G-F 指数测度万朝山兽类物种多样性

2015 年5 月-2016 年7 月, 利用样线法对湖北省万朝山自然保护区兽类资源现状进行了调查, 并与湖北省内其他5 个自然保护区的兽类G 指数(genus index)、F 指数(family index)和G-F 指数(genus-family index)进行比较。结果表明: 万朝山自然保护区共有兽类7 目25 科69 种, 区系组成以东洋界种类为主, 有国家I 级重点保护动物4 种, II级重点保护动物11 种; G-F 指数分析表明, 万朝山自然保护区兽类G 指数为3.99、F 指数为14.81, G-F 指数为0.73。万朝山与湖北省省内其他5 个自然保护区的兽类G 指数、F 指数和G-F 指数均不存在显著差异, 特别是万朝山和南河的G-F 指数相当接近, 相似性系数也高, 这可能与万朝山和南河地理位置接近、生境组成相似有关。各保护区的物种分布密度虽然差异不显著, 但南河和漳河源自然保护区因为保护区面积较小, 导致物种分布密度较大。     

四川海子山自然保护区兽类资源调查初报

2003~2005年对四川海子山自然保护区兽类资源进行了3次野外调查,结合历史文献确认保护区有兽类64种。其中东洋界种类有32种,古北界种类30种,广布种2种。保护区兽类有11种分布型,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物6种,Ⅱ级保护动物20种。有我国特有或主要分布于我国的兽类31种。保护区兽类的特点是大型兽类如白唇鹿、水鹿、林麝、马麝、黑熊、马熊等资源非常丰富,种群数量大、密度高,具有很高的保护价值;小型兽类资源丰富,有较多的珍稀物种。     

新疆塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区鸟兽资源调查

2017年11月—2019年9月对新疆塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区的鸟类采用样带法和样点法进行调查,对保护区的大型兽类和鼠类分别采用样带法和样方法进行调查。根据野外实地调查并结合文献资料,共记录鸟类15目41科161种,兽类5目13科40种。保护区内珍稀濒危物种较多,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物10种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物27种。鸟类中,古北界物种56种(34.78%)、广布种105种(65.22%);夏候鸟54种(33.54%)、留鸟68种(42.24%)、冬候鸟5种(3.11%)和旅鸟36种(22.36%)。兽类中,古北界物种36种(90.00%)、广布种4种(10.00%)。G-F指数显示,鸟类在科、属水平上的多样性较为丰富(D_F=19.58,D_G=3.60,D_(G-F)=0.816);而兽类在科、属水平上的多样性较低(D_F=6.87,D_G=3.73,D_(G-F)=0.457)。本研究为保护区管理及未来的鸟兽调查和研究提供了基础资料。     

云南天池自然保护区兽类资源调查

2009～2011年利用夹日法、样线法和访问记名对云南天池自然保护区进行了3次野外调查,共安置鼠笼(鼠夹)3006夹日、502桶日,采集小型兽类标本313号。结合文献材料确认该保护区现有兽类89种,隶属9目27科65属。其中17种为古北界与东洋界共有物种,72种为东洋界物种,东洋界物种中有21种在动物地理区划上隶属于东洋界西南区;中国特有种13种,占该地区兽类的14.6%;国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物4种,Ⅱ级重点保护动物15种。针对天池国家级自然保护区丰富的兽类资源,提出了保护和管理对策。     

贵州佛顶山自然保护区兽类资源及其特征分析

2011年8月～2012年3月野外调查共发现佛顶山保护区兽类53种,分属8目22科,其中国家一级重点保护物种2种,二级重点保护物种10种,IUCN红色名录受胁物种5种及CITES附录Ⅰ与附录Ⅱ物种各5种。佛顶山在中国自然地理动物地理区划上,属东洋界中印亚界华中区(IV)西部山地高原亚区(IVB),物种生态地理动物群为亚热带林灌、草地-农田动物群。在垂直分布上,佛顶山兽类可按植被类型特征分为4层。与梵净山、雷公山、朱家山自然保护区的兽类比较表明,佛顶山与梵净山相似度较高,佛顶山位于这几处保护区之间,对于兽类物种的迁移运动,起着重要的"生态廊道"结点作用。     

四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区兽类资源调查

1997年7～8月和2006年10月,对若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区兽类资源进行了野外调查.结合历史文献确认保护区有兽类39种,东洋界种类10种,古北界26种,广布种3种;有国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护动物9种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护动物1种;有我国特有或主要分布于我国的特有兽类15种.总体上看,保护区兽类资源比较贫乏、种类少.大型兽类藏原羚、藏狐和鼬科动物常见;小型兽类黑唇鼠兔、鼢鼠等种群数量大,已对高寒湿地生态系统造成一定的危害,建议进行控制.     

黄龙寺自然保护区兽类资源的初步调查

对黄龙寺自然保护区的兽类资源进行了初步调查和研究,报道兽类共635肿,分属6目23科,其中北方类型的兽类与南方类型的比例为38．1：53．97,保护区内有我国特产兽类30种,属国家重点保护动物19种,四川省缓重点保护动物5种,最后,还对区内兽类资源的保护提出了建议。     

四川省老河沟自然保护区兽类多样性红外相机调查

自然保护区的生物物种编目是区域性和全国性生物多样性研究与监测的基础,而红外相机调查技术已成为兽类物种编目的重要手段之一。老河沟自然保护区位于四川省岷山北部,位于大熊猫岷山种群分布核心地区,是2012年新建保护区。从2011-2014年,我们把保护区划分为1km×1km的方格,采用红外相机技术,对区内的兽类多样性进行了系统全面的调查。经过9,188个相机日的调查,共记录到分属7目18科的兽类。其中,有81,709份记录可以鉴定出具体物种,包括野生兽类24种,家畜1种（家狗）,分属5目14科,独立探测数总计1,766次。其余未能鉴定出具体物种的兽类记录为小型翼手目、食虫目和啮齿目动物。在24种野生兽类中,食肉目物种数最多,共4科9种;其次为偶蹄目（4科7种）与啮齿目（3科6种）。就独立探测数而言,偶蹄目兽类是记录到次数最多的类群（占总探测数43.97%）,其次是啮齿目（25.61%）和食肉目（22.44%）。被IUCN红色名录评估为“濒危EN”、“易危VU”和“近危NT”级别的物种各3种,被列为国家I级和II级重点保护野生动物的分别为4种和5种。本次调查对老河沟自然保护区内的大中型兽类进行了首次系统性编目,了解了区内兽类群落的物种组成、空间分布与相对多度,为后续的科研项目和保护管理提供了本底数据和基础信息。     

利用红外相机网络调查古田山自然保护区的兽类及雉类多样性

2014年5月至2015年4月,采用红外相机技术系统地调查了浙江省古田山国家级自然保护区内大中型地栖兽类和鸟的多样性组成。调查共获得244个有效位点的数据,其中兽类和雉类的照片视频共67 086份,有效探测数16 129次,包括分属6目15科的野生兽类21种、野生雉类5种、家畜及家禽4种。记录到雉类以外的其它鸟类52种,分属6目15科。在野生兽类和雉类中,国家一级重点保护野生动物2种,分别为黑麂（Muntiacus crinifrons）、白颈长尾雉（Syrmaticus ellioti）,国家二级重点保护野生动物7种,合计占物种总数的35%。IUCN物种红色名录评估为“易危VU”的物种2种,“近危NT”的物种5种,合计占物种总数的27%。中国生物多样性红色名录评估为“濒危”的动物1种,“易危”7种,“近危”5种,合计占物种总数的50%。独立探测数最高的兽类为小麂（Muntiacus reevesi）,雉类为白鹇。调查显示古田山保护区内受威胁的野生兽类和雉类的比例较高。本次调查将红外相机均匀布设于整个保护区,持续时长一年,全面监测保护区内兽类和雉类的物种组成与相对多度,为古田山保护区后续的科研项目和科学管理提供了重要依据。     

牛背梁自然保护区食肉目和偶蹄目动物的区系特征与生态分布

牛背梁自然保护区(108°45′~109°04′E,33°47′~33°56′N)位于秦岭山脉东段,地跨秦岭南北坡。采用样线调查法和访问调查法,于2003年5月~2004年8月,对该保护区食肉动物及偶蹄动物的区系特征和生态分布进行了研究。该保护区共有18种食肉动物及偶蹄动物,其中属我国级、级重点保护动物的兽类分别有2种和7种。分析表明,保护区的有蹄类动物物种丰富,秦岭分布的有蹄类在该区域均有分布,但食肉动物种数仅占整个秦岭地区的45.5%。这些兽类中,属于东洋界的兽类有12种,占66.7%;属古北界的仅1种,占5.5%;其余5种为广布种,占27.8%。牛背梁保护区在动物地理区划上应属古北界和东洋界物种交汇的区域,且为东洋界逐渐向古北界过渡的区域。分析该区域食肉动物及偶蹄动物的生态分布发现,这些物种的垂直分布幅度有很大的差异。垂直分布幅度在海拔高差1300m以上、1000m左右、450~700m之间的物种各占1/3。结果还表明,区内这些兽类物种的丰富度随海拔的升高具有先升后降的垂直变化规律。不论是秦岭南坡还是北坡,分布在海拔1800~2200m区域的兽类物种最多,所占比例大于80%;而在海拔2600m以上区域,兽类种数降至最少,仅占50%左右。兽类丰富度的海拔梯度也体现于这些兽类在各植被类型中的分布上。中山针阔叶混交林中分布的兽类种数最多,而在中低山落叶阔叶林、亚高山针叶林及亚高山灌丛草甸中分布的兽类则较少。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.