分型检测致泻性大肠埃希氏菌PCR技术研究进展

致泻性大肠埃希氏菌是一类能够引起人类和动物腹泻的食源性致病菌,迅速确定致泻性大肠埃希氏菌的污染来源可有效缩小疫情影响范围,建立简便高效的致泻性大肠埃希氏菌检测与分型技术是保障食品安全和控制疫情的关键。为适应对时间敏感度较高要求的现场或在线检测,基于PCR技术的检测分型方法不断地被标准化和规范化。对近年来国内外的致泻性大肠埃希氏菌分子检测与分型的PCR技术研究进展进行了综述,并详细地介绍了多重聚合酶链反应、荧光实时定量聚合酶链反应和核酸等温扩增技术的原理及其优缺点。为致病菌溯源方法的选择提供参考,对防御并控制致病菌引起流行病传播具有重要的意义。     

肝移植术后感染大肠埃希菌的DNA多态性与耐药性分析

应用随机引物扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术分析肝移植术后大肠埃希菌感染株DNA的多态性,并对其进行分型,研究肝移植术后大肠埃希菌感染的流行状况,并探讨大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)与基因型之间的关系。应用1条含10个碱基的随机引物对20株大肠埃希菌的DNA进行随机扩增,ESBLs试验使用双纸片协同法。20株大肠埃希菌经RAPD分为11个基因型,ESBLs检测12株大肠埃希菌阳性,ESBLs阳性大肠埃希菌在700 bp有共同条带。肝移植术后感染以内源性感染为主,肠道细菌移位可能是大肠埃希菌感染的一个主要因素,ESBLs阳性检出率高,ESBLs阳性与基因型之间具有相关性。     

大肠埃希菌耐药性及其基因同源性分析

目的 研究临床分离的大肠埃希菌对常用抗生索的耐药性及其基因分型,了解其耐药性趋势与传播流行情况,为临床合理治疗大肠埃希菌引起的感染提供参考依据。方法 采用常规鉴定技术鉴定细菌;采用K—B纸片扩散法测定77株大肠埃希菌对19种药物的耐药性;K—B法鉴定产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）;通过脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）法对其进行基因分型以确定菌株之间的亲缘关系;FINGERPRINT Ⅱ软件进行细菌基因指纹图谱分析。结果 大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、喹诺酮类药物和氨曲南的耐药性明显增高,亚胺培南和美罗培南是大肠埃希菌感染患者的首选药物;经ESBLs确证试验,ESBLs阳性率为28．60％（22／77）;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌经PFGE指纹图谱分析,除第62株和第70株相似性系数为78．27％外,其余相似度均低于70．0％;ESBLs大肠埃希菌阴性株中除少数几对菌株相似性系数较高外,其余呈散在分布,且电泳带存有6条以上的不同条带,为流行病学无关的不同克隆。结论 大肠埃希菌对常用抗生索耐药性明显增高,且呈多重耐药趋势;该研究尚不能证明存在大肠埃希菌爆发性流行感染,提示可能存在院内感染大肠埃希菌的优势克隆;PFGE基因分型方法是耐药性与流行状况分析的有效手段。     

1株枯草芽胞杆菌体外拮抗6种肠道致病菌的研究

目的研究枯草杆菌BS-3株对大肠埃希菌等6种肠道致病菌的拮抗作用。方法通过在体外BS-3菌株分别与大肠埃希菌等6种致病菌混合培养后,观察不同时间内各菌的菌量变化。结果BS-3菌株与6种肠道致病菌混合培养24、48、72和96h,其菌量逐渐增加;6种致病菌的菌量随着培养时间延续逐渐减少,其中产毒性大肠埃希菌、致病性大肠埃希菌和宋内志贺菌与对照组比较差异更明显。结论BS3菌株在培养生长过程中,可抑制大肠埃希菌等6种肠道致病菌的生长。     

大肠埃希氏菌(X)菌毛的克隆和鉴定

<正>大约80％的尿系感染(UTI)由大肠埃希氏菌引起。甘露糖抗性血凝表型(Mrh)的菌毛存在似乎是肠道和尿道大肠埃希氏致病菌所特有。UTI大肠埃希氏菌株的Mrh菌毛识别受体不同于P菌毛,此菌毛称为X菌毛,能与血型糖蛋白A相互作用,而且表现血液群M特性。     

多重PCR方法快速检测4种主要致腹泻性大肠埃希菌

肠毒素性大肠埃希菌(ETEC)、肠致病性大肠埃希菌(EPEC)、肠出血性大肠埃希菌(EHEC)和侵袭性大肠埃希菌(EIEC)是引起腹泻的主要大肠埃希菌,威胁着食品安全和人类健康,建立同时检测4种致腹泻性大肠埃希菌的方法具有重要意义。基于ETEC LT肠毒素基因、EPEC bfpA基因、EHECO抗原基因和EIEC侵袭性质粒特异性基因,设计了4对特异性引物,通过对单一PCR反应条件的优化建立了快速检测4种主要致腹泻性大肠埃希菌的多重PCR方法,彼此之间无交叉反应。该多重PCR方法具有良好的特异性和灵敏性,对24株致病菌进行检测,所试4株致腹泻性大肠埃希菌均为PCR阳性,其他菌株则为阴性。实践证明,利用所建立的多重PCR方法对124份肉类、奶类制品及人工污染样品等进行检测,检出15份阳性,与国标(GB4789.6-1994)检测结果相同。结果表明本文建立的多重PCR方法可用于ETEC、EPEC、EHEC和EIEC的单一或混合感染的鉴别诊断及食品安全风险评估,具有良好的实用性。     

荧光标记法测定植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ对肠道致病菌的粘附抑制及其相关机制的研究

目的研究植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ对大肠埃希菌和沙门菌与Caco-2细胞粘附的抑制作用,并初探其机制。方法采用CFDA-SE荧光标记的方法测定加入ST-Ⅲ前后对致病菌对Caco-2细胞粘附能力的变化,通过化学和酶处理ST-Ⅲ细胞壁表面成分、提取相关物质,研究ST-Ⅲ对致病菌粘附的抑制机制。结果 ST-Ⅲ对2种致病菌都具有明显的抑制粘附的能力,其在相同情况下对大肠埃希菌粘附的抑制效果好于对沙门菌的效果(P0.05)。化学和酶处理表明ST-Ⅲ的表面蛋白或者磷壁酸可能参与了对致病菌粘附的抑制过程,提取后发现表面蛋白对大肠埃希菌的粘附表现出极强的抑制效果(P0.01),而对沙门菌的粘附没有抑制作用(P0.05);磷壁酸对2种致病菌均不具备抑制粘附的作用。结论 ST-Ⅲ对大肠埃希菌与Caco-2细胞粘附的抑制作用主要是通过竞争性抑制,而对沙门菌粘附的抑制作用主要是通过空间位阻形成的。     

致病性大肠埃希菌血清型分布及对抗生素的敏感性分析

目的了解临床病例中致病性大肠埃希菌的主要血清型和对抗生素的敏感性。方法致病性大肠埃希菌的鉴定使用血清学的方法,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法,WHONET 5.0软件分析药敏结果。结果致病性大肠埃希菌的检出率为5.93%,共分离到7种血清型。在分离到的菌株中,ESBLs的检出率达45%。结论致病性大肠埃希菌是引起小儿腹泻的一种重要致病菌,应开展对致病性大肠埃希菌的检测,根据药敏结果选用合适药物。     

乳酸杆菌细胞裂解物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用

目的探讨乳杆菌DM8909裂解物在体内外对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用。方法通过对乳杆菌超声波破碎制成裂解物,分别用乳杆菌裂解物原液、裂解物稀释液、发酵上清液、乳杆菌活菌制剂进行体内、体外实验,观察乳杆菌各成分对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用。结果德氏乳酸杆菌裂解物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用与乳杆菌活菌制剂的抑制作用相近。结论德氏乳酸杆菌裂解物在体内外对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌均有较强的抑制作用。     

凝结芽胞杆菌TBC 169株对肠道致病菌的抑菌作用

目的 研究凝结芽胞杆菌TBC 169株对大肠埃希菌、痢疾志贺菌、伤寒沙门菌、普通变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用。方法 先将大肠埃希菌、痢疾杆菌等6种菌分别进行单独培养,测定不同培养时间内的pH和活菌数,然后将凝结芽胞杆菌TBC 169株分别和致病菌进行混合培养,再测pH和活菌数,并与单独培养时的测定情况进行比较。结果 凝结芽胞杆菌TBC 169株对大肠埃希菌、痢疾志贺菌、伤寒沙门菌等6种菌均有明显的抑制作用,尤其是对伤寒沙门菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑制作用更强。结论 凝结芽胞杆菌TBC 169株对肠道致病菌有显著的抑制作用。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分子分型研究进展

近年来,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌在全世界各地感染率和分离率不断提高,已成为目前院内感染的重要病原菌之一。运用有效、可靠、廉价的分子分型方法对分析耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的流行病学特征及来源,对制定控制院感及流行的措施非常重要的。本研究概述了各种分子分型方法的原理及比较,如SCCmec分型、脉冲场凝胶电泳分型、多位点序列分型、葡萄球菌A蛋白分型和毒力因子分型等。脉冲场凝胶电泳仍然是暴发流行中MRSA分子分型的金标准,而其他分型方法更适合用于检测菌株的变异和建立国际监测。     

绿脓杆菌分子分型方法研究进展

绿脓杆菌是一种常见的人畜共患机会致病菌,广泛存在于自然界,是造成实验动物污染和医院内感染的重要病原菌之一。分子分型方法是病原菌流行病学分析的重要手段,对于确定感染来源和途径,检测交叉污染和流行菌株方面非常有效。本文主要对绿脓杆菌分子分型方法的研究进展进行综述。     

多杀性巴氏杆菌分子分型方法简述

多杀性巴氏杆菌是一种能感染多种动物甚至是人的重要革兰氏阴性病原菌。目前临床上用于多杀性巴氏杆菌诊断的分型方法主要包括血清学分型方法和分子分型方法。其中血清学分型方法主要基于免疫学实验技术建立,操作过程繁琐,技术要求高,工作量大,不适用于临床上大规模快速开展多杀性巴氏杆菌流行病学调查的需要;而基于分子生物学手段建立的分子分型方法相对于传统的血清学分型方法而言具有快速、简单、灵敏、灵活等特点,特别是某些分子分型方法与传统的分型方法形成了较为精确的对应关系,因而在临床上得到了广泛的应用。目前适用于临床上开展多杀性巴氏杆菌分离鉴定的分子分型方法主要包括多重PCR方法及多位点序列分型法(MLST),其中多重PCR方法又包括基于荚膜编码区及脂多糖外核编码簇建立的PCR方法。本文将重点就这3种常用的多杀性巴氏杆菌分子分型方法进行综述,介绍其建立原理、实现手段以及各自的优缺点,为临床上开展多杀性巴氏杆菌的流行病学调查特别是分子流行病学调查提供参考。     

The effects of antibiotic usage in food animals on the development of antimicrobial resistance of importance for humans in Campylobacter and Escherichia coli

Modern food animal production depends on use of large amounts of antibiotics for disease control. This provides favourable conditions for the spread and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacteria such as Campylobacter and E. coli O157. The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance to antimicrobials used in human therapy is increasing in human pathogenic Campylobacter and E. coli from animals. There is an urgent need to implement strategies for prudent use of antibiotics in food animal production to prevent further increases in the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in food-borne human pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter and E. coli.     

Intergenic sequence comparison of Escherichia coli isolates reveals lifestyle adaptations but not host specificity

Establishing the risk of human infection is one of the goals of public health. For bacterial pathogens, the virulence and zoonotic potential can often be related to their host source. Escherichia coli bacteria are common contaminants of water associated with human recreation and consumption, and many strains are pathogenic. In this study, we analyzed three promoter-containing intergenic regions from 284 diverse E. coli isolates in an attempt to identify molecular signatures associated with specific host types. Promoter sequences controlling production of curli fimbriae, flagella, and nutrient import yielded a phylogenetic tree with isolates clustered by established phylogenetic grouping (A, B1, B2, and D) but not by host source. Virulence genes were more prevalent in groups B2 and D isolates and in human isolates. Group B1 isolates, primarily from nonhuman sources, were the most genetically similar, indicating that they lacked molecular adaptations to specific host environments and were likely host generalists. Conversely, B2 isolates, primarily from human sources, displayed greater genetic distances and were more likely to be host adapted. In agreement with these hypotheses, prevalence of σ(S) activity and the rdar morphotype, phenotypes associated with environmental survival, were significantly higher in B1 isolates than in B2 isolates. Based on our findings, we speculate that E. coli host specificity is not defined by genome-wide sequence changes but, rather, by the presence or absence of specific genes and associated promoter elements. Furthermore, the requirements for colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract may lead to E. coli lifestyle changes along with selection for increased virulence.     

Recombination, repair and replication in the pathogenic Neisseriae: the 3 R's of molecular genetics of two human-specific bacterial pathogens

Most of the detailed mechanisms that have been established for the molecular biological processes that mediate recombination, repair and replication of DNA have come from studies of the Escherichia coli paradigm. The human specific pathogens, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, are Gram-negative bacteria that have some molecular processes that are similar to E. coli and others that appear to be divergent. We propose that the pathogenic Neisseriae have evolved a specialized collection of molecular mechanisms to adapt to life limited to human hosts. In this MicroReview, we explore what is known about the basic processes of DNA repair, DNA recombination (genetic exchange and pilin variation) and DNA replication in these human specific pathogens.     

Plasmid replicon typing of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates

Despite the critical role of plasmids in horizontal gene transfer, few studies have characterized plasmid relatedness among different bacterial populations. Recently, a multiplex PCR replicon typing protocol was developed for classification of plasmids occurring in members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Here, a simplified version of this replicon typing procedure which requires only three multiplex panels to identify 18 plasmid replicons is described. This method was used to screen 1,015 Escherichia coli isolates of avian, human, and poultry meat origin for plasmid replicon types. Additionally, the isolates were assessed for their content of several colicin-associated genes. Overall, a high degree of plasmid variability was observed, with 221 different profiles occurring among the 1,015 isolates examined. IncFIB plasmids were the most common type identified, regardless of the source type of E. coli. IncFIB plasmids occurred significantly more often in avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and retail poultry E. coli (RPEC) than in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and avian and human fecal commensal E. coli isolates (AFEC and HFEC, respectively). APEC and RPEC were also significantly more likely than UPEC, HFEC, and AFEC to possess the colicin-associated genes cvaC, cbi, and/or cma in conjunction with one or more plasmid replicons. The results suggest that E. coli isolates contaminating retail poultry are notably similar to APEC with regard to plasmid profiles, with both generally containing multiple plasmid replicon types in conjunction with colicin-related genes. In contrast, UPEC and human and avian commensal E. coli isolates generally lack the plasmid replicons and colicin-related genes seen in APEC and RPEC, suggesting limited dissemination of such plasmids among these bacterial populations.     

The prevalences of Salmonella Genomic Island 1 variants in human and animal Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 are distinguishable using a Bayesian approach

Throughout the 1990 s, there was an epidemic of multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in both animals and humans in Scotland. The use of antimicrobials in agriculture is often cited as a major source of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria of humans, suggesting that DT104 in animals and humans should demonstrate similar prevalences of resistance determinants. Until very recently, only the application of molecular methods would allow such a comparison and our understanding has been hindered by the fact that surveillance data are primarily phenotypic in nature. Here, using large scale surveillance datasets and a novel Bayesian approach, we infer and compare the prevalence of Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1), SGI1 variants, and resistance determinants independent of SGI1 in animal and human DT104 isolates from such phenotypic data. We demonstrate differences in the prevalences of SGI1, SGI1-B, SGI1-C, absence of SGI1, and tetracycline resistance determinants independent of SGI1 between these human and animal populations, a finding that challenges established tenets that DT104 in domestic animals and humans are from the same well-mixed microbial population.     

Genome signatures of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates from the bovine host reservoir

Cattle comprise a main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC). The significant differences in host prevalence, transmissibility, and virulence phenotypes among strains from bovine and human sources are of major interest to the public health community and livestock industry. Genomic analysis revealed divergence into three lineages: lineage I and lineage I/II strains are commonly associated with human disease, while lineage II strains are overrepresented in the asymptomatic bovine host reservoir. Growing evidence suggests that genotypic differences between these lineages, such as polymorphisms in Shiga toxin subtypes and synergistically acting virulence factors, are correlated with phenotypic differences in virulence, host ecology, and epidemiology. To assess the genomic plasticity on a genome-wide scale, we have sequenced the whole genome of strain EC869, a bovine-associated E. coli O157:H7 isolate. Comparative phylogenomic analysis of this key isolate enabled us to place accurately bovine lineage II strains within the genetically homogenous E. coli O157:H7 clade. Identification of polymorphic loci that are anchored both in the chromosomal backbone and horizontally acquired regions allowed us to associate bovine genotypes with altered virulence phenotypes and host prevalence. This study catalogued numerous novel lineage II-specific genome signatures, some of which appear to be associated intimately with the altered pathogenic potential and niche adaptation within the bovine rumen. The presented extended list of polymorphic markers is valuable in the development of a robust typing system critical for forensic, diagnostic, and epidemiological studies of this emerging human pathogen.