可溶性有机碳在米槠天然林不同土层中的迁移特征

选取我国中亚热带典型的常绿阔叶林米槠天然林(Castanopsis carlesii)为研究对象,采集林内米槠凋落物并通过挖剖面法分6个土层采集土样至1m。通过浸提米槠凋落物得到可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)溶液并在室内模拟其在不同土层的淋溶过程,不仅分析了土壤性质对DOC淋溶的影响,还研究了淋溶前后DOC化学结构的变化,以阐明DOC在不同土层中的迁移特征及影响因素,探寻米槠天然林土壤的固碳潜力和DOC在土壤有机碳循环中的作用。结果表明:(1)下层土壤比上层土壤吸附DOC的能力更强,亲水性DOC与疏水性DOC间会争夺土壤颗粒表面的吸附位点,而且芳香化合物和大分子物质等疏水性DOC组分会被优先吸附;(2)红外光谱表明,芳香类和醚类等疏水性物质会优先被吸附,烷烃类物质却不易被吸附,土壤中原有的酚、醇类亲水性物质会被初始DOC中的疏水性物质置换出来;(3)土壤DOC的截留能力与粘粒、游离氧化铁含量呈极显著正相关,而与土壤有机碳和砂粒含量呈极显著负相关,其中土壤有机碳的含量是影响米槠天然林不同土层DOC截留量的关键因素。     

罗浮栲天然林土壤可溶性有机碳的剖面分布及季节变化

对罗浮栲天然常绿阔叶林土壤1m剖面内可溶性有机碳(DOC)进行了研究,结果表明:林地土壤DOC的平均含量随土层深度增加呈下降趋势,表层(0～5cm)土壤DOC的平均含量为55.69 mg·kg-1,分别与其他土层间含量存在显著性差异(P<0.01);不同土层的DOC含量占土壤有机碳的比例也随土层深度增加而降低,1m剖面内DOC的平均含量占土壤有机碳含量的0.14%;各季节土壤剖面DOC含量随土层深度增加均呈下降趋势,冬季下降趋势最为显著,夏季下降趋势相对平缓.土壤剖面DOC含量的季节变化为:冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,各季节不同土层DOC含量占土壤有机碳比例的变化趋势均不明显;不同土层土壤DOC含量的季节变化差异显著(P<0.01),表层(0～5cm)土壤间差异最为明显.     

晋西黄土区典型小流域不同土层土壤容重分布特征及其影响因素

为了解黄土区不同土层土壤容重分布特征及其影响因素,本研究以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域为对象,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法分析了蔡家川流域98个样点不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80和80～100 cm)土壤容重的分布特征以及主要影响因子及其贡献率。结果表明：(1)土壤容重介于0.79～1.78 g·cm^-3,在0～100 cm深的土层中随土层深度的增加而增加;土壤容重变异程度随土层深度的增加而减小,在0～40和40～100 cm处分别表现为中等和弱度变异。(2)土壤容重在0～40 cm土层的最佳拟合模型为高斯模型,在40～100 cm土层为指数模型;随土层增加土壤容重空间依赖性下降,在0～20、20～60和60～100 cm土层分别呈强度、中度和弱度空间依赖。(3)0～40 cm土层土壤容重主要受植被和土壤因素影响,而40～100 cm土层土壤容重主要受海拔和土壤因素的影响,表明30多年植被恢复对土壤容重的影响主要集中于表层。以上结果对深入认知植被恢复背景下区域土壤容重分布规律、科学评估区域植被恢复生态效益和生态服务具有重要参考价值。     

土壤增温降低亚热带森林土壤可溶性有机碳数量和质量

土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)是森林土壤碳库中最活跃的部分,其对气候变暖的响应将深刻影响森林生态系统碳循环。本研究基于亚热带常绿阔叶林野外增温实验平台,原位收集土壤溶液,结合紫外可见光谱、红外光谱和三维荧光光谱分析,探究土壤剖面DOC通量及组成对增温(+4℃,1年)的响应。结果表明：土壤DOC通量在土层之间没有显著差异。土壤DOC主要由2个类腐殖酸组分和1个微生物代谢产物组分组成。与对照相比,增温显著降低了土壤DOC通量,降低了土壤溶液芳香化指数和疏水组分比例,增加了小分子碳水化合物的含量。此外,增温还提高了表层土壤(0～10 cm)类腐殖酸组分的相对贡献,增加了深层土壤(30～40 cm)微生物代谢产物组分的相对贡献,这在一定程度上表明变暖加速了深层土壤微生物周转。总体来说,土壤增温降低了亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤DOC数量,使DOC结构趋于简单。     

荒漠草原典型植物群落土壤活性有机碳组分特征及其与酶活性的关系

以宁夏荒漠草原典型植物柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)和蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)群落为研究对象,分析不同植物群落不同土层深度(0~5、5~10和10~15cm)土壤活性有机碳组分土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和易氧化有机碳(EOC)特征及其与土壤酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶)活性之间的关系。结果表明:(1)4种典型植物群落土壤SOC、MBC、EOC含量均随土层深度的增加而减少,且表层(0~5cm)土壤显著高于亚表层(5~10cm)和深层(10~15cm)土壤(P0.05),而土壤DOC含量随土层深度的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势。在同一土层深度,灌木(柠条和沙蒿)群落土壤活性有机碳组分含量高于禾本科植物(短花针茅和蒙古冰草)。(2)4种典型植物群落土壤酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶)活性整体上随土层深度的增加而降低,局部土层深度表现出波动性;同一土层不同植被群落土壤酶活性未表现出一定的变化规律。(3)4种典型群落土壤活性有机碳各组分除DOC外,其余均与SOC呈显著正相关关系,与土壤酶活性、微生物量熵以及有机碳活度具有一定的相关关系,表明土壤活性有机碳不仅依赖于总有机碳,也与土壤酶活性密切相关。     

下层土壤容重对玉米根际土壤微生物数量及微生物量碳、氮的影响

采用微区池栽模拟试验,研究下层(20～40cm 、40～60cm)土壤容重改变后,玉米根际微生物数量、微生物量C(MBC)和微生物量N(MBN)的动态变化规律.结果表明,玉米根际微生物(细菌、放线菌、真菌)数量、MBC和MBN随土层加深和下层土壤容重增加而降低,且相同层次不同容重的处理间差异达显著水平;不同层次土壤根际微生物数量、MBC和MBN既受本土层容重大小影响,也随相邻土层容重增大其降幅增加,且20～40cm土层容重对土壤微生物数量、MBC和MBN的影响远大于40～60cm土层容重.玉米生育期间,三者受下层土壤容重变化和玉米生长发育的双重影响,且玉米的生长发育过程放大了容重对根际微生物数量、MBC和MBN的影响效果.     

伊犁河谷不同类型湿地土壤活性有机碳组分及其含量差异

土壤活性有机碳对环境变化反应敏感,为探讨伊犁河谷不同类型湿地土壤活性有机碳组分含量及其影响因素,本研究以伊犁河谷常年水淹的芦苇湿地、极少水淹的雀稗湿地以及季节性水淹的拂子茅湿地为对象,测定0～40 cm土层内土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)的含量,分析不同类型湿地EOC、DOC和MBC之间的相关性及其与土壤酶活性(蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶)、土壤养分(铵态氮、全磷)和土壤有机碳(SOC)之间的关系。结果表明:3种不同类型湿地土壤活性有机碳组分在0～40 cm土层内的垂直分异规律一致,均随土壤剖面的加深而递减,而土壤MBC、EOC和DOC含量差异性显著(P0.05),其中芦苇湿地的土壤MBC、EOC和DOC含量均最低;3种类型湿地中,MBC、EOC和DOC所占SOC的比例分别在4. 33%～18. 02%、28. 85%～66.06%、0.73%～1.36%;除DOC所占SOC比例在0～40 cm土层内呈现先增大后减小规律外,MBC和EOC占SOC比例未呈现一致的变化规律; 3种土壤活性有机碳组分所占土壤有机碳的比例以EOC所占比例最大,DOC所占比例最小; MBC、EOC占SOC的比例均以雀稗湿地最高,DOC所占比例以拂子茅湿地最高,而芦苇湿地MBC、EOC和DOC比例均较低;3种类型湿地MBC、EOC和DOC彼此之间相关性均达到显著水平,DOC与土壤全磷相关性不显著,而3种土壤活性有机碳组分与土壤养分、土壤酶活性相关性均达到显著水平。本研究表明,土壤酶活性和土壤养分是影响土壤活性有机碳含量的重要因子。     

亚热带不同稻田土壤溶解性有机碳的剖面分布特征

通过选取亚热带5种不同母质发育的稻田土壤(黄泥田Ⅰ、黄泥田Ⅱ、麻砂泥、红黄泥、河沙泥),按土壤发生层次采集剖面样品,研究土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的剖面分布特征及其与土壤有机碳(SOC)的关系,并探讨DOC的剖面迁移规律及影响因素.结果表明:稻田土壤剖面DOC含量介于13.61 ～90.34 mg · kg-1,以耕作层(A/Aa和Ap)最高,平均达到69.40 mg·kg-1,耕作层以下相对较低.除河沙泥外,其余4种稻田土壤剖面DOC含量并未随土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,而是在渗育层(P)及以下的某些土层(如We/W2层、C层)出现DOC含量较上一层次升高的现象.这可能与稻田土壤剖面特殊的DOC淋溶和淀积、生物降解、矿物相吸附和氧化还原状况有关.DOC/SOC的比例介于0.21％～1.31％,以耕作层土壤最低,表下层土壤相对较高,反映稻田表下层土壤SOC的活性较耕作层明显增强,在人为干扰(如翻耕)下,表下层土壤SOC可能更容易损失.相关分析表明,DOC与SOC呈显著正相关,剖面SOC含量对DOC的剖面分布具有决定作用.从维持土壤质量和固碳减排的角度看,应针对不同类型稻田土壤采取不同的耕作和管理措施.     

黄土高塬沟壑区草地沟头立壁土壤抗冲性特征

黄土高原植被恢复使沟头立璧土壤侵蚀过程发生显著变化。为明确黄土高塬沟壑区草地沟头立壁土壤抗冲性特征及其影响因素,以裸地为对照,利用室内原状土槽冲刷试验研究了草地沟头立壁0～1 m不同土层(0～10、10～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm)土壤理化性质和抗冲性特征。结果表明: 草地和裸地沟头土壤水稳性团聚体含量和粘聚力随土层加深均呈减小趋势。裸地沟头土壤有机质含量、土壤抗冲系数随土层深度的增加呈减小趋势,而草地沟头土壤有机质含量、土壤抗冲系数随土层加深先增加后减小,且均在10～20 cm土层达到最大值(24.30 g·kg^-1和58.86 L·g^-1),草地各土层土壤抗冲系数是裸地的1.7～9.3倍。沟头土壤抗冲性与土壤有机质含量、水稳性团聚体含量、黏聚力和植物根长密度呈极显著相关,其中与土壤有机质含量(r=0.98)的关系最密切。该研究可为黄土高塬沟壑区沟头溯源侵蚀机理的研究提供基础数据,并为有效防治该区域水土流失提供科学依据。     

东北玉米带农田土壤磷素分布特征

对东北玉米带农田土壤全磷及有机磷在0～100 cm剖面中的垂直分布及纬向分异的研究结果表明：海伦、哈尔滨、公主岭和大石桥点的土壤全磷含量随深度增加而下降,0～40 cm土层全磷含量显著高于40～100 cm土层（P<0.01）;德惠、昌图和沈阳点40～60 cm土层土壤全磷含量相对较低,但各土层之间差异不大;0～20 cm土层有机磷含量显著高于20 cm以下各土层(P<0.05).土壤全磷和有机磷含量随着纬度的升高而显著增加(P<0.05),气候条件和土壤类型的差异可能是导致土壤磷素纬向分布差异的主要原因.土壤全磷和有机磷含量与土壤有机碳呈极显著正相关 (P<0.01),说明东北玉米带农田有机质含量是影响土壤磷素含量和分布的主要因素之一.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.