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生境网络对于物种更具有生态意义。研究土地利用变化对生境网络的影响,对破碎景观中种群的扩散和迁徙至关重要。研究结果有助于区域生境网络的恢复和完善,从物种的角度而非景观结构的角度优化生态网络。以城市化快速发展、土地利用变化明显的苏锡常地区为研究区域,优势湿地鸟类白鹭为代表物种,构建物种生境斑块约束条件概念模型,提出按照物种生活习性特征划分、选择生境斑块的方法,并从斑块和网络结构两个视角分析了土地利用变化对生境网络的影响。结果表明:(1)2000—2010年研究区白鹭生境的适宜地类总面积虽有所增加,但主要由于大量新增线性人为干扰致使白鹭生境网络质量下降;(2)白鹭生境网络在研究区不是全区覆盖的回路,基本由宜兴—溧阳片、无锡滨湖片、苏州吴中片和苏州阳澄湖片4个小片网构成,其完整程度按照宜溧片、滨湖片、吴中片、阳澄湖片降次排列;至2010年,宜溧片破坏最为严重,滨湖片和吴中片次之,阳澄湖片受破坏程度相对最弱。总体上,白鹭生境境况在10年间恶化明显,土地利用变化朝着不利于白鹭持续生存的方向发展。 相似文献
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介绍了一种在GIS支持下,基于气候的植被空间分布的数字模拟方法。研究以内蒙古为例,结果表明,内蒙古植被的空间分布与气候存在明显的相关性。以气候因子为变量,对植被类型的判别较好,地带性植被、山地植被、沙地植被和低湿地植被的判对率分别为61.82%、64.44%、82.72%帮77.44%,数字模拟的结果较好,k值为0.50。对植被地带的判别和模拟的准确性明显提高,判对率达86.84%,k值为0.57,模拟结果属很好,判别和模拟的错误主要出现在因基质、地形、人类干扰等因素而产生的非地带性和次生、退化的植被中,该方法适于分析大尺度空间中植被地带与气候的关系。与传统的植被-气候研究方法相比,所使用的植被和气候因子数字图象具备空间和数值上的连续性,结果客观且可以重复、使用精准的专题数据如数字遥感信息,以及引入更多的专题数据如土壤、植被生产力、样地资料等,是提高判别和模拟准确性的有效途径。 相似文献
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资源型城市前期发展导致了生境丧失或退化,实现高质量转型需要深入理解城市转型与生态环境质量之间的关系,土地利用转型特征及其对生境质量的影响规律研究为此提供依据与支撑。以资源型城市--乌海市为研究区,通过地学信息图谱和InVEST模型探究2005-2018年乌海市土地利用转型特征、生境质量时空变化及土地利用转型对生境质量的影响。结果表明:(1)2005-2018年乌海市土地利用变化趋势发生改变,土地利用转型明显,土地利用变化图谱单元数量逐渐增加78.14%,分布范围逐渐广泛。主要表现为草地与建设用地、采矿用地之间的相互转化,第一阶段(2005-2015年)草地大面积减少,建设用地和采矿用地大面积增加,第二阶段(2015-2018年)趋势相反。(2)乌海市生境质量变化呈现先强退化后弱提升趋势。2005-2015年乌海市18.75%的区域生境质量退化,提升面积较小;2015-2018年生境质量提升面积略大于退化面积。(3)2005-2015年草地向采矿用地、建设用地转化是区域生境质量降低的主要原因,2015-2018年区域生境质量提升的主导因素是采矿用地和建设用地向草地转化。研究结果揭示了资源型城市土地利用转型过程中生境质量的响应规律,可为资源型城市土地利用转型决策提供参考。 相似文献
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为探讨洞穴微生物沉积碳酸钙作用对洞穴沉积物的影响,利用传统生物学方法,采集贵州中西部地区石将军洞洞穴沉积物表面的微生物样品,结合洞穴监测数据和理化背景资料,利用B-4培养基和B-4C培养基对洞穴细菌进行筛选和纯化,分离出能沉积碳酸钙的菌种,观察和了解洞穴细菌形成的CaCO3晶体,应用X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)分析细菌形成的CaCO3晶体成分,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察晶体结构特征。结果表明:1)在B-4培养基下微生物产生的碳酸钙晶体主要为方解石、球霰石和方解石混合物、球霰石,这种变化与培养基pH值的增幅相关;同时,在添加Mg离子的B-4C培养基下形成的碳酸钙晶体主要为方解石,此外,研究中并未检测到文石晶体。2)通过SEM扫描,发现微生物作用形成的碳酸钙晶体存在不规则六方体、柱状体、四方体层状、半球状等,这些晶体形态在化学作用系统下少见,多见于微生物作用形成的方解石。此外,晶体中微生物作用痕迹明显,微生物作用贯穿于整个沉积过程。 相似文献
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林火是生态系统重要干扰因子,对生态系统结构和功能有重要影响。本研究基于2005—2017年黑龙江和江西两省卫星火点数据并采用Mann-Kendall检验和滑动t检验的方法分析林火时空及火险期变化。结果表明:两省全年林火年际变化呈现先上升后下降的趋势;黑龙江省突变年份在2011年前后;江西省突变年份在2016年前后;江西省法定火险期设定较黑龙江省更加合理;黑龙江省林火主要发生在春秋两季,春季林火发生期有向早春偏移的趋势,秋季林火发生期向夏季偏移并延长,春、夏和秋三季突变年份分别为2010年、2014年和2011年,冬季无突变年份;江西省林火主要发生在冬季,林火发生期有向冬季偏移并缩短的趋势,春、夏、秋、冬四季突变年份分别为2010年、2015年、2014年和2016年前后;两省林火密度呈相反的递增趋势;黑龙江省林火密度由东南向西北呈递增趋势,集中于黑河市和大兴安岭地区;江西省林火密度由东北向西南呈递增趋势,集中于赣州市和吉安市;两省各地区林火次数整体均呈下降趋势;其中黑龙江省大庆市、佳木斯市和大兴安岭地区林火次数下降趋势显著;黑龙江省法定火险期伊春市和鸡西市林火次数呈上升趋势。本研究揭示... 相似文献
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农田生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,起着碳源和碳汇的双重作用,对维持整个生态系统碳平衡具有重要意义.本文基于ArcGIS 10.1、SPSS 20.0、Sigmaplot 12.5等分析平台,以农田生态系统为研究对象,构建农田生态系统碳足迹模型,分析2005—2014年河南省农田生态系统碳排放、碳吸收和碳足迹及三者之间的关系.结果表明: 2005—2014年,研究区碳排放年平均增长率为2.7%,其中因化肥施用引起的碳排放量占总碳排放量的比例最高,占66.2%,且化肥的使用强度为890.38 kg·hm-2,远高于发达国家公认的安全警戒线225 kg·hm-2.河南省农田生态系统的碳总储量整体呈逐年上升趋势,其中,小麦的碳吸收比例最高,占总吸收量的60%,水稻的碳吸收增速最快,为7.9%.河南省农田生态系统存在碳生态盈余,且农田生态系统碳足迹总体呈现不断增加趋势,农田生态系统碳足迹占同期生产性土地面积(耕地)的平均比例为5.7%.研究区碳排放、碳吸收、碳足迹的空间变化较为一致,均呈现东南多、西北少的空间分布规律,且地区差异及变化幅度差异较大是三者的最主要外部特征. 相似文献
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黔中地区城市扩张过程中,建成区内遗存了大量的孤岛状自然山体,这些保留了原有生境的城市遗存自然山体在完全人工化的城市环境中可以被认为是城市遗存山体野境。然而由于人为干扰程度的不同,城市遗存山体野境的野性程度不同。科学评价城市遗存山体野境的野性水平,可以为城市遗存山体野境的保护提供科学依据。本研究以中国西南喀斯特地区典型的多山城市为研究区域,在山体原有植被保持较好、且形态相对完整的城市遗存山体中,随机选取了18座城市遗存山体野境作为研究对象,采用层次分析法、熵权法、综合权重法构建了喀斯特地区城市遗存山体野境自然野性评价指标体系。通过实地调查结合遥感技术,获取了样本山体各指标数据,用线性加权求和法得到样本山体的自然野性评价值。最终通过正态分布法和专家诊断法相结合确定城市遗存山体野境自然野性阈值并进行分级。结果表明:(1)城市遗存山体野境自然野性指标体系由山体特征、动植物特征、环境特征3个准则层和7个指标层及26个评价因子组成,该指标体系对评价喀斯特地区城市遗存山体野境自然野性适宜。(2)城市遗存山体野境的山体特征指标的平均值为0.56±0.13,动植物特征指标的平均值为0.44±0.07,山体环境特征的平均值为0.48±0.12。(3)城市遗存山体野境的自然野性划分为,高野性、中野性、低野性、无野性4个等级。城市遗存山体野境自然野性的阈值是0.43,具有自然野性的山体面积占所选样山总面积的75.6%。研究结果将为判断多山城市人工环境中城市遗存山体自然野境地提供基础理论,为制定城市野境保护策略提供依据。 相似文献
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许多研究表明,物种与高级分类阶元在数量上密切相关,这种关系在地区物种数量预测中具有很高的应用价值。应用中国不同地理类型(保护区、行政区和动物地理亚区)的鸟类物种名录,研究物种与科属的数量相关关系和频次分布规律,结果表明(1)物种与高级分类阶元在数量上有着极显著相关关系(P<0.01),其中物种—属的相关关系要显著于物种—科,且在对数、乘幂、指数和线数4种模型中,用乘幂模型拟合最好;(2)物种在科属间的频次分布具有规律性(P<0.05),随着物种数/科属的增加,频次迅速减少,在4种模型中,乘幂模型拟合最好,属的规律性较科显著。根据以上结果,物种与科属间的数量强相关关系与物种数量在科属间有规律的频次分布有关。 相似文献
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热带雨林的孢粉垂直分布规律——以海南岛现代孢粉雨为例 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
热带地区环境变化对研究全球气候变化显得越来越重要,热带地区的古环境记录,特别是孢粉记录是恢复过去气候的重要方法,东亚热带地区在冰期-间冰期的气候影响下,生态环境主要表现为山地植被带的垂直升降,因此,定量恢复热带地区第四纪植被垂直移动的幅度,以及作为古气候的替代性指标进行数量化转换是热带地区孢粉研究的关键,然而,我国热带地区现代孢粉雨和植被的关系研究程度较低,给热带第四纪孢粉古生态的恢复和对比带来困难,本研究较系统地总结了海南岛从低地平原到五指山1860m的垂直植被带表土的孢粉散布规律,为热带地区孢粉古环境的重建提供了新的基础数据。研究结果表明,孢粉组合的变化与垂直植被带紧密相关,孢粉的多样性随海拔升高而降低,其中针叶类随海拔升高而增加,蕨类孢子则相应减少,在低地和低山丘陵,孢粉组合显示出为干扰的影响,如防风雨的主要树种木麻黄(Casuarina),行道树台湾相思(Acacia richii)和人为砍伐后大面积生长的芒箕(Dicranopteris)群落等在一些孢粉谱中特别高,尽管如此,孢粉组合反映的垂直植被带变化仍然是清楚的,海南岛由下至上可划分出5个表土孢粉组合带-低地人类强烈干扰带(<400m):Mallotus,Casuarina,Pinus,Myrica,Palmae,Poaceaae,Dicranopteris:--低地质陵地带(400-800m):Quercus,Castanopsis,Mallotus,Myrica,Platea,Meliaceae和大量孢子(包括Dicranopteris);--山地下带(800-1200m):Castanopsis,Quercus,Podocarpus,Dacrydium,Cyathea和单缝孢子;--山地上带(1200-1600m):Dacrydium,Pinus,Altingia,Quercus,Castanopsis;--山顶带(>1600m):Pinus,Rhododendron,Dacrydium,Symplocos. 相似文献
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The endangered black‐footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) reproduces naturally in the spring. The Black‐Footed Ferret Recovery Program would benefit from increased productivity in the captive population by manipulating photoperiod and temperature to create three artificial cycles in 1½ years. In the present study the photoperiod was set at 8 hr light:16 hr dark for 1–2 months, then switched to 16 hr light:8 hr dark for 4–5 months. The males' light was switched 1 month before the females' light. Three cycles were performed in 2 years. During the first cycle, 0% of the males bred, 17% of the females came into estrus and were bred through artificial insemination, and 0% of the females whelped. In the second cycle, 100% of the females came into estrus and were bred naturally, and 77% whelped. In the third cycle, all males showed testicular recrudescence but none bred; all females showed signs of estrus, 40% were bred using artificial insemination, and 0% whelped. Siberian polecats (Mustela eversmanii), the black‐footed ferrets' closest living relative, also were put on an artificial photoperiod, coinciding with the black‐footed ferrets' third cycle. All female polecats came into estrus and were bred naturally, and 33% whelped. All males showed testicular recrudescence, and 22% produced sperm and bred. The low rate of success in breeding and whelping suggests that multiple cues may be needed to induce estrus in ferrets and polecats. Zoo Biol 22:1–14, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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This work presents data on the relative diversity, abundance, and distribution patterns of primates in a 20 km2 area of the Tapiche River in the Peruvian Amazon. Population data were collected while the study area was both inundated and dry (March to September 1997) using conventional line-transect census techniques. Survey results reflected the presence of 11 primate species, but population parameters on only eight of the species will be presented, including saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis), brown capuchins (Cebus apella), white-fronted capuchins (Cebus albifrons), monk sakis (Pithecia monachus), red titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus), red uakaris (Cacajao calvus), and red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). Woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha), night monkeys (Aotus nancymaae), and pygmy marmosets (Callithrix pygmaea) were also seen in the area. The data for the smaller-bodied primates is similar to that reported almost 18 years earlier, but the data for the larger-bodied primates reflect a loss in the number of animals present in the area. Pressure from hunters and the timber industry may account for declining numbers of large-bodied primates, while it appears that natural features peculiar to the conservation area contribute to the patchy pattern of distribution. 相似文献
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AMANDA S. BEHELER JENNIFER A. FIKE GUHA DHARMARAJAN OLIN E. RHODES THOMAS L. SERFASS 《Molecular ecology resources》2005,5(3):602-604
We describe 10 novel North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) polymorphic microsatellite loci. Individuals from two river drainages in New York were sampled, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 12 (Drainage 1) and two to 10 (Drainage 2). Observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.21 to 0.83 (Drainage 1) and 0.20 to 0.80 (Drainage 2). Preliminary screening revealed that loci amplified in five other mustelids [Martes pennanti (n = 6), Martes fiona (n = 8), Mustela frenata (n = 8), Mustela erminea (n = 8) and Mustela vison (n = 5)]. 相似文献
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Amanda S. Beheler Jennifer A. Fike Lisa M. Murfitt Olin E. Rhodes Thomas S. Serfass 《Molecular ecology resources》2004,4(1):56-58
In order to complement ecological research on native and reintroduced populations of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci that would permit us to evaluate population genetic structure and conduct fecal DNA analyses. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 14 and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.23 to 0.68. Preliminary screening revealed that primers were polymorphic in a subset of other Mustelids. 相似文献
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Carolyn M. King Roderick M. McDonald Ross D. Martin Darryl I. MacKenzie Grant W. Tempero Selena J. Holmes 《Ecological Management & Restoration》2007,8(2):133-139
Summary Exotic predators are considered pests to wildlife and agriculture, requiring predator-control programs. Effective monitoring of predator-control operations is essential to justify their considerable cost, but often impossible in practice. The difficulties are especially severe if the target species is small and wide-ranging, and the area to be protected is inaccessible and/or extensive. A convenient model predator of this type, the feral Ferret ( Mustela furo ), is subject to control on farmland in New Zealand. We monitored the distribution of Ferrets over 2400 ha in the central North Island, before and throughout a standard control operation by professional trappers. We used 24 units of a new automated monitoring device, the Scentinel, set in a grid at 1 per 100 ha. Over 11 weeks (11 February to 29 April 2005, 1718 trap nights), we recorded 1559 visits by small mammals, including 198 by Ferrets. By the end of the 4th week, Ferrets had been detected at 17 of 24 sites. Removal of Ferrets from the study area by contractors began during the 5th week, and was reflected in significant declines in the number of Ferret visits recorded per day ( P = 0.008) and the number of sites visited ( P = 0.021). Analysis of our extensive repeat-survey data by site-occupancy methods confirmed these trends in greater detail, while also allowing for variation in detectability. 相似文献
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There has been no previous systematic statewide study of mosquitoes in Mississippi. This survey, resulting in the collection of over 400,000 specimens, was conducted by the authors from 2003 to 2007 throughout much of the state using CO2‐baited CDC light traps and larval dipping. In addition, a health department contract mosquito surveillance technician collected several thousand specimens from the state from 2001 to 2003. Lastly, specimens housed at the Mississippi State University Entomological Museum, obtained from previous surveys, were included as vouchers for species occurring in the state. The collection records and literature show 60 species as occurring or having occurred in Mississippi. Voucher specimens representing 57 of the 60 species discussed are deposited in the Mississippi Entomological Museum or in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington, D.C. 相似文献
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CARLOS DE ANGELO AGUSTÍN PAVIOLO MARIO S. DI BITETTI 《The Journal of wildlife management》2010,74(5):1141-1151
ABSTRACT The jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) are the largest felids of the American Continent and live in sympatry along most of their distribution. Their tracks are frequently used for research and management purposes, but tracks are difficult to distinguish from each other and can be confused with those of big canids. We used tracks from pumas, jaguars, large dogs, and maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) to evaluate traditional qualitative and quantitative identification methods and to elaborate multivariate methods to differentiate big canids versus big felids and puma versus jaguar tracks (n = 167 tracks from 18 zoos). We tested accuracy of qualitative classification through an identification exercise with field-experienced volunteers. Qualitative methods were useful but there was high variability in accuracy of track identification. Most of the traditional quantitative methods showed an elevated percentage of misclassified tracks (≥20%). We used stepwise discriminant function analysis to develop 3 discriminant models: 1 for big canid versus big felid track identification and 2 alternative models for jaguar versus puma track differentiation using 1) best discriminant variables, and 2) size-independent variables. These models had high classification performance, with <10% of error in the validation procedures. We used simpler discriminant models in the elaboration of identification keys to facilitate track classification process. We developed an accurate method for track identification, capable of distinguishing between big felids (puma and jaguar) and large canids (dog and maned wolf) tracks and between jaguar and puma tracks. Application of our method will allow a more reliable use of tracks in puma and jaguar research and it will help managers using tracks as indicators of these felids' presence for conservation or management purposes. 相似文献
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R. R. Rawlings B. I. Graubard D. S. Rae M. J. Eckardt R. S. Ryback 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》1984,26(8):923-930
In this paper we consider a two-group discriminant analysis problem where each group is a mixture of two subgroups. Based upon data from a clinical study of alcohol involvement and diseases, simulation experiments were performed for three different configurations of means and covariance matrices. Expected actual non-error rates are estimated for the linear, quadratic, and kernel discriminant functions for sample sizes 30, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200. A conclusion of the article is that the kernel discriminant function performs as well as or better than quadratic discriminant function. However, the linear discriminant function was clearly inferior to either the quadratic or kernel discriminant functions. 相似文献