基于MODIS混合像元分解的湖南省森林碳密度反演

随着遥感技术的快速发展,基于遥感影像和地面样地的方法成为目前森林碳密度估算的常用手段.然而由于混合像元的存在严重制约了区域森林碳密度反演精度的提高,特别是MODIS这种低空间分辨率影像.本研究以MODIS影像和固定样地为数据源,开展森林碳密度的反演研究.首先利用不带约束、带约束的线性分解和非线性分解3种方法进行混合像元分解,导出不同土地利用/覆盖类型的丰度图;然后采用结合和未结合丰度图的序列高斯协同模拟算法对湖南省森林碳密度进行反演.结果表明： 3种混合像元分解模型中,带约束线性分解估计的地物丰度精度最高（平均均方根误差0.002）,明显优于不带约束线性分解和非线性分解模型;通过将混合像元分解模型和序列高斯协同模拟算法结合,森林碳密度反演精度从74.1%提高到81.5%,均方根误差从7.26减小到5.18;2009年湖南省森林碳密度的平均值为30.06 t·hm^-2,变化范围介于0.00～67.35 t·hm^-2之间.这表明混合像元分解在提高区域和全球尺度森林碳密度反演精度方面显示出巨大的潜力.     

基于遥感估算方法的干旱区植被覆盖度适应性评价

与浓密植被覆盖区相比,半干旱、干旱地区因植被覆盖较少、空间分布零散的特点,致使利用遥感手段提取植被覆盖度(vegetation fractional coverage,VFC)的精度较低。针对上述问题,本文首先分别讨论了回归模型法、像元二分法和混合像元分解法3种典型的VFC提取方法在干旱区VFC反演应用中的适应性及限制性因素;然后通过分析干旱区纯土壤端元植被指数值(NDVIs)对植被覆盖度的敏感性,将基于地面光谱测量的NDVIs应用于传统方法进行改进,以新疆大黄山典型干旱区为例,使用Landsat-8 OLI数据,进行植被覆盖度反演实验,最后使用实测VFC数据对反演结果进行精度验证。验证结果表明:基于混合像元分解理论的全约束最小二乘法在干旱区植被覆盖度的反演精度最高,反演值与实测值间的相关性(R~2)达到0.989,其次为改进的像元二分法(R~2=0.848)和回归模型法(R~2=0.827)。     

基于地-空遥感耦合的冬小麦叶片氮积累量估算

利用不同冬小麦生态区同步的SPOT-5多光谱遥感影像、地面光谱数据和植株取样数据,提出一种基于波谱响应函数拟合和混合像元分解的纯净像元光谱提取方法,并对比分析了纯净像元光谱、模拟像元光谱和实测像元光谱与冬小麦叶片氮积累量（LNA）的定量关系.结果表明： 模拟像元光谱对叶片氮积累量的反演效果较好,纯净像元光谱反演效果次之,实测像元光谱最差;但基于模拟像元光谱的LNA监测模型不能直接外推至空间尺度.模型检验结果表明,基于纯净像元光谱的LNA监测模型在2个小麦生态区均具有较好的精度和稳定性,该方法综合利用了地-空遥感的优点,可以推广应用到其他不同空间分辨率和光谱分辨率的遥感数据,从而为区域性冬小麦氮素营养状况的遥感监测提供技术依据.     

多尺度遥感数据协同的干旱地区植被覆盖度提取

纯植被像元获取是植被覆盖信息遥感反演的必要环节。干旱地区植被分布零散稀疏,使用中、低分辨率遥感数据提取植被覆盖度时,难以获取纯植被像元,致使植被覆盖度提取精度较低。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于多尺度遥感数据协同的干旱区植被覆盖度反演方法。该方法利用空间分辨率较高的Landsat-8 OLI数据确定纯植被像元,考虑到不同传感器之间的光谱差异,使用实测地物光谱数据进行光谱转换,代替中等分辨率MODIS数据的纯植被像元,应用于像元二分模型,选择典型的干旱区新疆阜康市为研究区,进行植被覆盖度反演实验,最后使用无人机航拍影像对反演结果进行精度验证。结果表明,植被覆盖度反演结果精度较高,与实测值间存在较高的相关性(R2=0.75),均方根误差较低(RMSE=0.10)。该方法能够有效提高干旱区植被覆盖度反演精度,可为利用中低分辨率数据研究干旱地区生态环境变化提供一种新思路。     

联合星载ICESat-GLAS波形与多光谱Landsat-TM影像的森林郁闭度估测

森林郁闭度的空间分布是评价森林生产力和分解率的一个重要指标.本研究以吉林汪清林区为研究区,分别利用星载激光雷达ICESat-GLAS波形数据和多光谱遥感Landsat-TM影像对该区的森林郁闭度进行估测,然后采用多元线性回归和BP神经网络两种方法对GLAS数据和TM数据进行联合,共同估测了森林郁闭度.结果表明:单一遥感数据估测森林郁闭度时,GLAS数据的模型决定系数为0.762,TM数据的模型决定系数为0.598.将GLAS数据和TM数据联合后估测森林郁闭度时,多元线性回归模型的复决定系数为0.841,BP神经网络模型的仿真精度为0.851.表明ICESat-GLAS数据与Landsat-TM影像联合能够发挥多源遥感数据的优势,提高森林郁闭度的估测精度,并为后续的空间区域内森林郁闭度的连续制图提供可靠的方法.     

基于多端元光谱分解的干旱区植被覆盖度遥感反演

植被覆盖度是评价陆地生态系统状况与土地荒漠化程度的重要指标.利用环境一号(HJ-1)小卫星上搭载的新型高光谱传感器HSI获取的数据,通过纯净像元指数和端元平均均方根误差相结合的方法提取合适的端元光谱,然后基于多端元混合像元分解(MESMA)模型,反演了新疆石河子地区的植被覆盖度(FVC).通过与线性光谱分解(LSMA)模型反演结果以及地面样方数据进行比较,对HJ-1/HSI数据反演结果进行精度评价与光谱验证.结果表明:MESMA模型能对不同的像元选取不同端元组合,更接近实际情况,比LSMA模型能更好地提取植被覆盖度信息;与LSMA模型相比,MESMA模型反演的FVC值与地面实测数据的相关系数从0.766提高到0.838,均方根误差从0.375减少到0.196.     

阿勒泰地区雪灾遥感监测模型与评价方法

利用我国新疆阿勒泰地区1996～1997年两次雪灾期间的NOAA卫星数据及地面气象台站观测资料,建立了积雪深度遥感反演模型;利用线性混合光谱分解原理,研究了基于像元的积雪覆盖率及积雪空间分类算法;提出评价积雪对草地畜牧业危害程度的两种基于格网数据结构的定量化指数.结果表明,通过积雪深度反演模型和线性混合光谱分解方法可计算基于像元的积雪深度和覆盖率,提高积雪分类的精度.建立的基于格网单元的积雪危害指数模型可系统地表达积雪区的雪情、草情、畜情和气象因子的空间分布状况,综合反映积雪对草地畜牧业的危害程度.     

结合机载LiDAR和LANDSAT ETM+数据的温带森林郁闭度估测

森林郁闭度是森林资源调查中的一个重要因子,在森林生态系统管理中具有重要作用。研究如何有效地将激光雷达数据应用于森林郁闭度遥感估测具有重大意义。激光雷达数据的应用能够有效地弥补传统地面调查耗时、费力等不足,不仅可以快速、准确地获取郁闭度遥感估测的模型训练数据和验证数据,还有助于进一步推广应用于大区域的森林郁闭度反演,为林业资源调查提供有力的依据。该研究结合激光雷达数据和LANDSAT ETM+数据估测温带森林郁闭度。以高密度机载激光雷达(ALS)点云数据估算的郁闭度作为模型训练数据和验证数据,通过LANDSAT ETM+影像数据计算得到的8种植被指数作为自变量,使用多元逐步回归(MSR)、随机森林(RF)和Cubist 3种模型,对内蒙古大兴安岭根河林区森林郁闭度进行估测。经验证,Cubist模型的效果比较好(决定系数R2=0.722,均方根误差RMSE=0.126,相对均方根误差r RMSE=0.209,估计精度EA=79.883%)。结果表明,结合激光雷达数据和LANDSAT ETM+影像数据估算温带森林郁闭度非常有潜力。但要将其推广应用于更大区域尺度的森林郁闭度遥感估测,模型的预测能力还有待进一步改进和提高;自变量应尝试加入更多种类遥感数据和其他遥感因子参与建模,例如采用地形因子、高分辨率遥感影像提取纹理特征等,最大可能地减少光学影像、植被指数、地形阴影等带来的影响,提高反演精度;激光雷达数据计算得到的郁闭度的准确性和可靠性还需进一步验证。     

干旱区荒漠稀疏植被覆盖度提取及尺度扩展效应

选择线性混合像元分解模型、亚像元模型、最大三波段梯度差法模型以及修正的三波段梯度差法的2个变异模型来提取植被覆盖度,结合地面实测数据,探讨了提取干旱区荒漠稀疏植被覆盖度信息的适宜模型,并以简单平均法模拟了不同尺度的覆盖度影像,通过尺度上推检验了模型在MODIS尺度上的反演效应.结果表明：线性混合像元分解模型反演覆盖度的精度高于其他模型,适于稀疏植被地区,但端元的正确选取较难,从而影响其运用;亚像元分解模型是一个通用模型,植被分类图越精细,通过亚像元分解模型得到的覆盖度精度越高,但这也同时意味着该模型需要测定大量的输入参数;最大三波段梯度差法的算法简单、易于操作,其在农田等中高植被覆盖区及裸土区的预测值与实测值接近,但对干旱区稀疏植被的估计精度偏低;修正后的三波段最大梯度差法模型在稀疏植被覆盖区的预测值与实测值基本一致,在不同尺度上反演的覆盖度信息与实测值的一致性较好.该方法可有效提取干旱区低覆盖度植被信息.     

基于HJ1B和ALOS/PALSAR数据的森林地上生物量遥感估算

森林地上生物量的精确估算能够减小碳储量估算的不确定性。为了探寻一种有效地提高森林生物量估算精度的方法,探讨了基于遥感物理模型和经验统计模型估算山地森林地上生物量的方法。首先,基于Li-Strahler几何光学模型和多元前向模式(MFM)进行模型模拟,结合查找表算法(LUT)从多光谱图像HJ1B估算贺兰山研究区的森林地上生物量。其次,采用统计方法建立了2种回归模型:(1)多光谱图像HJ1B进行混合像元分解(SMA),并与雷达图像ALOS/PALSAR进行图像融合建立生物量回归模型;(2)雷达图像ALOS/PALSAR后向散射系数和实测生物量建立了生物量回归模型。用实测数据对3种算法估算结果进行精度验证。研究结果表明:采用几何光学模型和MFM算法估算的森林地上生物量精度最好(决定系数R2=0.61,均方根误差RMSE=8.33 t/hm2,P0.001),其估算地上生物量与实测值一致性较好,估算生物量精度略优于SMA估算的精度(R2=0.60,RMSE=9.417 t/hm2);ALOS/PALSAR多元回归估算的精度最差(R2=0.39,RMSE=14.89 t/hm2)。由此可见,采用几何光学模型和混合像元分解SMA适合估算森林地上生物量,利用这2种方法进行森林地上生物量遥感监测研究具有一定的应用潜力。     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

多马胺能药物对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH）分泌活动的影响

以珠江流域鲇鱼（silurus asotus)为实验材料,研究了多巴胺（DA）能药物（DA及其D－2型受体拮抗物 ,DOM）对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH)释放的影响,结果表明,在性腺发育的各个时期,单独注射DOM（5ug/g)均不能显著提高鲇鱼血液基础GtH水平,当DOM与LHRH－A联合注射时能显著增强LHRH－A刺激GtH释放的作用;DA只能抑制GnRH诱导的GtH释放,对基础GtH释放无抑制作用,这种生殖内分泌调节方式与鲇形目的革胡子鲇（Clarias gariepinus)和大鳍Hu（Mystus macropterus)相似,而与鲤形目的鲁科（Cyrpindiae)鱼类不同。     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Combination of dihydromyricetin and ondansetron strengthens antiproliferative efficiency of adriamycin in K562/ADR through downregulation of SORCIN: A new strategy of inhibiting P-glycoprotein

Though the advancement of chemotherapy drugs alleviates the progress of cancer, long-term therapy with anticancer agents gradually leads to acquired multidrug resistance (MDR), which limits the survival outcomes in patients. It was shown that dihydromyricetin (DMY) could partly reverse MDR by suppressing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and soluble resistance-related calcium-binding protein (SORCIN) independently. To reverse MDR more effectively, a new strategy was raised, that is, circumventing MDR by the coadministration of DMY and ondansetron (OND), a common antiemetic drug, during cancer chemotherapy. Meanwhile, the interior relation between P-gp and SORCIN was also revealed. The combination of DMY and OND strongly enhanced antiproliferative efficiency of adriamycin (ADR) because of the increasing accumulation of ADR in K562/ADR-resistant cell line. DMY could downregulate the expression of SORCIN and P-gp via the ERK/Akt pathways, whereas OND could not. In addition, it was proved that SORCIN suppressed ERK and Akt to inhibit P-gp by the silence of SORCIN, however, not vice versa. Finally, the combination of DMY, OND, and ADR led to G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via resuming P53 function and restraining relevant proteins expression. These fundamental findings provided a promising approach for further treatment of MDR.     

Evolution of different oligomeric glycyl-tRNA synthetases

There are two oligomeric types of glycyl-tRNA synthetases (GlyRSs) in genome, the alpha2beta2 tetramer and alpha2 dimer. Here, we showed that the anticodon-binding domains (ABDs) of dimeric and tetrameric GlyRSs are non-homologous, although their catalytic central domains (CCDs) are homologous. The dimeric GlyRS_ABD is fused to the C-terminal of CCD in alpha-subunit, but the tetrameric GlyRS_ABD is to the C-terminal in beta-subunit during evolution. Generally, one species only contains one oligomeric type of GlyRS, but the both oligomeric GlyRSs with the multiple homologous domains can be observed in Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum genome, nevertheless, these homologous domains are probably from different genomes.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Plasmodium berghei: lack of antimalarial activity of an analogue of folate precursor, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxymethylpteridine in a mouse model

It was earlier hypothesized that the malarial parasite may convert precursors of folate analogues to synthesize de novo inhibitors toxic to itself, but not to the mammalian cell. It was suggested that one such analogue, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxymethylpteridine (DAP) may be converted to aminopterin (AMP), a known dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of DAP to inhibit proliferation of Plasmodium berghei NK65 in mice, with(out) folinic acid rescue. Cumulative dosages of DAP ranging from 0.1 to 20 mg/kg bw. administered either orally or intraperitoneally showed no suppression of parasite growth, or gave mild activities that were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Our findings do not seem to support the hypothesis of selective de novo metabolism of DAP to AMP by the malarial parasite.     

围隔藻类水华演替过程中二甲基硫化物的含量动态

于2005年6月至7月,研究了海洋围隔不同藻类水华演替过程中二甲基硫化物的含量动态,并考察了相关环境参数对二甲基硫化物含量的影响。2个围隔实验组均出现未知藻水华-硅藻水华-甲藻水华的演替过程,这3次不同藻类水华分别对应了二甲基硫化物含量的3次高峰,表明藻类水华对二甲基硫化物含量有重要贡献。不同藻类水华的贡献有较大差异,甲藻水华的贡献最大,硅藻次之,未知藻类水华的贡献最小。实验结果还表明PO4^3-、NO2^-和NH4^＋主要通过影响藻类生长状态,进而影响DMSP和DMSO的含量;NO2^-和NH4^＋亦可能通过调节DMSP和DMSO在藻细胞内的生理功能,影响DMSP和DMSO的含量;PO4^3-、NO2^-和NH4^＋与DMS含量无显著相关。     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.