本研究报道了中国2种短鼻蝗--裴氏短鼻蝗Filchnerella beicki和宽顶短鼻蝗Filchnerella amplivertica的染色体C带核型.结果表明:2种短鼻蝗均为XO(♂)型性别决定机制;染色体组成均为2n ♂=19,染色体为端着丝粒染色体;在各染色体相对长度、C带的大小、位置和着色程度上又存在不同程度的差异,可以作为区分种的依据.     

两种华癫蝗的染色体C一带核型

本文采用染色体C一带技术对癫蝗科Pamphagidae华癫蝗属Sinotrnethis B. Bienko 2个种（友育 华癫蝗S. amicus B. Bienk。和短翅华癫煌S. brachypterus Zheng et Xi）的次级精母细胞减数分裂中 期（中期11)染色体进行了C一带核型比较研究,绘制了C一带核型示意图。结果表明,结构异染色质在 2种华癫蝗的染色体组中有着相似的分布,这反映了同一属内2个物种在系统进化中的亲缘关系。另 外,两者在结构异染色质上的差别主要反映在第6染色体上有无端部C一带发生以及结构异染色质总 的百分含量多少。     

中国二种癞蝗染色体C带核型

染色体C带核型在物种鉴定、分类阶元间的比较及其系统演化关系的推断中是一个有用的指标,染色体组内C带分布位置、大小、数量及异染色质含量可以反映出属、种及种下阶元的细胞学异同。文章报道中国2种癞蝗——红缘疙蝗Pseudotmethis rubimarginis Li和准噶尔贝蝗Beybienkia songorica Tzyplenkov的染色体C带核型,结果表明:2种癞蝗均为XO(♂)型性别决定机制。染色体组成均为2n♂=19,染色体为端着丝粒染色体;在各染色体相对长度,C带的大小,位置和着色程度上又存在不同程度的差异,可以作为区分种的依据。     

两种短鼻蝗的染色体C-带核型

本文初次报道了癫蝗科Pamphagidae短鼻蝗属Filchnerella kearn,两个种（青海短鼻蝗F.kukunoris B.-Bienko和永登短鼻蝗F. yongdensis Xi et Zheng）的次级精母细胞减数分裂中期11染色体C-带核型比较研究。结果表明：两种短鼻蝗的染色体组型和结构异染色质总含量没有明显差异,并且C-带在第3,5,6,7,8和X染色体上分布和强弱相同,以上反映了两个种在系统演化上的亲缘关系。另外,两者C-带带型上的差异在第1,2,4,9号染色体上有不同程度反映,尤其在对应的第2和第4染色体上居间C-带发生的位置和强弱有明显变化。     

CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDY OF OXYA SPECIES IN CHINA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDOIDEA)

Abstract  The chromosomal conventional karyotype and C-banding karyotype of eight species in the genus Oxya (Catantopidae) are analysed. The result shows that O. chinensis (Thunberg), O. shanghaiensis Willemse and O. adentata Willemse all have similar C-banding distribution, but the model of chromosomal group, the chiasma localization data and the total heterochromatin content (THC) value are different. O. agavisa Tsai has its own c-banding feature and is distinguished from other species in the genus. O. bicingula Ma et al . is similar to both the O. chinensis group and O . a gavisu in chromosomal marks and morphological characters, indicating that these three species have some relations during the evolutionary process. O. hyla intricata (Stal) is a "sibling species group" as indicated by the variation of the morphological feature and there are also diversiforms in cytotaxonomic marks. It seems that this group has higher differentiational speed and the speciational evolution is more active in modern times. In this group, O. apicocingula sp. nov. and O. flave femura sp. nov. are more specialized than the other populations which have not many terminal C-bands in genome. As a conclusion, we consider that the evolutionary rate of the species in Oxya genus is unbalanced. This status is due to the actions from both the hereditary basis and the environmental condition of the different species.     

Comparative study of genomes of two species of flax by C-banding of chromosomes

C-banding patterns of the karyotypes of two closely related wild flax species, Linum austriacum L. (2n = 18) and Linum grandiflorum Desf. (2n = 16), were studied. The karyotypes of both species were similar in the chromosome morphology and size. In each species, metacentric and acrocentric chromosomes (1.7-4.3 microns) and one satellite chromosome were observed. In the karyotypes of the species studied, all homologous chromosome pairs were identified, and quantitative ideograms were constructed. Eight chromosome pairs in the two species had similar C-banding patterns. A low level of intraspecific polymorphism in the intercalary and telomeric C-bands was shown in both species. The results indicate that the genomes of two flax species originated from one ancestral genome with the main chromosome number of 8 or 9. Apparently, the doubling of chromosome number or loss of one chromosome with subsequent redistribution of the chromosome material in the ancestral form resulted in the divergence into two species, L. austriacum L. and L. grandiflorum Desf. A considerable similarity of chromosomes in these species provides evidence for their close phylogenetic relatedness, which makes it possible to place them in one section within the Linum genus.     

九种蝗虫核型似近系数的聚类分析研究

应用核型似近系数聚类分析方法,研究了小稻蝗Oxya hyla intricata、山稻蝗O.Agav-isa、上海稻蝗O.Shanghaiensis无齿稻蝗O.Adentata、中华稻蝗O.Chisensis、日本稻蝗O.Japonica、短额负蝗Atractomorpha sinensis、奇异负蝗A.Pergrina和日本蚱Tetrix japonica等9种蝗虫的亲缘关系。结果显示,9种蝗虫分为3类：稻蝗,负蝗和蚱。6种稻蝗之间的核型似近系数(λ)在0.961～0.5695之间,2种负蝗的λ＝0.5867,日本蚱与这8种蝗虫的λ在0.5318～.0322。聚类图直观地反映出它们的亲缘关系与形态分类学的分类结果相一致。从9种蝗虫 的核型演化上看,日本蚱是较原始的类型,负蝗分化也较早,而稻蝗则是较进化的类型。     

芥蓝和结球甘蓝染色体组型及C-带带型的研究

本文用改进的染色体标本制片技术,研究了芥蓝和结球甘蓝的染色体组型和 C-带带型。两种植物的二倍体均由4对中着丝粒、5对亚中着丝粒染色体组成,其中一对为随体染色体。芥蓝和结球甘蓝具有统一的染色体组型公式:2n=18=8m+10sm(2SAT),但两者的某些染色体在编号顺序上有差异。在结球甘蓝中观察,到4种不同形态的随体。用 BSG C-带方法得到 C-带带型,带型公式,芥蓝为2n=18=CITS 型=10C+2CI_++4CT~++2CS;结球甘蓝为2n=18=CITS 型=8c+2CI_++6CT~++2CS。某些带纹具多态性和杂合性。本文从染色体水平上讨论了芥蓝与甘蓝的亲缘关系。     

萝卜蚜和豆蚜染色体C-带带型比较与分析

本研究利用C-带技术,显示出萝卜蚜和豆蚜的染色体C-带带型,并进行了初步分析。萝卜蚜与豆蚜的染色体在组型上只有第4对染色体稍有区别;在带型上两者有很明显的差异。萝卜蚜有2对散漫着丝粒染色体,豆蚜没有该种染色体。豆蚜的第4对染色体在端部缺少-C带带纹。萝卜蚜的第2对染色体与豆蚜的第2对染色体带型相似。根据萝卜蚜和豆蚜的C-带带型,讨论了二者在进化中的亲缘关系。     

Constitutive heterochromatin,G-bands and nucleolus-organizer regions in four species of Didelphidae (Marsupialia)

Chromosomes of Didelphis albiventris, D. marsupialis, Philander opossum and Lutreolina crassicaudata, four species of marsupials with very similar karyotypes and 2n=22 were studied. All the chromosomes were acrocentrics except the X in L. crassicaudata, which is a metacentric.The G-band patterns of these species are similar but the distribution of constitutive heterochromatin differs among them as shown by C-banding. The hypothesis that the X in L. crassicaudata might be an isochromosome derived from the acrocentric X in the other species is discarded since G-and C-banding patterns differ in the two arms.In D. marsupialis the Ag-NORs are terminal and located in both arms of one pair and in the long arms of two pairs of medium-sized autosomes. In P. opossum the NOR-bearing chromosomes could be precisely identified through simultaneous silver staining and G-banding. The Ag-NORs are terminal and located at the short arm of pair 5 and the long arm of pair 7.     

Karyotypes, constitutive heterochromatin, and genomic DNA values in the blowfly genera Chrysomya, Lucilia, and Protophormia (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The karyotypes and C-banding patterns of Chrysomya species C. marginalis, C. phaonis, C. pinguis, C. saffranea, C. megacephala (New Guinean strain), Lucilia sericata, and Protophormia terraenovae are described. All species are amphogenic and have similar chromosome complements (2n = 12), including an XY-XX sex-chromosome pair varying in size and morphology between species. Additionally, the C-banding pattern of the monogenic species Chrysomya albiceps is presented. The DNA contents of these and of further species Chrysomya rufifacies, Chrysomya varipes, and Chrysomya putoria were assessed on mitotic metaphases by Feulgen cytophotometry. The average 2C DNA value of the male genomes ranged from 1.04 pg in C. varipes to 2.31 pg in C. pinguis. The DNA content of metaphase X chromosomes varied from 0.013 pg (= 1.23% of the total genome) in C. varipes to 0.277 pg (12.20%) in L. sericata; that of Y chromosomes ranged from 0.003 pg (0.27%) in C. varipes to 0.104 pg (5.59%) in L. sericata. In most species, the corresponding 5 large chromosome pairs showed similar relative DNA contents. The data suggest that the interspecific DNA differences in most species are mainly due to quantitative variation of (repetitive) sequences lying outside the centromeric heterochromatin blocks of the large chromosomes. The results are also discussed with regard to phylogenetic relationships of some species.     

The C-banded karyotypes of the four British species of Notonecta L. (Heteroptera: Notonectidae)

Chromosome preparations were made from mid-gut and ovarian cells of adult Notonecta glauca L., N. obliqua Thunberg, N. maculata F. and N. viridis Delcourt, using the acetic acid dissociation, air-drying method (Crozier 1968) with Giemsa staining. C-banding was obtained by treatment with barium hydroxide and salt-sodium citrate (2xSSC). The karyotypes of the first three species are very similar, with 11 pairs of autosomes plus XY sex chromosomes (plus sometimes a small 12th autosome pair in N. glauca), and the sequence of chromosome sizes very similar. However, the four longest pairs of autosomes, and the X chromosomes, have characteristic C-band patterns, which differ between the species. The karyotype of N. viridis is more distinct, with one pair of long autosomes, while the remaining chromosomes are much shorter. The long autosomes have distinct C-bands, but these are present in only one of the shorter pairs, as faint terminal bands. In warm conditions the long autosomes of N. viridis appear rod-like, but in cold conditions they have one end heavily condensed, giving a tadpole-like appearance.     

Comparative Genome Analysis in Two Flax Species by C-Banding Patterns

C-banding patterns of the karyotypes of two closely related wild flax species, Linum austriacumL. (2n= 18) and Linum grandiflorumDesf. (2n= 16), were studied. The karyotypes of both species were similar in the chromosome morphology and size. In each species, metacentric and acrocentric chromosomes (1.7–4.3 m) and one satellite chromosome were observed. In the karyotypes of the species studied, all homologous chromosome pairs were identified, and quantitative idiograms were constructed. Eight chromosome pairs in the two species had similar C-banding patterns. A low level of intraspecific polymorphism in the intercalary and telomeric C-bands was shown in both species. The results indicate that the genomes of two flax species originated from one ancestral genome with the basic chromosome number of 8 or 9. Apparently, the duplication or loss of one chromosome with subsequent redistribution of the chromosome material in the ancestral form resulted in the divergence into two species,L. austriacumL. and L. grandiflorumDesf. A considerable similarity of chromosomes in these species provides evidence for their close phylogenetic relatedness, which makes it possible to place them in one section within the Linumgenus.