对新医改医师多点执业试点政策的思考

医师多点执业由于管理、制度和医师因素的原因,政策优势还无法真正显现。结合云南、广东等地试点的展情况,分析现有法律法规体系对政策实施的影响,提出稳步推动医务人员的合理流动,需要正确引导与加强监管并举,把多点执业关注点向提升基层医疗机构的方向倾斜,并积极探索团队多点执业。     

互联网医疗与我国医事立法的断裂与弥合

我国医疗卫生资源分布不均衡与服务区域不相称,呼吁互联网医疗的介入并深度发展,这对于均衡资源配置和促进分级诊疗制度的形成均大有裨益。为此,国家出台了多项政策措施给予有力支持,进一步巩固医药卫生改革的成果。但是由于我国《执业医师法》、《医疗机构管理条例》等医事法律的立法理念和立法内容比较滞后,导致互联网医疗在医师执业注册、医师多点执业等方面与其形成断裂,亟需通过立法加以弥合,为互联网医疗的健康发展保驾护航。

     

从医疗损害赔偿责任层面破解我国医师多点执业困境

推行医师多点自由执业从理论上讲可以打破优质医疗资源集中在大城市、大医院这种不均衡分布的局面。由于医师异地执业出现医疗损害的赔偿责任究竟是执业医师本人承担、接受或输出医疗机构承担并不明确,一旦发生医患纠纷或医疗损害可能会出现“三方都不想管、三方都要负责”的局面。从试点地区的情况来看,结果并不满意,多数属于“叫好不叫座”。尝试从医疗损害赔偿责任层面解读我国医师多点执业面临的困境后得出：必须完善医疗损害鉴定机制,构建执业医师自由人制度,医师本人需购买异地执业医疗损害赔偿责任强制性保险,在此基础上才有可能逐步推行真正意义上的医师多点执业。     

我国医师多点执业政策实施的制度性约束分析

我国自2009年起探索和推动注册医师多点执业。该项政策实施以来,执业医师具有多点执业资格而未能开展多点执业的仍然为数甚多,政策实施进展相对缓慢,对分级诊疗制度建设和社会办医等改革产生了一定程度的迟滞性影响。本文重点剖析现行医师多点执业政策实施过程中的人事管理制度、薪酬分配制度、医院补偿机制等制度性约束,以期为完善医师多点执业政策提供有用参考。     

从公立医院角度探讨注册医师多点执业

阐述公立医院在实施医师多点执业过程中应注意的3对基本矛盾,同时探讨医师多点执业可能给公立医院带来的影响,并提出合理化建议：理清利益相关集团,建立风险分担机制;建立全方位的绩效考核体系,创造人才成长氛围;探索医疗集团化的多点执业,实现多赢局面;完善双向转诊机制,确保医疗安全。     

我国医师多点执业的现状及政策问题确认

目的 明确我国医师多点执业的现状,并进行政策问题确认。方法 定性研究与定量研究相结合。结果 当前我国医师多点执业尚处于试点推行阶段,各方反响不一;政策的推行面临一系列诸如人事制度、医疗质量保障和医疗争议追究等体制、机制上的政策问题。结论 推行医师多点执业政策是优化资源配置、调动医务人员的积极性、推动公立医院改革的重要举措,但需夯实基础、合理规划、加强监督,逐步深化人事制度改革,促进政策的稳步推行。     

医师多点执业与公立医疗机构运行机制关系评价

医师多点执业从理论上通过调动医疗人力资源最大限度地满足基层社区患者医疗服务需求,调动医师主动参与基层卫生服务,合理使用医疗资源,并在医疗联合体基础上,逐步实现分级诊疗。但是公立医疗机构现行体制和运行机制不支持医师多点执业。本文对医师多点执业与公立医疗机构现行体制和运行机制关系予以讨论。     

医师多点执业实施困境的多级递阶结构模型构建研究

目的 构建我国医师多点执业制度实施困境的多级递阶结构模型,阐释各阶层间的内在逻辑,旨在为完善医师多点执业制度提供建设性策略。方法 采用文献法辅助4位卫生政策与管理专家核检,总结并归纳当前我国医师多点执业制度实施进程中的制约因素。采用解释结构模型方法解构各影响因素间的层级关系及传导环路。结果 我国医师多点执业制度实施困境的12类制约因素存在一个“四阶梯结构”与“一条传导环路”。直接因素为“医生积极性不足”及“个人利益受损威胁”,深层要素是“宏观政策的调控力不足”,通过“政策—制度—组织—个体”逐级递阶掣肘我国医师多点执业制度实施进程。结论 我国医师多点执业制度必须根植于“政策与立法”的双向保障,依赖于“制度与组织”的全面建设,才能实现“组织与个体”的协同共赢。     

医师多点执业利弊分析

随着2009年新医改政策的实施,探索医师多点执业成为医改的一大亮点,有关其利弊的争论众说纷纭。在现行的医疗环境下,实施医师多点执业势必会带来诸多积极影响,然而也存在不利因素。立足于我国执业医师现状,对医师多点执业利弊进行了综合分析,为政策的贯彻落实提供参考依据。     

北京市医师多点执业政策患者认知与需求调查与分析

目的 通过问卷调查研究分析患者对目前北京市医师多点执业政策的认知和需求情况。方法 在北京地区8家医疗机构内,对959名就诊患者进行问卷调查,统计并分析患者人群对医师多点执业政策的评价。结果 患者人群对医师多点执业政策的总体支持率较高,达到77.0%。结论 医师多点执业政策是一项利国利民的好政策,不过尚需进一步完善并且有效地实施,才能取得好的成效。     

Recognition of Childhood Overweight during Health Supervision Visits: Does BMI Help Pediatricians?

Objective: To assess, in diverse pediatric practices, the frequency of overweight/obesity (OW/OB) identification during health supervision visits and its association with BMI curve use. Research Methods and Procedures: Pediatricians in public and private practice in St. Louis, MO, participated in a study of the care of chronic conditions during health supervision visits. Requested information from 30 visits per pediatrician of children 6 to 17 years of age included the visit note, the growth chart, and a one‐page questionnaire about patient demographics and visit content. Pediatricians indicated the presence and discussion of common chronic conditions, including OW/OB. Identification was compared with patient BMI category, and associations between identification and patient and visit characteristics, including BMI curve use, were examined. Results: Twenty‐one (40%) of contacted pediatricians returned information from 557 visits. Pediatricians identified OW/OB in 27% of children with a BMI at the 85th to 94th percentile and 86% of children with a BMI at or above the 95th percentile. Identification was higher in adolescents but was not associated with patient sex or race, practice setting, insurance type, or visit length. Only 41% of growth charts were current, and 6.1% had BMI plotted. BMI plotting was associated with OW/OB identification when the BMI was at the 85th to 94th percentile but not when the BMI was at or above the 95th percentile. After controlling for BMI percentile, OW/OB identification was significantly associated with diet counseling (odds ratio, 7.46; 95% confidence interval, 3.42 to 16.24) and exercise counseling (odds ratio, 5.57; 95% confidence interval, 2.61 to 11.90). Discussion: Despite low BMI curve use, pediatricians recognized most overweight/obese children with a BMI at or above the 95th percentile. BMI plotting may increase recognition in mildly overweight children.     

Ambulatory Management of Childhood Obesity

Objective: Childhood obesity is one of the most challenging issues facing healthcare providers today. The aims of this study were to describe the ambulatory management of childhood obesity by pediatricians (PDs) and family physicians (FPs) and to evaluate knowledge of and adherence to published recommendations. Research Methods and Procedures: A 42‐item, self‐administered questionnaire was mailed to 1207 randomly selected primary care physicians (PDs = 700, FPs = 507) between September 2001 and January 2002. Results: Of 339 (28%) responses, 287 were eligible (PDs = 213, FPs = 74). Most respondents were in group or solo practice (87%) in a suburban or urban, non‐inner city location (67%). The average age was 48 years (range = 31 to 85 years), and the mean years in practice was 17 (range = 1 to 55 years). Nineteen percent of physicians were aware of national recommendations. Three percent of physicians reported adherence to all recommendations. Knowledge of recommendations was not associated with a greater likelihood of adherence. However, physicians who were aware of recommendations were more likely to have positive attitudes about personal counseling ability (odds ratio = 2.4, confidence interval = 1.3 to 4.4) and the overall efficacy of obesity counseling (odds ratio = 4.3, confidence interval = 1.7 to 10.8). Poor patient motivation, patient noncompliance, and treatment futility were perceived as the most frequently encountered barriers to obesity treatment. Discussion: Most physicians are not aware of or adherent to national recommendations regarding childhood obesity. Awareness of recommendations was associated with more positive attitudes about personal counseling ability and the effectiveness of obesity counseling in general.     

我国口腔医师岗位胜任力自评研究

目的 通过分析我国“5+1”阶段口腔医师胜任力自评问卷,验证胜任力指标的科学性。方法 自行编制口腔医师胜任力自评问卷,对全国14所高校附属口腔医院的350名“5+1”阶段口腔医师开展问卷调查,分析问卷的信度和效度检验,根据问卷分数分成高低两组,并进行独立样本的t检验。结果 “5+1”阶段口腔医师胜任力自评问卷共由7个维度、50个条目组成, Cronbach’s α系数均在0.8以上;经探索性因子分析后得到7个因子,7个因子的累计方差贡献率达67.272％;高分组和低分组的差异有统计学意义。结论 “5+1”阶段口腔医师胜任力自评问卷具有良好的信度和效度,适用于我国“5+1”阶段口腔医师胜任力的评价。     

美国医生信息公开的指标遴选及内容研究

医生质量信息公开具有改善患者选择,促进医生质量提升以及缓解医患纠纷的重要意义。其中质量指标遴选及测量的科学性直接影响公开的社会认同度和效果。以美国医疗保险和救助中心的医生比较网站为例,介绍了医生信息公开的内容,包含患者安全、糖尿病、心脏病及预防保健多个维度指标及公开指标的遴选过程;重点探讨借鉴其多元及规范的公开内容、通过多种渠道与利益集团合作制定最佳公开质量指标,公开前测试指标的稳定性和科学性,开发疾病模块级综合指标等科学的指标遴选举措,为我国公开医生质量信息提供循证依据。     

手术能力考评体系在手术分级管理中的应用

目的 结合手术分级管理要求,初步建立医师手术能力考评体系,通过考评结果了解各临床外系科室的情况。方法 通过文献检索、现场问卷调查及专家咨询等方法,建立以临床操作技能评估（DOPS）为核心的医师手术能力考评体系。该体系包括了DOPS技能评估、非计划再次手术和年内手术量三个方面的考核。运用此体系对医院8个科室129名外科医生进行评估,并对评估结果进行比较。结果 采用t检验提示,外系科室中耳鼻咽喉科、骨科和妇产科高于整体水平（t＝2.42、2.18、2.35,P＝0.03、0.04、0.02,P＜0.05）,胸外科、神经外科低于整体水平（t＝－2.64、-2.63,P＝0.02、0.03,P＜0.05）,眼科、泌尿外科、普外科与整体水平无明显差异（t＝0.83、-1.84、-1.17,P＝0.43、0.86、0.25,P＞0.05）。结论 外科各科室之间的考核结果存在差异,医院需积极关注薄弱科室,根据考核结果强化培训和监督,保证患者医疗安全。

     

Bereavement in the elderly: the role of primary care

Bereavement in the elderly is a concern to primary care physicians (PCPs) as it can lead to psychological illness such as depression. Most people are able to come to terms with their grief without any intervention, but some people are not. This case highlights the importance of early recognition of bereavement-related depressive illness in elderly people. PCPs need to optimise support and available resources prior to, and throughout, the bereavement period in order to reduce the family members'' burden and suffering.     

以相对价值为基础的医师绩效薪酬分配模式研究

以资源为基础的相对比率方法,是一种合理支付医生服务酬金的新方法。利用某三级医院临床科室的数据,采用相对价值法对体现医师工作绩效的项目进行赋值,并比较赋值后医师的绩效薪酬。研究表明,该方法能够反映客观医师的工作绩效,具有合理性。     

河南省医师执业环境现况调查与发展对策研究

目的 了解河南省医师执业环境现状,探讨其存在的问题,为改善医师执业环境提出建议。方法河南省医师协会组织多个专科分会,采用集中填答法进行问卷调查。结果 医师每周平均工作时间是54小时,80.1%的医师认为执业环境差;工作压力来源排前三位的是患者的期望值高、医疗纠纷多、患者和公众对医生不信任;患者暴力频度和家属暴力频度很频繁或较频繁的数据都高于10%;62.2%的医师认为社会地位低于4年前水平,子女报考医学院校的意愿选择不愿意的占66.8%。结论 应加快基层医疗机构的建设,缓解医生工作压力;重视医德医风建设;正确发挥媒体导向作用;加强法制建设,改善医师执业环境。