膜孔灌溉条件下点源平均入渗水深的数学模拟

应用RETC和SWMS-3D软件对多种典型土壤的膜孔灌溉点源入渗特性进行模拟,分析了膜孔灌溉入渗特性及其影响因素,在此基础上建立了包含开孔率、膜孔直径、粘粒含量和土壤容重等因素的膜孔灌溉点源平均入渗水深通用模型,并利用黄土高原典型土壤的室内试验资料对所建模型进行了验证.结果表明：膜孔灌溉条件下的入渗系数随开孔率的增大而增大,随膜孔直径和土壤粘粒含量的增大而减小;入渗指数随开孔率和土壤粘粒含量的增大而减小.新建模型能较简单和准确地确定入渗系数和入渗指数,可以较准确地反映膜孔灌溉点源入渗特点.     

贵州重点地区土壤和水体中汞的生态风险

分析了贵州省土壤和地表水体中汞含量空间分布状况,分别采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了土壤中的汞污染程度和潜在生态风险;采用单因子法表征了水体总汞污染程度,应用安全阈值法对水体活性汞和甲基汞进行生态风险评价.结果表明:贵州省汞矿区及涉汞行业毗邻区域土壤中总汞污染程度较高,涉汞区23个点位中严重污染、重污染和偏重污染水平分别占78.26％、13.04％和8.70％,且均为极度生态危害.非涉汞区除青山坡土壤中汞的生态风险极强外,其他区域土壤中汞的污染程度不高,生态风险属于可接受水平.贵州省汞开采与冶炼、铅锌冶炼、有机化工等行业已造成毗邻水体出现较严重的汞污染,且污染范围有扩大和延伸的趋势,但对水生生物有直接影响的活性汞和甲基汞的生态风险较小.     

露天煤矿区生态风险评价方法

以露天煤矿区这一脆弱生态系统为对象进行了生态风险评价方法的探讨 ,阐述了生态风险评价的基本概念。针对露天矿区生态环境特点 ,通过描述露天矿区的主要生态环境问题 ,分析了矿区风险源、风险受体以及评价终点 ,最后建立了典型露天煤矿区生态风险的评价指标体系 ,对露天矿区这一典型退化生态系统进行了生态风险评价方法及评价步骤的探索     

临安市雷竹林土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为了解临安市雷竹林土壤重金属污染特征,采集并测定了160个土壤样品的Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Co、Mn等重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数对雷竹林土壤重金属污染程度进行分析,并应用Hankanson潜在生态风险指数法对雷竹林土壤重金属潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明:雷竹林土壤重金属Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Co、Mn的平均含量分别为0.16、7.41、34.36、87.98、103.98、0.26、59.12、29.56、11.44、350.26mg·kg-1,Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu平均值超过浙江省土壤背景值,分别是对应背景值的2.89、1.70、1.12、1.12倍.经单因子污染指数评价,不同重金属元素的平均污染程度大小依次为Pb＞Cd＞Cu=Zn＞Hg＞As＞Ni＞Co＞Cr＞Mn,其中Pb有中度污染,Cd、Cu和Zn有轻度污染.经内梅罗综合污染指数评价,160个样点都受到不同程度的重金属污染,轻度污染、中度污染和重度污染水平所占比率分别为55.6％、29.4％和15.0％.各重金属单因子潜在生态风险指数平均值评价结果显示,只有Cd污染达到中等生态风险,其他重金属均为轻微生态风险,而局部采样点Cd和Hg单因子潜在生态风险指数最大值分别达到256.82和187.33,存在很强生态风险.重金属综合因子潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,临安市雷竹林土壤整体上存在轻微生态风险.     

三江平原湿地生态风险评价及空间阈值分析

湿地生态风险评价对区域自然资源保护及规划管理具有重要意义。以三江平原湿地为研究区域,基于2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年4期土地利用数据,以城市扩张导致的土地利用变化、道路建设等人类活动为风险源,景观生态格局、生态系统服务价值为风险受体构建了三江平原湿地生态风险综合评价体系,分析三江平原湿地生态风险时空变化特征。进而,利用距离阈值确定空间距离权重,采用双变量空间自相关模型揭示了不同时间尺度下生态风险的空间集聚分布特征。结果显示：从风险源角度,人类活动风险源强度呈增加趋势,松花江、穆棱河、倭肯河地区一直处于中高风险水平;从风险受体角度,景观生态风险的中高风险地区重点集中在湿地与水体分布区,生态系统服务低价值区主要分布在中部水田、旱田、建设用地以及东北部与东南小范围的湿地区域。综合生态风险结果显示,三江平原生态风险在时间上呈增加趋势,空间上由松花江河滩型湿地区与穆棱河地区逐渐向四周蔓延。此外,生态风险的强弱受到空间距离的影响显著,选取5km为自相关分析的距离阈值,土地利用与综合生态风险的空间格局存在显著的空间正相关关系,高-高地区集中分布在研究区内的松花江流域及周围滩地地区,随着土地利用变化及转移,空间关联逐渐增强且区域分布不断扩大。研究结果可从人类活动控制、景观格局优化、生态服务价值提升等方面为三江平原生态风险防控分区管理提供理论依据。     

区域资源环境承载力的评价理论及方法讨论

人类对资源环境承载力的认知不断深化,并且受到人类需求和外界胁迫的综合影响.当人类的生存发展主要依靠本地资源供给、受本地环境条件限制时,资源环境承载力主要由主导限制因子决定.随着可持续发展和环境保护理念的引入,资源环境承载力逐渐由供给限制转为以需求支撑为主,并出现了以容量、阈值、强度和能力等来表征资源环境承载力的表达形式...     

基于资源利用和灾害风险的京津冀地区环境地质敏感性区划

环境地质敏感性是区域生态功能的本底,也是构建生态安全格局和开展生态保护与修复的重要基础。因环境地质敏感性涉及因素众多、且多源异构数据较难融合,当前基于环境地质敏感性的大尺度区划研究较少。通过集成地质、地理和专题数据,在土地沙化、土壤盐渍化、崩塌-滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝、地面沉降、地下水地质环境功能、浅层地下水质量、地下水调蓄和地下水可持续利用11个单项环境地质敏感性评价的基础上,进一步将其归并为土地环境、地质灾害和地下水环境3个环境地质子系统并构建评价指标体系,完成综合环境地质敏感性评价。以地质地貌分区为主要依据,将研究区划分为3个一级环境地质敏感区和16个环境地质敏感性亚区。研究结果表明：环境地质区划与地质构造及分区、地质地貌和人类活动等自然与人为因素存在较强的空间重合;综合环境地质敏感性呈现出西北低、东南高的宏观格局;华北平原区主要受地面沉降和地下水环境敏感性影响,人类活动作用显著;华北山区主要受重力型地质灾害影响,内蒙古高原区主要受沙化和局地泥石流灾害影响,区域尺度以自然因素驱动为主,局部人类活动影响显著。针对综合环境地质敏感性区划结果,需要统筹全域国土空间规划,加强地貌...     

华北平原山药主产区土壤肥力和养分平衡现状及环境风险评价

以华北平原山药主产区为研究区域,通过实地调研、跟踪监测的方法,对山药田肥力现状和施肥现状进行分析,并利用农田养分输入输出模型解析山药田土壤养分平衡状况,同时对山药种植体系的环境风险进行综合评价.结果 表明:1)山药田土壤有机质、全氮含量等级为极低水平,有效磷和有效锌含量为偏低水平,硝态氮、有效铜含量为中等水平,缓效钾、...     

城市热环境风险预测及时空格局分析

人类活动改变土地利用/覆被所诱发的城市热环境风险成为影响城市化进程和城市生态环境可持续发展的重大阻碍。但是,当前热环境风险识别、评估和预控技术和方法缺失使得城市热环境安全防范和调控措施相对滞后。构建城市热环境风险预测模型:(1)将不同时期的地表温度进行正规化分级;(2)构建基于MARKOV-CA的城市热环境时空过程预测模型并验证其精度;(3)建立城市热环境风险评判规则并分析城市热环境风险时空格局特征。通过2005—2015年夏季MODIS地表温度产品及1∶10万土地利用现状遥感监测数据预测2015—2020年北京市城市热环境风险时空格局并分析其特征。北京市城市热环境风险呈增加趋势,其中极高风险区面积比例从9.66%上升到12.08%,极高风险等级区域主要分布于东西城区、朝阳区、丰台区、石景山区、海淀区东部、大兴区西北部,并逐渐向东西方向延伸,斑块数量增加,聚合程度也有所提高。城市热环境风险预测模型可对通过城市空间规划调控和防范城市热岛效应提供理论和技术支撑。     

洞头列岛土地利用对土壤及沉积物重金属污染的影响及其生态风险评价

针对浙江省洞头列岛不同土地利用类型土壤及沉积物中的重金属含量进行调查, 选择了五种土地利用类型,农田、森林、围涂、码头、养殖。主要评估重金属的污染现状, 区域快速产业化导致的土壤及沉积物中重金属污染及生物的潜在生态风险。采用内梅罗指数法、Hakanson 潜在生态危害系数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明, 洞头列岛不同土地类型的土壤重金属含量均超过浙江省土壤背景值, 其中, Cr、Mn、Co 超标率为100%, Zn 超标率为84%。多数监测点土壤重金属含量的内梅罗综合指数处于清洁水平, 但养殖类型中的As、Co, 围涂类型中的As、Pb, 农田类型中的Pb、Cr 属于尚清洁等级, 围涂中的Co 元素属于轻度污染等级; 综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)均显著低于轻微生态危害水平, 五种土地类型土壤质量的RI 大小顺序为: 养殖>围涂>码头>森林>农田, Pb、As 是主要的重金属生态风险种类。重金属元素之间的相关性分析表明, 围涂与码头土壤中重金属元素之间的相关性明显高于其他三种类型。围涂类型土壤中As 与Co、Cu 元素呈极显著正相关, Pb 与Zn 呈极显著正相关; 码头类型中的Cu 与Co 呈极显著正相关, As、Pb 与Zn 呈极显著正相关。Cu 与As 在码头、养殖、围涂类型中的含量较高。五种土地类型中除农田和养殖用地的某些重金属来源于成土母质, 其他各重金属来源主要是人为活动影响, 如: 交通运输、城市排污、三废排放以及汽车尾气等。因此, 应该把由人类活动导致的有毒重金属的污染控制作为首要任务, 制定相应的政策和法规。     

A new approach for environmental risk assessment

Environmental problems, such as global warming, the limited supply of sustainable energy, the depletion of natural resources, hazardous emissions released into the atmosphere and waste, are increasing global concerns. Therefore, individuals, communities, and businesses need to address environmental protection and sustainability. Environmental impact assessments are needed to identify, mitigate, and control aspects that affect the environment or a company's products, services, or activities. In this study, a general environmental aspect and impact assessment approach, which can be applied to any company that is involved in the production or service sector, is created. An environmental impact pattern that consists of 10 main and 32 sub-categories was formed based on the ISO 14001, environmental studies and field applications. The developed approach was applied to the dyeing units of a manufacturing firm. Sixteen environmental aspects were identified and assessed using the environmental impact template via the environmental failure mode and effect analysis (E-FMEA) method. The developed-approach can be applied to each sector, which will enable us to perform a detailed analysis of the environmental aspects in the environmental impact category. This approach provides a checklist for the environmental impact studies of businesses and has been pioneered as an effective method for company resources to improve their environmental performance.     

A HIVE model for regional integrated environmental risk assessment: A case study in China

Regional environmental risk assessment has been a significant means of environmental management and decision-making. To assess the regional integrated environmental risk at a nationwide scale, a new index system named the Hazard, Intensity, Vulnerability, and Effectiveness (HIVE) model was designed and evolved from previous researches. The HIVE model consisted of a relatively complete framework with accessible indexes related to environment and social economy, and it considered different risk sources, pathways, and receptors as well as the influence of the risk control. As an important segment of the assessment process, a simple gridding information diffusion method was also proposed to assess the diffusion effect of risk factors in nationwide rivers. Taking China as a case study, this study calculated the environmental risk value of every sub-unit. Through the clustering function of Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the visual representation of a geographic information system, the study area was divided into nine zones that were visualized on maps according to their different risk levels and risk characteristics. This study also identified the dominant factors of each zone, which could provide the foundation for regional environmental management. Moreover, the results implied some significant correlations between risk system components and the regional social economy in China.     

Divergence between general public's risk perception and environmental risk assessment: A case study of p-xylene projects in China

The growing public opposition to p-xylene (PX) project proposals in China requires understanding the divergence between the general public's risk perception and environmental risk assessment (ERA) results and its implications on its decision-making. In a case study in Fujian Province of China, a questionnaire was designed to investigate the public perception of risks of a proposed PX project, interviews were further conducted in Zhangzhou City and Xiamen City, and the survey results were compared with the ERA results of the proposed PX project. Results indicate that the environmental risk is acceptable according to current technical ERA guidelines and standards, while the public acceptance of the PX project is very low. The underlying factors causing the difference between the general public's risk perception and ERA results were identified from the ERA technical perspective. A better understanding of the risk perception divergence from different disciplinary perspectives is helpful for the public acceptance of these kinds of projects, which are on high demand in China. This study not only highlights the necessity to improve the risk communication but also provides insights on future research of ERA for this kind of large-scale project proposal.     

Regional environmental risk assessment and management guide for rapid urbanization process of a city cluster in China

In past decades, China has experienced rapid urbanization, which has brought about environmental changes. The assessment of regional environmental risk (RER) is a complex study for evaluating risk associated with risk sources, risk receptors, and risk retardation under uncertainty. This study aims to evaluate the RER through the holistic macro-assessment, and to ascertain management guide for rapid urbanization to diminish the RER. The results of our case study in the Su-Xi-Chang city cluster, which is a metropolitan area that largely contributed to the economic growth of Jiangsu Province, showed that the RER scores constantly increased from 0.506 to 0.817 during the period from 2001 to 2011. Coupled with the current tendency, in addition, scenario predictions revealed that rapid expansion of urban land would cause a multiple increase in RER. However, RER would begin to decline if the rate of urban population growth (UPG) stabilizes at 1.7%. Moreover, when the urban population ratio increases to 78% along the previous trend, a higher UPG corresponds to a lower declining rate of RER. Otherwise, a lower UPG corresponds to an earlier decline of RER. Finally, implementing city cluster plans was discussed to provide a scientific basis for guiding risk management and sustainable development of urbanization.     

Extraction and environmental risk assessment of heavy metal in the municipal dewatered sludge using rhamnolipid treatment

Heavy metal could lead to serious environmental risk to the ecosystem, destroy human health via the food chain. The heavy metal removal from sludge is an emergent issue. In this work, rhamnolipid, an environment-friendly material, was used to enhance heavy metal extraction from the sludge. The results showed that Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Mn maximum extraction efficiencies were 35.10 ± 2.31%, 45.33 ± 3.24%, 27.58 ± 3.35%, 24.12 ± 3.51%, 43.31 ± 2.53% and 22.10 ± 2.11%, respectively; most of exchangeable and reducible fractions, and partly oxidizable and residual fractions have been extracted by the rhamnolipid solution. After treatment, I_R values of heavy metals increased in the treated sludge, the I_R values for Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Mn were 0.24 ± 0.01, 0.25 ± 0.03, 0.21 ± 0.02, 0.32 ± 0.03, 0.22 ± 0.021 and 0.41 ± 0.03, respectively. M_F values indicated that heavy metal mobility order was Zn>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cr>Pb in the treated sludge. According to the two risk assessment methods (risk assessment code, RAC and potential ecological risk index, PERI), the risk assessment of heavy metal was investigated in the after treatment sludge, which indicated that rhamnolipid could extract the mobility of heavy metal and lead to no or low risk to the ecosystem. Therefore, rhamnolipid was utilized to enhance heavy metal extraction from dewatered sludge in this study, which is a promising technique for heavy metal extraction from the dewatered sludge.     

Local environmental risk assessment of anticancer drugs in a developing country

Abstract

Anticancer drugs used in cancer treatment are excreted unchanged or as metabolites by feces and urine in hospitals and households. These drugs enter the municipal sewage system but wastewater treatment plants are not capable of removing all of these micro pollutants. In many countries such as Brazil, sanitation departments do not provide service, nor have access to all of the population, therefore most sewage is still released into untreated receiving bodies. This study analyzes the consumption of anticancer drugs in a Brazilian hospital located in one of the 10 municipalities with the best sanitation index in the country. It estimates its environmental risk in aquatic matrixes by the European Guideline on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use. Among the 20 drugs analyzed, the three most consumed (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluoruracil, and cytarabine) show a predicted environmental concentration value greater than the action limit of 0.01?µg/L recommended by the guideline. The risk assessment was performed on all pharmaceuticals consumed to get a greater awareness of risk. Results do not indicate local environmental risk but, considering that the study was performed under the best sanitation scenario, it cannot be extrapolated in the other municipalities. The study highlights that development of suitable methodologies should be considered to perform environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in developing countries sanitation conditions.     

Health risk assessment of arsenic in soils from three thermal power plants in Southwest China

Abstract

High levels of arsenic (As) contamination in soils from thermal power plants pose a great threat to human health. This study aimed to evaluate the As contamination levels and assess the possible health risk of As in soils from three typical thermal power plants in Southwest China. The concentration of As was detected by using novel collision/reaction cell technology (CCT) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, collectively ICP-CCT-MS) after aseptic digestion of soil samples. The carcinogenic risk and hazard quotient were estimated for health risk to workers in the study area by using “Chinese Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites (HJ 25.3-2014)”. Results showed that the concentration of As was between 3.65 and 33.80?mg/kg, and the comprehensive carcinogenic risk level of As was 3–28 times over the maximum acceptable level (10^?6), indicating that workers in the study area are facing serious threat of As. Oral ingestion (76.65%) was the main exposure pathway to carcinogenic risk, followed by skin contact (13.15%) and inhalation of soil particles (10.20%). After calculating the safety threshold values under three different exposure pathways (oral ingestion, skin contact and inhalation of soil particles), the minimum safety threshold value (1.59?mg/kg) was selected as the reference safety threshold value of As in the study area. These results provide basic information of health risk assessment of As and environmental management in thermal power plant areas.