Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of four different Anatolian propolis samples

Propolis means a gum that is gathered by bees from various plants. It is known for its biological properties, having antibacterial, antifungal and healing properties. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of four different Anatolian propolis samples on different groups of microorganisms including some oral pathogens and comparison between their chemical compositions. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared from four different Anatolian propolis samples and examined whether EEP inhibit the growth of the test microorganisms or not. For the antimicrobial activity assays, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by using macrodilution method. The MIC values of the most effective propolis (TB) were 2 microg/ml for Streptococcus sobrinus and Enterococcus faecalis, 4 microg/ml for Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans and C. krusei, 8 microg/ml for Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterobacter aerogenes, 16 microg/ml for Escherichia coli and C. tropicalis and 32 microg/ml for Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The chemical compositions of EEP's were determined by high-temperature high-resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The main compounds of four Anatolian propolis samples were flavonoids such as pinocembrin, pinostropin, isalpinin, pinobanksin, quercetin, naringenin, galangine and chrysin. Although propolis samples were collected from different regions of Anatolia all showed significant antimicrobial activity against the Gram positive bacteria and yeasts. Propolis can prevent dental caries since it demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and C. albicans, which involves in oral diseases.     

Susceptibility of Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens (and Porphyromonas gingivalis) to propolis (bee glue) and other antimicrobial agents

Black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia are suspected pathogens in adult periodontitis, whereas Prevotella nigrescens has been associated with health. Antimicrobial resistance among bacteria from this group has been reported in the past decade. This research aimed to evaluate and compare the susceptibility profile of 17 P. intermedia/P. nigrescens isolates recovered from patients with periodontitis and three reference strains to six antimicrobials, prescribed in dentistry in Brazil, and propolis (bee glue). The antimicrobial agents tested were tetracycline, penicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, meropenem and six ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) from Brazil. The reference strains P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and P. intermedia ATCC 25611 were used for determination of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and for time-kill assay to the EEPs. All of the strains were susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin, meropenem, metronidazole and 95% of them (n=19) to tetracycline. Thirty six percent (n=7) of the P. intermedia/P. nigrescens strains tested were resistant to clindamycin. As for propolis activity, all strains were susceptible and the minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 64 to 256 microg/mL. For the reference strains P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 the MBC was 256 microg/mL and death was observed within 3 h of incubation for P. gingivalis and within 6 h for P. intermedia. The action of propolis (bee glue) against suspected periodontal pathogens suggests that it may be of clinical value.     

Effect of a New Variety of Apis mellifera Propolis onMutans Streptococci

The effects of a new variety of propolis, from Northeastern Brazil (BA), on growth of mutans streptococci, cell adherence, and water-insoluble glucan (WIG) synthesis were evaluated. Propolis from Southeastern (MG) and Southern (RS) Brazil were also tested as an extension of our previous work. Ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. For the antibacterial activity assays, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of EEPs against Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and S. cricetus were determined. Cell adherence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus to a glass surface was measured spectrophotometrically at 550 nm. WIG synthesized from sucrose by glucosyltransferase (Gtf) was extracted and quantified by the phenol-sulfuric method. The HPLC profile of the new variety of propolis was entirely different from Southeastern and Southern propolis. Neither flavonoid aglycones nor p-coumaric acid were detected in EEP BA. All EEPs demonstrated biological activities against mutans streptococci; EEP BA showed the highest potency in all in vitro parameters evaluated in this study. The ranges of MIC values were 50 (EEP BA)–400 μg/ml (MG), for S. mutans; and 25 (BA)–400 μg/ml (MG), for S. sobrinus and S. cricetus. The bactericidal concentration of EEPs was four to eight times the MIC values. The adherence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus cells and WIG synthesis were markedly inhibited by EEPs, demonstrating significant inhibition at all concentrations compared with the control (80% ethanol) (p < 0.05). EEP BA showed 80% inhibition of cell adherence and WIG synthesis at concentrations as low as 12.5 and 7.8 μg/ml, respectively. The results show that the new variety of propolis was exceptionally effective in all in vitro parameters tested against mutans streptococci; biological effects of propolis are likely not to be due solely to flavonoids and (hydroxy)cinnamic acid derivatives. Received: 14 February 2000 / Accepted: 8 May 2000     

In vitro activity of propolis against Streptococcus pyogenes

Propolis, a multifunctional substance used by bees to maintain the safety of their hives, is popular for its therapeutic potential against some micro-organisms. Ethanolic extracts of two propolis specimens, collected from different areas within a region in the north-west of Italy, were examined to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against 46 Streptococcus pyogenes strains. By both agar dilution and agar diffusion methods, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 相似文献   

Antimicrobial effect of Korean propolis against the mutans streptococci isolated from Korean

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of Korean propolis against clinical isolates of mutans streptococci (MS) from Koreans. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill curves against mutans streptococci. The MIC(90) values of propolis for MS were 35 μg/ml. Propolis had a bacteriostatic effect on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175(T) and bactericidal effects on Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 33478(T) at > 2 × MIC (70 μg/ml). These results suggest that the propolis can be used in the development of oral hygiene products for the prevention of dental caries.     

Antimicrobial potentiality of a new non-antibiotic: the cardiovascular drug oxyfedrine hydrochloride

Ten cardiovascular drugs, having diverse pharmacological action, were screened for possible antimicrobial property against known eight sensitive bacteria, belonging to Gram positive and Gram negative types. Although five drugs failed to show antimicrobial activity and three had moderate antimicrobial action, oxyfedrine HCl and dobutamine were seen to possess pronounced antimicrobial property. Oxyfedrine was further tested in vitro against 471 strains of bacteria from two Gram positive and fourteen Gram negative genera. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxyfedrine was determined by agar dilution method, which ranged from 50-200 microg/ml in most of the strains, while some strains were inhibited at even lower concentrations. In animal experiments, this compound was capable of offering significant protection to Swiss strain of white mice, challenged with 50 median lethal dose (MLD) of a virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium at concentrations of 15, 30 and 60 microg/mouse. The in vivo results were highly significant according to chi-square test.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs

The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extract of 13 propolis (EEP) samples from different regions of Serbia against 39 microorganisms (14 resistant or multiresistant to antibiotics), and to determine synergistic activity between antimicrobials and propolis. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples was evaluated by agar diffusion and agar dilution method. The synergistic action of propolis with antimicrobial drugs was assayed by the disc diffusion method on agar containing subinhibitory concentrations of propolis. Obtained results indicate that EEP, irrespectively of microbial resistance to antibiotics, showed significant antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 0.078%–1.25% of EEP) and yeasts (0.16%–1.25%), while Gram-negative bacteria were less susceptible (1.25&%ndash;>5%). Enterococcus faecalis was the most resistant Gram-positive bacterium, Salmonella spp. the most resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans the most resistant yeast. EEP showed synergism with selected antibiotics, and displayed ability to enhance the activities of antifungals. The shown antimicrobial potential of propolis alone or in combination with certain antibiotics and antifungals is of potential medical interest.     

Antimicrobial activity studies on some piperidine and pyrrolidine substituted halogenobenzene derivatives

The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the compounds synthesised from some 1,2,3,5-tetrahalogeno benzenes in presence of sodium piperidide and sodium pyrrolidide (2,6-dipiperidino-1,4-dihalogenobenzenes; 2,6-dipyrrolidino-1,4-dibromobenzene; 2,4,6-tripyrrolidino chlorobenzene; and 1,3-dipyrrolidino benzene) were investigated. The in vitro antimicrobial activities were screened against the standard strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as Gram positive, Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 1501, Escherichia coli ATCC 11230 and Klebsiella pneumoniae as Gram negative, and Candida albicans as yeast-like fungus. Compounds (3, 5, 6, 7) inhibited the growth of all the test strains at MIC values of 32-512 microg/ml. None of the four compounds (1, 2,4,8) studied showed antimicrobial activity against any of the test strains within the MIC range 0.25-512 micro/ml.     

The inhibitory activity of typified propolis against Enterococcus species

Propolis, a natural bee product widely used for its antimicrobial activity, was tested against isolates of Enterococcus from humans, pig-tailed macaques, isolates of refractory endodontic treatment cases, and isolates from Lactobacillus-containing food supplements. Typification of the propolis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by which prenylated compounds, cinnamic acid derivatives, and flavonoids were detected as the main constituents. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the agar dilution method. All human and animal Enterococcus isolates demonstrated MIC values of 1600 microg/mL. Enterococcal species of human and animal origin were inhibited by propolis. Particularly, human isolates of E. faecium and E. faecalis of refractory endodontic treatment cases were susceptible to propolis of Brazilian origin.     

A New Type of Anatolian Propolis: Evaluation of Its Chemical Composition,Activity Profile and Botanical Origin

This study was undertaken to analyze the phenolic profiles of 19 propolis samples from Turkey by using a high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method in order to identify their plant origins. Furthermore, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity profiles were comparatively evaluated. For the appraisal of antioxidant potential, total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of propolis samples were firstly determined and then their effects on free radicals were evaluated by FRAP, ABTS^.+, CUPRAC, DPPH^. and HPTLC‐DPPH^. methods. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. HPTLC fingerprinting analyses revealed that O‐type (botanical origin from Populus nigra L.) was the primarily available propolis type in Turkey. Moreover, 3‐O‐methylquercetin (3MQ) rich propolis was identified as a new propolis type for the first time. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that 3MQ‐type propolis differs from the O‐type. Antioxidant activity studies showed that O‐type of propolis possesses higher antioxidant effect than the other tested propolis types. Quercetin, caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and galangin were determined to contribute significantly to the antioxidant potential of O‐type propolis among others. Propolis extracts exerted moderate antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms with MIC values between the ranges of 128–512 μg/mL.     

Propolis: anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity and synergism with antimicrobial drugs

Propolis is a natural resinous substance collected by bees from tree exudates and secretions. Its antimicrobial activity has been investigated and inhibitory action on Staphylococcus aureus growth was evaluated. The in vitro synergism between ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and antimicrobial drugs by two susceptibility tests (Kirby and Bauer and E-Test) on 25 S. aureus strains was evaluated. Petri dishes with sub-inhibitory concentrations of EEP were incubated with 13 drugs using Kirby and Bauer method and synergism between EEP and five drugs [choramphenicol (CLO), gentamicin (GEN), netilmicin (NET), tetracycline (TET), and vancomycin (VAN)] was observed. Nine drugs were assayed by the E-test method and five of them exhibited a synergism [CLO, GEN, NET, TET, and clindamycin (CLI)]. The results demonstrated the synergism between EEP and antimicrobial drugs, especially those agents that interfere on bacterial protein synthesis.     

Antibacterial activity of honey and propolis from Apis mellifera and Tetragonisca angustula against Staphylococcus aureus

AIMS: The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus of honey and propolis produced by Apis mellifera and Tetragonisca angustula was evaluated. Secondary aims included the study of the chemical composition of propolis and honey samples and its relationship with antibacterial activity against S. aureus. METHODS AND RESULTS: The antibacterial activity of honey and propolis was determined by the method of macrodilution. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of A. mellifera honey ranged from 126.23 to 185.70 mg ml(-1) and of T. angustula from 142.87 to 214.33 mg ml(-1). For propolis, the MIC ranged from 0.36 to 3.65 mg ml(-1) (A. mellifera) and from 0.44 to 2.01 mg ml(-1) (T. angustula). Honey and propolis were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Some typical compounds of Brazilian propolis were also identified in honey samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the chemical composition of honey and propolis samples was distinct based on the geographical location of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Propolis samples had higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus when compared with honey. However, both propolis and honey samples had antibacterial against S. aureus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These antimicrobial properties would warrant further studies on the clinical applications of propolis and honey against S. aureus.     

Composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Populus buds and poplar-type propolis

The antibacterial activity of propolis has been widely investigated. Since reports dealing with antimicrobial activity of the origin of propolis are not available, this study was carried out aiming to analyse the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts of poplar type propolis and Populus (Populus nigra, P. alba, P. tremuloides) buds as its sources against standard strains of a panel of microorganisms by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The concentrations of the “poplar” phenolics were relatively high (4.5%) and some compounds typical for P. nigra such as pinobanksin and 4,3 acetyloxycaffeate were found in the propolis sample by GC-MS. The poplar type propolis and Populus bud exudates were found to inhibit most clinically important microorganisms in a wide spectrum including pathogenic yeasts but not Gram-negative bacteria.     

Effects of Brazilian green propolis extract on planktonic cells and biofilms of multidrug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract

Propolis could represent an alternative therapeutic agent for targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria due to its antimicrobial potential. The effect of Brazilian green propolis (BGP) aqueous extract (AqExt) was evaluated on eight multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as on one reference strain for each bacterial species. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined and optimal concentrations were further evaluated in comparison with 0.12% chlorhexidine. The natural extract was chemically characterized by HPLC-DAD analysis. The MBC values ranged between 3.12 and 27.5?mg ml^?1. Analysis of bacterial metabolic activity after treatment for 5?min with BGP-AqExt revealed a strong antimicrobial potential, similar to chlorhexidine. The extract comprised several active compounds including quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic and p-coumaric acid, drupani, galangin, and artepillin C. Altogether, the findings suggest that BGP-AqExt is fast and effective against multidrug-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa in planktonic cultures and biofilms.     

The antimicrobial effects of propolis collected in different regions in the Basque Country (Northern Spain)

The antimicrobial activity of 19 propolis extracts prepared in different solvents (ethanol and propylene glycol) (EEP/PEP), was evaluated against some bacterial and fungal isolates using the agar-well diffusion method. It was verified that all the samples tested showed antimicrobial activity, although results varied considerably between samples. Results revealed that both types of propolis extracts showed highly sensitive antimicrobial action against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi at a concentration of 20% (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisae) with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/ml, with a moderate effect against Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC from 17 to 26 mg/ml). To our knowledge, this is the first study showing elevated antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria [Salmonella enterica (MIC from 0.6 to 1.4 mg/ml)] and lesser activity against Helicobacter pylori (MIC from 6 to 14 mg/ml), while Escherichia coli was resistant. This concluded that the Basque propolis had a strong and dose-dependent activity against most of the microbial strains tested, while database comparison revealed that phenolic substances were responsible for this inhibition, regardless of their geographical origin and the solvent employed for extraction. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between EEP and PEP extracts.     

Antimicrobial activity studies on some piperidine and pyrrolidine substituted halogenobenzene derivatives

The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the compounds synthesised from some 1,2,3,5-tetrahalogeno benzenes in presence of sodium piperidide and sodium pyrrolidide (2,6-dipiperidino-1,4-dihalogenobenzenes; 2,6-dipyrrolidino-1,4-dibromobenzene; 2,4,6-tripyrrolidino chlorobenzene; and 1,3-dipyrrolidino benzene) were investigated. The in vitro antimicrobial activities were screened against the standard strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as Gram positive, Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 1501, Escherichia coli ATCC 11230 and Klebsiella pneumoniae as Gram negative, and Candida albicans as yeast-like fungus. Compounds (3, 5, 6, 7) inhibited the growth of all the test strains at MIC values of 32–512 μg/ml. None of the four compounds (1, 2, 4, 8) studied showed antimicrobial activity against any of the test strains within the MIC range 0.25–512 μg/ml.     

Potential application of Northern Argentine propolis to control some phytopathogenic bacteria

The antimicrobial activity of samples of Northern Argentine propolis (Tucumán, Santiago del Estero and Chaco) against phytopathogenic bacteria was assessed and the most active samples were identified. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by agar macrodilution and broth microdilution assays. Strong antibacterial activity was detected against Erwinia carotovora spp carotovora CECT 225, Pseudomonas syringae pvar tomato CECT 126, Pseudomonas corrugata CECT 124 and Xanthomonas campestris pvar vesicatoria CECT 792. The most active propolis extract (Tucumán, T1) was selected to bioguide isolation and identified for antimicrobial compound (2',4'-dihydroxychalcone). The antibacterial chalcone was more active than the propolis ethanolic extract (MIC values of 0.5-1 μg ml(-1) and 9.5-15 μg ml(-1), respectively). Phytotoxicity assays were realized and the propolis extracts did not retard germination of lettuce seeds or the growth of onion roots. Propolis solutions applied as sprays on tomato fruits infected with P. syringae reduced the severity of disease. Application of the Argentine propolis extracts diluted with water may be promising for the management of post harvest diseases of fruits.     

In vitro activity of Bulgarian propolis against 94 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria

The aim was to evaluate the effect of 30% ethanolic extract of Bulgarian propolis on 94 clinical anaerobic strains. The strains were tested by both agar-well diffusion (wells, 7 mm diameter) and disk-diffusion methods. Only 15% of Clostridium-, 3.3% of other Gram-positive- and 9.1% of Gram-negative anaerobic strains were not inhibited by 30 microL propolis extract per well. Propolis extract was more active than the ethanol (P < 0.001). By 30 microL extract per well, mean inhibitory diameters of the clostridia, other Gram-positive- and Gram-negative anaerobes were 11.5, 13.1, and 11.3 mm, and those by 90 microL were 16, 18.1 and 15.4 mm, respectively. Mean inhibitory diameters of all strains by 30 and 90 microL ethanol were only 8.4 and 9.5 mm. By 30 microL propolis extract per well, inhibitory diameters of 15 mm or more were more common in Gram-positive (32%) than in Gram-negative bacteria (13.6%, P < 0.05). Moist propolis disks inhibited more strains (89.4%) than dried disks (68.1%, P < 0.001). Most (81.8%) Bacteroides fragilis group strains and 75% of clostridial strains were inhibited by moist EEP disks. CONCLUSION: Bulgarian propolis was active against most anaerobic strains of different genera. In addition to oral pathogens, an activity of propolis against Clostridium, Bacteroides and Propionibacterium species was observed. The results could motivate a higher medical interest and further trials for evaluating the use of bee glue for prophylaxis or treatment of some anaerobic infections such as oral, skin and wound diseases.     

Egyptian propolis: 1-antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Upper Egypt propolis

The antimicrobial activity of four propolis samples collected from Upper Egypt against Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli and Candida albicans was evaluated. There was a variation in the antimicrobial activity according to the propolis origin. Banisweif propolis showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, but Fayoum propolis had moderate activity against all tested pathogens. Propolis collected from Assiut and Souhag gave lower antimicrobial activity. Propolis samples were investigated by GC/MS, 71 compounds were identified, 14 being new for propolis. Banisweif propolis is characterized by the presence of 7 caffeate esters and 4 triterpenoids. Fayoum propolis showed the highest amount of lactic acid and the presence of 3 chalcones. But Assiut propolis is characterized by the presence of 4 prenylated coumarates. Souhag propolis is characterized by the presence of 5 aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and some other new compounds to propolis.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel 2-thiazolylimino-5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinones

New 2-thiazolylimino-5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinones (compounds 4a-j), unsubstituted or carrying hydroxy, methoxy, nitro and chloro groups on the benzene ring, were synthesized and assayed in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, yeasts and mould. The compounds were very potent towards all tested Gram positive microorganisms (MIC ranging from 0.03 to 6 microg/mL in most of the cases) and Gram negative Haemophilus influenzae (MIC 0.15-1.5 microg/mL), whereas no effectiveness was exhibited against Gram negative Escherichia coli and fungi up to the concentration of 100 microg/mL. The 5-arylidene derivatives showed an antibacterial efficacy considerably greater than that of the parent 2-(thiazol-2-ylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 3, suggesting that the substituted and unsubstituted 5-arylidene moiety plays an important role in enhancing the antimicrobial properties of this class of compounds. The remarkable inhibition of the growth of penicillin-resistant staphylococci makes these substances promising agents also for the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms resistant to currently available drugs.