南美斑潜蝇寄生蜂种类及保护利用研究进展

本文概述了南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard的寄生蜂种类及其保护利用研究进展,可供南美斑潜蝇天敌的引进、保护和利用研究参考.     

厦门发现南美斑潜蝇

南美斑潜蝇 [Liriomyza huidobrensis( Blanchard) ]是蔬菜和观赏植物的重要检疫性害虫。最早发现于阿根廷 ,巴西 ,秘鲁和美国等拉美国家。 80年代末传入欧洲的以色列、荷兰、德国、英国、意大利、比利时、哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉和澳大利亚。我国 1 993年初最早发现于云南。目前 ,该虫具有向周围进一步扩散的趋势 ,云南已传播到 1 8个县市发生为害。贵州、四川、新疆、山东也有部分地区不同程度发生为害。 1 997- 1 998年我们在福建省潜蝇种类调查中于福州郊区及古田已发现该虫。 2 0 0 1年 2月笔者在厦门从针叶菊、金盏菊采集的受害叶片上首…     

三叶草斑潜蝇的寄生蜂及其应用

本文就三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii(Burgess)的寄生蜂种类、生物学特性、寄主选择性和农药对寄生蜂的影响及寄生蜂在生物防治中的应用等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

南美斑潜蝇的寄主植物种类及其嗜食性

斑潜蝇属双翅目 (Ｄｉｐｔｅｒａ)潜蝇科 (Ａｇｒｏｍｙｚｉｄａｅ)斑潜蝇属 (Ｌｉｒｉｏｍｙｚａ)。世界上已知有 30 0多种 ,其中对经济具有重要性的、多食性的种类有 10种 ,而对作物危害最严重的有 3种 :美洲斑潜蝇Ｌ .ｓａｔｉｖａｅ、南美斑潜蝇Ｌ .ｈｕｉｄｏｂｒｅｎｓｉｓ和三叶斑潜蝇Ｌ .ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｉ[1,2 ] 。1992年、 1994年分别在云南元谋县热区蔬菜和嵩明县杨林镇的菊花、洋桔梗上查获美洲斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇[3] 。一般造成的经济损失均在 30 %以上 ,并且有继续蔓延危害的趋势。南美斑潜蝇已遍及全省及我国的8省 1市[4 ] 。…     

福州郊区美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇寄主植物初步名录

本记录了福州郊区美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇寄主植物的初步名录。发现该地区美洲斑潜蝇可取食20科85种植物,南美斑潜蝇可取食20科73种。最后讨论了这两种斑潜蝇的主要寄主作物和杂草,并提出套种和清除田间杂草的农防措施;斑潜蝇的适应性很强,寄主范围正逐步扩大,应密切关注其动态。     

西藏自治区发现重大农业入侵害虫——南美番茄潜叶蛾及其确证

2024年6-7月,先后在西藏林芝市（察隅镇）、昌都市（卡若镇、如美镇）的番茄及马铃薯上发现一鳞翅目幼虫潜食植物叶片并驻食果实,为害严重。利用形态特征和分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定,确证该虫为我国重大农业入侵害虫南美番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta（Meyrick）。这是南美番茄潜叶蛾在西藏自治区首次发现并报道。本研究概述了该虫的形态特征及在西藏自治区的发生危害特点,讨论了经由印度通过国际农产品贸易或经由国内已发生区域（四川、云南等）通过种苗调运传入西藏自治区的可能性,并研判了该虫扩散趋势。目前,南美番茄潜叶蛾在西藏自治区由低海拔地区向高海拔地区扩散趋势明显,因此,需加强对农产品贸易或种苗调运的检验检疫工作,阻断扩散途径,严防该物种持续传入与扩散危害,并及时开展该物种在全区的全面调查研究,明确其主要发生规律、危害程度以及分布范围等,为西藏自治区农业外来入侵物种的预警与防控提供参考。     

山东省泰安地区美洲斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂消长规律的研究

近3年以来,笔者对山东省美洲斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂种群的季节性消长规律进行了研究.结果表明,美洲斑潜蝇在泰安灌庄菜区露地栽培蔬菜上于7月中旬、8月中旬至9月中旬出现两个发生高峰,寄生蜂的种群高峰则在7月下旬和9月末.春末夏初以异角姬小蜂Hemiptarsenus varicornis(Girault)为主,随着时间推移,逐渐以丽潜蝇姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa Westwood和绿凹面姬小蜂Chrysochauis pentheus(Ualker)为主.在寄生蜂发生盛期,应注意保护利用.     

两种斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂空间生态位的研究

三叶斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇是广东地区发生和危害比较严重的两种蔬菜潜叶蝇,通过对两种斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂空间生态位的调查研究表明,发现两种斑潜蝇的生态位宽度受寄主影响各有不同,与其寄生蜂的生态位重叠值较小。底比斯釉姬小蜂Chysocharis pentheus(Walker)、冈崎灿姬小蜂Chysonotomyia okazakii(Kamijo)和丽灿姬小蜂Chysonotomyia formosa(Westwood)生态位宽度值相近且均高于其它寄生蜂,分布较其它三种寄生蜂广,三种寄生蜂对斑潜蝇的寄生跟随作用较强;甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂Opius dimidiatus(Ashmead)、黄潜蝇釉姬小蜂Chysocharis oscinidis Ashmead和异角亨姬小蜂Hemiptarenus varicornis(Girault)的时间生态位宽度值(B’i)均小于0.1,在大田中发生的跨度范围很窄,具有季节集中性。三叶斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇的种间竞争,表现在对寄主资源的占有和掠夺上具有一定的竞争性,这也是田间三叶斑潜蝇种群数量一直高于美洲斑潜蝇的主要原因之一。     

南美斑潜蝇在山东发生危害的特点观察

通过室内饲养及田间调查了解南美斑潜蝇的发生危害特点。结果表明 ,雌虫并非一定将卵产在取食孔内 ;当粗潜道形成时 ,潜道数和幼虫数不一致 ;幼虫在不同寄主植物上取食危害的症状不同 ,其化蛹部位也不同。     

几种杀虫剂对南美斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂潜蝇茧蜂的毒力

测定了阿维菌素、灭蝇胺、杀虫单、毒死蜱、灭多威、顺式氯氰菊酯6种杀虫剂对南美斑潜蝇2龄幼虫、成虫及其寄生蜂潜蝇茧蜂的室内毒力,并考察了灭蝇胺、阿维菌素和杀虫单对南美斑潜蝇的田间防效。在所研究浓度下,阿维菌素、灭蝇胺对2龄幼虫的毒力较高,但对南美斑潜蝇成虫和潜蝇茧蜂的毒力较低;杀虫单对南美斑潜蝇成虫、2龄幼虫和潜蝇茧蜂的毒力均较高;毒死蜱、灭多威、顺式氯氰菊酯对南美斑潜蝇2龄幼虫的毒力较低,而对潜蝇茧蜂的毒力较高。田间条件下,灭蝇胺、阿维菌素和杀虫单都对田间南美斑潜蝇具有较高防效。     

Is host selection in leafminer adults influenced by pre‐imaginal or early adult experience?

Abstract:  Olfactometer and feeding/oviposition preference tests were carried out to study if host plant preference in two agromyzid leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii and Liriomyza huidobrensis , is influenced by pre-imaginal or imaginal experience, and at what level (host plant species, host plant variety or host age). It was found that the choice of host plant species (potato or tomato) and host plant variety had a pre-imaginal component, which could be reinforced (or modified) by an imaginal component. On the other hand, preference for potato leaves of different ages did not appear to be based on either pre-imaginal or imaginal factors, but resulted from differential performance and oviposition preference. The Hopkins' host selection principle appears to operate in these leafminers at the level of host species, and to some extent at the level of host variety, but not with respect to host age.     

Ecology of the aphid pests of protected pepper crops and their parasitoids

Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aphis gossypii and Aulacorthum solani (Homoptera: Aphididae) are principal pests of protected pepper crops in southeastern Spain. Our goal was to determine the incidence of aphids on pepper crops and the role of vegetation surrounding greenhouses as a source of aphids and their parasitoids. The population dynamics were followed in six commercial greenhouses during 3 years. Another 82 greenhouses and their surrounding vegetation were surveyed occasionally. Myzus persicae had the highest incidence in pepper greenhouses followed by M. euphorbiae and A. solani. Parasitism of all aphid species in greenhouses was low, Aphidius matricariae and Aphidius colemani being the most abundant parasitoids. Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae were the most abundant and polyphagous aphids, being present on 77 and 55% of the plants sampled outside greenhouses, respectively; species of Brassicaceae were the main hosts for both aphids. Aulacorthum solani was only present on Malva parviflora and at low numbers. Outside greenhouses, A. matricariae was the most common parasitoid of M. persicae, followed by Diaeretiella rapae and A. colemani. Aphidius matricariae was the most polyphagous, being present in 10 out of 22 aphid species. Macrosiphum euphorbiae and A. solani were both parasitised by A. ervi and Praon volucre. Aphelinus asychis was found on A. solani. Parasitoids were found in other aphids not attacking pepper. The role of natural vegetation as a reservoir of aphid pests of pepper and of parasitoids is discussed.     

辽宁省潜叶蝇（双翅目：潜蝇科）及其寄生蜂的种类与多度调查

辽宁省是东北地区重要的“菜篮子”生产基地。蔬菜易受到潜叶蝇的为害,导致蔬菜产业的健康发展受到威胁。为了更好防控蔬菜上的潜叶蝇,本研究对辽宁省潜叶蝇和寄生蜂进行本底资源调查。以辽宁省潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂的种类和多样性为切入点进行田间调查,采用随机取样法,于2016-2020年调查辽宁省蔬菜、花卉以及杂草上潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂的种类和多样性,并基于形态特征与COI基因序列对潜叶蝇和寄生蜂的种类进行鉴定。结果显示,辽宁省共鉴定出5种潜叶蝇,包括本地种豌豆彩潜蝇Phytomyza horticola和葱斑潜蝇Liriomyza chinensis,入侵种美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae、三叶草斑潜蝇L. trifolii和番茄斑潜蝇L. bryoniae;其中发生最为优势的种类为豌豆彩潜蝇,其嗜好十字花科和菊科植物;寄主谱最广的是美洲斑潜蝇,发现危害7科17种植物。共发现潜叶蝇的寄生蜂41种,从发生数量来看,以姬小蜂科最多（7 816头,占比78.84%）,其次是金小蜂科（1 533头,占比15.46%）、茧蜂科（549头,占比5.54%）和瘿蜂科（16头,占比0.16%）;姬小蜂科的多样性指数和丰富度指数均最高,瘿蜂科均匀度指数最高;豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea（4 385头）是优势种,占寄生蜂总数的44.23%。本研究填补了辽宁省潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂的种类及多度调查的空白,为该省份潜叶蝇的防治和天敌寄生蜂的深入研究奠定了理论基础,同时建议加强对辽宁省的豌豆彩潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇的防治,发挥当地优势寄生蜂如豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂对潜叶蝇的生物防控作用。     

南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性与植物次生化合物及叶毛的关系

采用非自由选择法,以刺伤孔（包括取食孔和产卵孔）数为指标,在室内测定了南美斑潜蝇对6科、16种、22个蔬菜品种的寄主选择性。结果表明,南美斑潜蝇对供试蔬菜品种的选择性存在显著差异,选择性大小依次为豆科>菊科>葫芦科>茄科>伞形科>十字花科; 菜豆和茼蒿是南美斑潜蝇最喜欢产卵和取食的寄主,而甘蓝和番茄是其选择性最差的寄主。化学分析和解剖镜观察表明,叶片单宁酸、黄酮含量及叶毛密度在供试品种间存在显著差异： 苦瓜的单宁酸含量最高,其次为豌豆、番茄和青椒,含量最低的为金丝搅瓜、茼蒿、菜豆和美国西芹; 黄酮含量最高的为甘蓝和番茄,其次为苦瓜,最低为茼蒿、菜豆和美国西芹; 南瓜和小白菜的叶毛密度最高,其次为西葫芦、金丝搅瓜和甘蓝,最低为青椒、莴苣和苦瓜。相关分析表明,南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性与叶片单宁酸和黄酮含量呈显著的负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.4425（ P=0.0392）和 -0.5728（ P=0.0053）,而与叶毛密度相关关系不显著（ R＝-0.1807,P=0.4211）。说明黄酮和单宁酸对南美斑潜蝇产卵和取食具有明显的抑制作用。     

南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性与植物营养物质及叶绿素含量的关系

采用非自由选择法,在室内研究了南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性及其与植物叶片营养物质和叶绿素含量的关系.结果表明,南美斑潜蝇成虫对不同供试植物的选择性存在显著差异,选择性最强的为菜豆、茼蒿和西葫芦,最差的为番茄和甘蓝.相关分析表明,南美斑潜蝇成虫寄主选择性与叶片可溶性糖含量存在显著的正相关关系(R＝0.5014,P=0.0174,F＝6.717),而与叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量相关关系不显著.     

Adult feeding and lifetime reproductive success in the parasitoid Aphytis melinus

The diet of adult females of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) includes host insects and sugar-rich foods such as nectar and honeydew. We compared the contributions of host feeding to longevity and fecundity in A. melinus females in the presence and in the absence of honey meals. First, we assessed the longevity of females that were not allowed to oviposit. While the longevity of females fed honey was significantly increased by host feeding (median ages were 30.5 days for host-fed females and 17 days for females not allowed to host feed), the lifespan of parasitoids not fed honey did not exceed 3 days for any individual and there was no effect of host feeding on longevity in this group. In the second set of experiments, we assessed the fecundity and longevity of females allowed to oviposit. We conducted two experiments, one in which honey was continuously available, and one in which honey was not available. In both experiments, daily observations were made of females that were either allowed to host feed or manually prevented from host feeding. In the presence of honey, host feeding significantly increased both fecundity and longevity, and in the absence of honey, parasitoids died within 2 days and host feeding had no significant effect on either fecundity or longevity. The lifetime fecundity of females fed honey but not hosts exceeded the initial egg complement by 60% on average. Approximately one host per day was used for host feeding whether honey was supplied or not, and each host-feeding meal contributed approximately 3.9 eggs to the lifetime fecundity of honey-fed females. In the last experiment, we compared the rate of egg resorption over a 36-h period in A. melinus females that were deprived of hosts and either fed honey or starved. While no egg resorption was detected in honey-fed females over this time period, starved females resorbed approximately 9 eggs. Thus, the availability of a sugar-rich food interacts strongly with host feeding in influencing longevity and fecundity and has a strong direct effect on egg resorption.