甘肃白银地区潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂的组成和发生调查

【目的】明确严重危害甘肃省白银地区作物的潜叶蝇及天敌寄生蜂的多样性和种群组成。【方法】采用五点取样法田间调查潜叶蝇危害的蔬菜、花卉、杂草并采样,室内对潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂进行形态鉴定和分子鉴定。【结果】在2016-2020年在甘肃白银地区采集的样本中发现6种常见潜叶蝇,包括本地种豌豆彩潜蝇Chromatomyia horticola和葱斑潜蝇Liriomyza chinensis,入侵种南美斑潜蝇L. huidobrensis、三叶草斑潜蝇L. trifolii、番茄斑潜蝇L. bryoniae和美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae。其中,豌豆彩潜蝇为优势种,可危害多科寄主植物;葱斑潜蝇仅在大葱上发现危害;南美斑潜蝇在温室内的蔬菜上发生严重;三叶草斑潜蝇首次在白银市发现;番茄斑潜蝇与美洲斑潜蝇的危害相对较轻。此外,调查的潜叶蝇寄生蜂包括3科12属24种,优势种包括豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea、芙新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa、万氏潜蝇姬小蜂D. wani和西伯利亚离颚茧蜂Dacnusa sibirica。【结论】一方面白银市应加强监测和预警入侵性潜叶蝇的发生,另一方面白银市潜叶蝇的天敌寄生蜂种类丰富,对田间主要危害的潜叶蝇可能发挥着重要的自然防控作用,建议保护利用本地寄生蜂天敌。     

蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂种类研究(Ⅲ)--金小蜂科Pteromalidae和大痣细蜂科Megaspilidae

本文报道蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂的姬小蜂科 Eulophidae的羽角姬小蜂亚科 Eulophinae和狭面姬小蜂亚科 Elachetinae5属 8种寄生蜂。其中豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂 Diglyphus isaea是蔬菜潜叶蝇寄生蜂优势种。寄主主要是豌豆彩潜蝇、美洲斑潜蝇和葱斑潜蝇等的幼虫和蛹。植物寄主涉及各种蔬菜作物。兰克瑟姬小蜂 Cirrospiluslyncus Walker为中国新记录种 ,另有 5个寄主新记录     

蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂种类研究（Ⅰ）——羽角姬小蜂亚科Eulophinae和狭面姬小蜂亚科Elachetinae

本文报道蔬菜地潜叶绳寄生蜂的姬小蜂科Eulophidae的羽角姬小蜂亚科Eulophinae和猜面姬小蜂亚科Elachetinae5属8种寄生蜂。其中豌豆潜绳姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea是蔬菜潜叶蝇寄生蜂优势种。寄主主要是豌豆彩潜绳、美洲斑潜蝇和葱斑潜蝇等的幼虫和蛹。植物寄主涉及各种蔬菜作物。兰克瑟姬小蜂Cirrospilus lyncus Walker为中国新记录种,另有5个寄主新记录。     

美洲斑潜蝇幼虫寄生蜂两种

本文报道美洲斑潜蝇幼虫寄生蜂两种,分别为丽潜蝇姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa(Westwood)、横柄金色潜蝇姬小蜂Chrysocharis crassiscapus(Thomson),前者为当地美洲斑潜蝇寄生性天敌的优势种.     

南美斑潜蝇寄生蜂二中国新记录种

报道南美斑潜蝇寄生蜂二中国新记录种：客离颚茧蜂Dacnusa hospita(Foerster)和阿达隆盾瘿蜂Gronotoma adachiae Beardsley。     

两种斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂空间生态位的研究

三叶斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇是广东地区发生和危害比较严重的两种蔬菜潜叶蝇,通过对两种斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂空间生态位的调查研究表明,发现两种斑潜蝇的生态位宽度受寄主影响各有不同,与其寄生蜂的生态位重叠值较小。底比斯釉姬小蜂Chysocharis pentheus(Walker)、冈崎灿姬小蜂Chysonotomyia okazakii(Kamijo)和丽灿姬小蜂Chysonotomyia formosa(Westwood)生态位宽度值相近且均高于其它寄生蜂,分布较其它三种寄生蜂广,三种寄生蜂对斑潜蝇的寄生跟随作用较强;甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂Opius dimidiatus(Ashmead)、黄潜蝇釉姬小蜂Chysocharis oscinidis Ashmead和异角亨姬小蜂Hemiptarenus varicornis(Girault)的时间生态位宽度值(B’i)均小于0.1,在大田中发生的跨度范围很窄,具有季节集中性。三叶斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇的种间竞争,表现在对寄主资源的占有和掠夺上具有一定的竞争性,这也是田间三叶斑潜蝇种群数量一直高于美洲斑潜蝇的主要原因之一。     

葱斑潜蝇的生物学特性

葱斑潜蝇 1年发生 4～ 5代 ,世代重叠严重。以蛹在土中越冬 ,翌年 5月初越冬蛹羽化 ,5月上旬越冬代成虫开始产卵。室内自然变温饲养 ,得到全世代的发育起始温度为 10 .34℃ ,有效积温为 2 57.2 5日度。该虫主要以幼虫潜食叶肉造成危害。周年发生 ,呈春、秋季两个高峰 ,以春季为重。田间天敌主要是潜蝇姬小蜂 Diglyphus sp.、稀网姬小蜂 Euplectrus sp.以及金小蜂科 Pteromalidae中的一种寄生蜂 ,均为幼虫寄生。     

植物乙醇提取物对美洲斑潜蝇寄生性天敌的影响

本文研究了马缨丹Lantana camara、飞机草Chromolaena odorata和蟛蜞菊Wedeliachinensis乙醇提取物以及机油乳剂对美洲斑潜蝇两种主要寄生蜂底比斯釉姬小蜂Chrysochairis pentheus((Walker)和丽潜蝇姬小蜂Neuchrysocharis formosa(Westwood)的影响,研究结果表明:供试的三种植物乙醇提取物对美洲斑潜蝇上述两种寄生蜂的成、幼蜂无毒杀作用,对底比斯釉姬小蜂和丽潜蝇姬小蜂的寄生行为均无影响.     

蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂种类研究(II)——凹面姬小蜂亚科Entedontinae和啮小蜂亚科Tetrastichinae

本文报道姬小蜂科 Eulophidae的凹面姬小蜂亚科 Entedontinae和啮小蜂亚科 Tetrastichinae的 6属 10种蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂。底比斯釉姬小蜂 Chrysocharis p entheus Walker、美丽新姬小蜂 N eochrysocharisformosa(Westwood)和潜蝇纹翅姬小蜂 Teleopterus erxias(Walker)是蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生性小蜂的 3个优势种。曼丹啮小蜂 Tetrastichus mandanis(Walker)和卡拉啮小蜂 Tetrastichuschara Kostjukov为中国新记录种。另有寄生蜂的 2个寄主新记录。     

潜蝇姬小蜂属寄生蜂对潜叶蝇的控害特性及应用

潜蝇姬小蜂属Diglyphus寄生蜂是潜叶蝇类害虫的重要天敌。本文对其种类、 分布、 田间发生和优势度、 优势种的控害特性和生态适应性, 以及优势种的人工繁殖和田间应用等进行总结和展望, 以期为更好地应用该属寄生蜂防控我国潜叶蝇的研究和应用提供指导。迄今已鉴定该属寄生蜂36种, 全为抑性外寄生蜂, 其中针对豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂D. isaea、 贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂D. begini和中带潜蝇姬小蜂D. intermedius的研究较多。雌蜂不仅可通过繁殖型的寄生方式而且还可通过非繁殖型方式（取食寄主和产卵器插入直接杀死）致死寄主。雌蜂偏好寄生大个体寄主和取食相对较小个体的寄主, 且雌蜂对寄主幼虫的偏好具有“寄主大小依赖型性别分配”现象（host-size-dependent sex allocation）。从温度适应范围和控害潜力首推为豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂。优势种的规模饲养技术已经被研发并得到了较广泛的田间应用。未来研究可主要集中于： （1）加强优势种尤其是温度适应范围广或较为耐热的种群或地理品系的研究, 以增加对三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii和美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae的控效; （2）加强雌蜂寄主取食行为特性及其生理机制的研究, 以更高效利用; （3）因地制宜研发规模化饲养技术和释放技术; （4）加强潜蝇姬小蜂同其他潜叶蝇寄生蜂的协同控害及竞争共存机制的研究, 已提升对潜叶蝇的生防控制效果。     

Toxicity of chemicals commonly used in Indonesian vegetable crops to Liriomyza huidobrensis populations and the Indonesian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha, as well as the Australian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Diglyphus isaea

Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) and Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) are important pests of vegetable crops in Indonesia and are likely to spread to neighboring countries. Three pesticides (dimehypo, abamectin, and cyromazine) are currently used to control these pests, but there is little information on their effectiveness against field populations and on their impact on parasitoids controlling Liriomyza species. The toxicity of these chemicals to L. huidobrensis and three common parasitoids (Hemiptarsenus varicornis Gerault, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha Perkins) was therefore evaluated in Indonesia with mortality laboratory assays. All three chemicals were effective against larvae of three populations of L. huidobrensis with different histories of chemical exposure. Dimehypo caused mortality in adult Opius sp., G. micromorpha, and H. varicornis, whereas abamectin was toxic only at concentrations substantially higher than the field rate. Cyromazine did not influence survival of the parasitoids. A commonly used fungicide, mancozeb, had no impact on parasitoid mortality. Trials were repeated with a strain of H. varicornis from Australia and a different parasitoid (Diglyphus isaea) recently found in Australia. Neither parasitoid was influenced by mancozeb or cyromazine. Abamectin applied at field rates caused some mortality among the adults of both species, but was less toxic than chlorpyrifos. Abamectin produced lower LC50s against Australian H. varicornis than against Indonesian H. varicornis. These results suggest that cyromazine can be incorporated into Liriomyza control programs in Indonesia that conserve parasitoids, whereas dimehypo and abamectin need to be used cautiously. Local Australian parasitoids should help control L. huidobrensis as long as only cyromazine and nontoxic fungicides are applied.     

Host plant-related parasitism and host feeding activities of Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae, and Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Host plant species can affect the behavior and attributes of parasitoids, such as host searching, oviposition, and offspring fitness. In this study, parasitism, host feeding, and sex ratios of Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae reared on Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L., Solanum lycopersicum L., and Vicia faba L. were determined. In no-choice tests, L. huidobrensis had the highest rate of parasitism when reared on P. vulgaris (46%), L. sativae when reared on V. faba (59%) and P. vulgaris (59%), and L. trifolii when reared on S. lycopersicum (68%). Host feeding in no-choice tests ranged between 2% and 36% and was highest on L. trifolii reared on V. faba. Results of choice tests showed a significant interaction effect for host plant and Liriomyza species on parasitism and host feeding. Within plant mixtures, L. sativae reared on P. vulgaris had the highest rate of parasitism (31%), followed by L. trifolii on S. lycopersicum (29%) and L. huidobrensis on V. faba (28%). Host feeding was highest on L. trifolii reared on S. lycopersicum (14%) and lowest on L. huidobrensis reared on P. sativum and S. lycopersicum (1%). In some instances, plant mixtures resulted in a higher proportion of females of D. isaea than single plant species. The highest proportion of females was obtained in plant mixtures on L. huidobrensis and L. trifolii on V. faba (71 and 72%, respectively). This study suggests that planting crop mixtures can potentially lead to higher proportions of females, thus improving parasitism and host feeding, depending on Liriomyza and host plant species.     

Parasitic hymenoptera fauna on agromyzidae (diptera) colonizing weeds in ecological compensation areas in northern Italian agroecosystems

Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) associated with agromyzid leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) were studied in three rural farms located in northern Italy. The parasitoids were reared from mined foliage of weeds growing in field margins. We reared 998 Hymenoptera specimens, representing five families, 23 genera, and 53 species, from leafminers infesting weeds. Eulophidae was the most abundant family (67.64%), followed by Braconidae (28.86%), Eucoilinae (1.40%), Tetracampidae (1.40%), and Pteromalidae (0.7%). Braconids was the most species rich family, accounting for 28 species; eulophids were represented by 19 species, pteromalids by four species, and eucoilins and tetracampids by one species each. The dominant parasitoid was the eulophid Pediobius metallicus (Nees), representing 18.17% of the total, followed by Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (12.73%), and Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (10.82%). The most abundant braconid parasitoid was Dacnusa maculipes Thomson (9.62%). More than 80% of parasitoids were recovered from 10 plant species: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scopoli, Plantago lanceolata L., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Papaver rhoeas L., Picris echioides L., Lactuca serriola L., Myagrum perfoliatum L., Ranunculus velutinus Tenore, Arctium lappa L., and Medicago sativa L. The retention and the management of wild plants within field margins can be crucial tools to enhance the populations of biological control agents of agromyzids and to conserve rare parasitic wasp species.     

The separation of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from related indigenous and non-indigenous species encountered in the United Kingdom using cellulose acetate electrophoresis

The non-indigenous pest leaf miner Liriomyza huidobrensis and its close relatives L. bryoniae and L. strigata belong to a natural group. These species can be separated from one another by means of protein electrophoresis on a cellulose acetate membrane. The protocol for this diagnostic assay involves staining for two enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and leucine-glycine peptidase (PEP). Other leaf miner species that might also be found under glass, Chromatomyia syngenesiae, C. horticola and the non-indigenous L. trifolii and L. sativae , are clearly distinguishable from the L. huidobrensis group of species by this assay. The effect of parasitism on L. huidobrensis by Dacnusa sibirica was investigated and shown unlikely to cause misidentification of the leaf miner host. Results obtained from practical use of the assay to identify unknown specimens from ports and nurseries are compared with those obtained from flies kept in laboratory culture and used during development of the assay. No new variation was found for G6PDH. New PEP variation was found for both L. huidobrensis and L. bryoniae but this did not affect the integrity of the assay. A biochemical key to these agromyzid leaf miners is presented.     

Record of Diglyphus walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) species in Brazil

Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are pests of various crops, mainly in greenhouses, and have Diglyphus spp. as important leafminer larval parasitoids. Until recently, only Diglyphus insularis (Gahan) had been reported in Brazil. In here we report the first records of Diglyphus begini (Ashmead), D. intermedius (Girault) and D. isaea (Walker) in Brazil. These parasitoids were found parasitizing leafminer larvae on cultivated and spontaneous plants in some areas of Minas Gerais state, Brazil.     

Species composition and population dynamics of leafmining flies and their parasitoids in Victoria

Abstract  Mined leaves were sampled from unsprayed sites in Victoria to record the range of leafminers and their parasitoids. Three agromyzid leafminers, Liriomyza brassicae (Riley), Liriomyza chenopodii (Watt) and Chromatomyia syngenesiae Hardy, and one drosophilid leafminer, Scaptomyza flava (Fallén), were collected, along with 15 parasitoids, mainly Eulophidae. The most common parasitoids were Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) (42.5%), Diglyphus isaea (Walker), 14.6%, Closterocerus mirabilis Edwards & La Salle (10.5%), and Opius cinerariae Fisher (8.5%). Most parasitoids were collected from two or more leafminer hosts. Weekly collections from Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa var. pekinensis ) infested with L. brassicae and S. flava , and beetroot ( Beta vulgaris var. crassa ) infested with L. chenopodii were made over two seasons at Knoxfield, Victoria to assess the relative impact of these parasitoids on agromyzid fly populations in crops. A further two parasitoid species were identified at low densities. Hemiptarsenus varicornis and D. isaea were the most numerous parasitoids collected in both crops. A different sampling method in the second year showed that O. cinerariae made up 25% of the sample from Chinese cabbage and was probably more common than estimated in the first season. Control exerted by local parasitoids was high, with 100% control of L. chenopodii reached in beets within 1–3 weeks of mines appearing and 100% control of L. brassicae within 6 weeks.     

Juvenile and sublethal effects of selected pesticides on the leafminer parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Australia

The pest leafminers Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard), and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) have spread into South East Asia and Oceania, and they are likely to reach Australia in the near future. Two translaminar pesticides, cyromazine and abamectin, currently provide effective chemical control of these pests, but because parasitoids can play an important role in controlling and preventing leafminer outbreaks, understanding the impact of pesticides on leafminer parasitoids is vital. Here, we tested larval and pupal mortality and sublethal effects of abamectin, cyromazine, and the widely used fungicide mancozeb on two common Australian leafminer parasitoids, Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) and Diglyphus isaea (Walker). Abamectin caused significant mortality to larvae and pupae of both parasitoid species but cyromazine and mancozeb did not. Progeny production and longevity of H. varicornis were not affected by adult exposure to cyromazine and mancozeb, nor did direct pupal exposure decrease number of progeny produced by either parasitoid. Mortality of H. varicornis females emerging from leaves treated with abamectin was high for up to 72 h after eclosion but those surviving beyond 72 h did not differ from control females in the number of progeny produced. Mancozeb did not influence leaf residence time or parasitism by H. varicornis females. Cyromazine and the fungicide mancozeb were concluded to be compatible with the parasitoids tested and suitable for integrated pest management of leafminers should outbreaks of pest species occur in Australia. Abamectin should be used with caution because it caused significant mortality in both parasitoids tested here.     

一种简易繁殖潜蝇姬小蜂的方法

简要介绍了以蚕豆作为寄主作物,南美斑潜蝇作寄主,在自然条件下利用纱岗笼罩进行潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea Walker的人工繁殖方法。