贵州软滑水螨属二新种记述：（蜱螨亚纲：软滑水螨科）

本文描述软滑水螨科Pionidae二新种。新种多盘软滑水螨Pipma polyacetabula sp.nov.以其两性具极多殖吸盘(雄螨68—72个,雌螨45—50个)为其显著特征。新种宽殖软滑水螨P.platyura sp.nov.两性殖吸盘数目较多(雄螨35—42个,雌螨约48个),两性殖吸盘板宽近与Ⅳ足基节板等宽。两新种间以雄性殖吸盘数差异显著;两新种亦以殖吸盘数与本属已知种有显著差异而易于鉴别。     

中国佳木斯水螨属一新种描述(蜱螨亚纲,水螨科)(英文)

报道水螨属1新种,新蹄突双水螨Hydrachna neoungulata sp.nov.。新种主要鉴别特征为背板和生殖域,O1与中眼位于同一水平线上,EpⅡ中突靠近EpⅢ,EpⅢ中突发达,EpⅣ突起宽大,雄螨生殖域扁圆且不达EpⅣ中后突下缘。     

中国新纪录龟水螨亚科及一新种描述(蜱螨亚纲,急流水螨科)

记述了采自贵州茂兰急流水螨科Torrenticolidae中国新纪录亚科龟水螨亚科Testudacarinae 1新种:双瘤须龟水螨Testudacarus binodipalpis sp.nov..新种与美洲龟水螨Testudacarus americanus Marshall很相似,但是新种P-Ⅳ具2瘤突;P-Ⅱ和P-Ⅲ各有1羽状毛;背突和腹突尖端圆滑;E4具1个三角形基座,所有这些特征可以将之与美洲龟水螨明显区分开来.文中对其腺毛和眼毛的体位特征作了详细描述.     

新恙螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲,恙螨科)

记述我国新恙螨属1新种,互助新恙螨N.huzhuensissp.nov.,新种近似于尕马新恙螨N.gamaensis Yang,鉴别特征如下:新种:PW 75.8,SB 24.2,Sn 58.3(近基部具小棘,并且约1/3至端部具9～13分枝);PL＞AL≈AM,PW/SD 1.38,足Ⅰ膝节具2根觫毛;NDV=74～104根.尕马新恙螨:PW 92.5,SB 27.5,Sn 65.0(基部光裸,约1/2处开始分枝);PL＞AL＞AM,PW/SD 1.74;足Ⅰ膝节具3根觫毛;NDV=74～94.     

中国蚌螨属水螨一新种记述(蜱螨亚纲,蚌螨科)

记述了从我国江西省淡水蚌中采到的蚌螨科Unioncolidae水螨1新种,簇刺蚌螨U.(Anodontinatax)penicillatus sp.nov.,模式标本保存于南昌大学生物科学工程系.簇刺蚌螨,新种Unionicola(Anodontinatax)penicillatus sp.nov.(图1～11)正模♂,副模1♀,江西鄱阳湖,1998-11-11,文春根采自背角无齿蚌A.woodiana woodiana(Lea).鉴别特征新种近似于中间蚌螨U.(Anodontinatax)intermedia(Koenike,1882),但通过以下特征区别后者:雄螨具有背小板,雄螨Ⅳ-L-4-5的密刺毛数量为8～10和22～24(后者为18～20和17～19),射精复合体的形状和须肢的分叉腹小爪.词源:拉丁词"penicillatus"意思为"一簇毛的",指新种因雄螨Ⅳ-L-4-5有一簇刺毛而命名.     

革螨一新属新种及一新科的建立(蜱螨亚纲:革螨股)

在云南陇川县的蜣螂体上采得一种革螨系未曾描述过的新种,并为之建立新科与新属,用其颚角呈球形膨大及躯体角化较深的特征命名。球革螨科新科Bulbogamasidae fam.nov.的主要特征:叉毛三叉,其侧具一拇指状薄膜;颚角呈球形膨大,角化弱;头盖前缘光滑;雄螨足11具强大的距状表皮突。球革螨属新属Bulbogamasus gen.nov.的主要特征:背板整块;背毛26对,板周围的长大,中部的细小;胸叉叉丝末端具刺状突,小分支端部有的分叉;雌螨具腹肛板与肛前毛;雄螨导精趾粗长,超过螯钳长的2倍以上。模式种为中华球革螨新种Bulbogamasus sinicus sp.nov.     

二爪螨属和中Xue螨属各一新种（蜱螨亚纲，前爪螨科，Xue螨科）

记述尾足螨股前爪螨科二爪螨属1新种,具齿二爪螨Dinychus dentatus sp.nov．和革螨股Xue螨科中Xue螨属1新种,敦化中Xue螨Mesozercon dunhuaensis sp．nov．,中Xue螨属在中国为首次记录。     

宁夏一新属恙螨(蜱螨亚纲:恙螨科)

1986年从宁夏回族自治区来到一种稀有的恙螨幼虫,系恙螨科(Trombiculidae)恙螨亚科(Trombiculinae)恙螨族(Trombiculini)中的一新属新种。 柳氏恙螨属Liuella新属 恙螨族幼虫鬚肢毛式fp=B-B-BNB/4B.S。眼2对较大。盾板宽盾形,无前侧肩,后缘中央具明显的乳状突起。后侧毛在盾板的外侧。感毛近基部具小棘。螯肢爪末端具三角冠。须肢爪3分叉。足基节毛fCx=1/2/1。胸毛式kSt=2/2/9,此外在足Ⅱ和     

中国陕西双羽爪瘿螨属二新种(瘿螨总科,羽爪瘿螨科,羽爪瘿螨亚科)

记述在陕西发现的双羽爪瘿螨属2新种:短毛双羽爪瘿螨 Diptacus brevichaetus sp.nov.,寄主是山胡椒Lindera glauca(Sieb.et Zucc.)Bl.(樟科Lauraceae);商州双羽爪瘿螨Diptacus shangzhous sp.nov.,寄主是樱桃Cerasus pseudocerasus (Lindl.)G.Don(蔷薇科Rosaceae).模式标本保存在安康学院农学与生命科学学院.短毛双羽爪瘿螨,新种Diptacus brevichaetus sp.nov.(图1～6)正模♀;副模:7♀♀,5♂♂,2008-07-24,陕西省商南县(33°31′N,110°53′E;海拔780m),金丝峡、谢满超采.寄主为山胡椒Lindera glauca(Sieb.et Zucc.)Bl.(樟科Lauraceae).新种与黄肉楠双羽爪瘿螨Diptacus actinodaphne Wang et Wei,2009相似,但新种背盾板饰有网格;足Ⅰ基节间光滑;生殖盖片基部饰有颗粒,端部饰有12短线予以区别(黄肉楠双羽爪瘿螨D.actinodaphne背盾板饰有不规则短线;足Ⅰ基节饰有线条;雌生殖盖片饰有8～10条纵肋).商州双羽爪瘿螨,新种Diptacus shangzhous sp.nov.(图7～12)正模♀;副模:9♀♀,7 ♂ ♂,2008-08-26,陕西省商州市(33°47′N,109°40′E;海拔870 m),秦王山、谢满超采.寄主为樱桃Cerasus pseudocerasus(Lindl.)G.Don(蔷薇科Rosaceae).新种与樱桃双羽爪瘿螨Diptacus pseudocerasis Kuang et Hong,1990相似,但新种具前叶突;足Ⅰ基节分离,无胸线;基节饰有颗粒和少量短线;雌生殖器盖片基部饰有颗粒,端部光滑予以区别(樱桃双羽爪瘿螨D.pseudocerasis无前叶突;足Ⅰ基节间具胸线,基节光滑;雌生殖器盖片光滑).     

二爪螨属和中(虫穴)螨属各一新种(蜱螨亚纲,前爪螨科,(虫穴)螨科)

记述尾足螨股前爪螨科二爪螨属1新种,具齿二爪螨Dinychus dentatus sp.nov.和革螨股(虫穴)螨科中(虫穴)螨属1新种,敦化中(虫穴)螨Mesozercon dunhuaensis sp.nov.,中(虫穴)螨属在中国为首次记录.     

A contribution to the systematics of the water mite Tiphys pistillifer (Koenike, 1908) (Acariformes, Pionidae)

Larva of the water mite Tiphys pistillifer (Koenike) is described for the first time. The morphology of this species is analyzed and male and female of the adult stage are re-described. Keys to females and males of the subgenus Acercopsis are provided.     

A CHECK-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF SABAH, BORNEO

A short account of the geography of Sabah, North Borneo, is followed by a survey of the main habitats and bird communities. The greater part of the paper is devoted to a check-list of the birds of Sabah, which incorporates information collected since the standard work on Borneo by Smythies (1960). 504 species belonging to 65 families have been recorded.     

中国西双版纳蚋类纪要及一新种(双翅目,蚋科)

记载西双版纳自然保护区蚋类16种,隶属于蚋属Simulium的3亚属,其中包括1个中国新纪录种和3个待定种,并记述1新种,版纳绳蚋S．(G．)bannaense sp．nov．。该新种蛹具10条呼吸丝,与其已知4个近缘种即重庆绳蚋S．(G)chongqingense以及产白爪哇的S．(G．)batoense、产自印尼的S．(G．)atratoides和产自菲律宾的S．(G．)bi-colense等在形态学上有明显的种间差异。     

A STUDY OF THE CIRCULATION,BLOOD PRESSURE,AND RESPIRATION OF SHARKS

The average branchial blood pressure in sand sharks was 32 mm. of mercury. The highest recorded in a resting animal was 43 mm. The average dorsal or systemic pressure was 23.3 mm.; highest 30 mm. The ratio of branchial to systemic pressure is about 3 to 2. The pressure in both systems keeps up well under trauma; but under experimental conditions, with or without manipulation of viscera, slowly falls after several hours. It rises with muscular effort, and a long rise usually follows stoppage of struggling. It rises when sodium carbonate is injected. The adrenalin curve resembles that in a mammal. Spontaneous rises and falls not attributable to the heart occur. Light in some animals increases blood pressure. It is suspected that these fishes have a vasomotor apparatus. The heart rate except after trauma is practically always the same as the respiration rate, and there is some reason for believing that the heart rate is determined by the respiration rate. When not in step with respiration, the heart is slower and often in a simple ratio with respiration. The heart is inhibited by all sorts of stimuli applied practically anywhere (except to the liver?). This effect is abolished by atropin. Respiration is faster in small animals and averages 24 per minute. Respiration slowly decreases in strength with little change in rate. Usually respiration ceases long before the heart stops.     

HABITAT DURATION,LENGTH OF LARVAL PERIOD,AND THE EVOLUTION OF A COMPLEX LIFE CYCLE OF A SALAMANDER,AMBYSTOMA TEXANUM

In many organisms, genotypic selection may be a less effective means of adapting to unpredictable environments than is selection for phenotypic plasticity. To determine whether genotypic selection is important in the evolution of complex life cycles of amphibians that breed in seasonally ephemeral habitats, we examined whether mortality risk from habitat drying in natural populations of small-mouthed salamanders (Ambystoma texanum) corresponded to length of larval period when larvae from the same populations were grown in a common laboratory environment. Comparisons were made at two levels of organization within the species: 1) among geographic races that are under strongly divergent selection regimes associated with the use of pond and stream habitats and 2) among populations within races that use the same types of breeding habitats. Morphological evidence indicates that stream-breeding A. texanum evolved from pond-breeding populations that recently colonized streams. Larvae in streams incur heavy mortality from stream drying, so the upper bound on length of larval period is currently set by the seasonal duration of breeding sites. We hypothesized that selection would reduce length of larval period of pond-breeders that colonize streams if their larval periods are inherently longer than those of stream-breeders. The results of laboratory experiments support this hypothesis. When grown individually in a common environment, larvae from stream populations had significantly shorter larval periods than larvae from pond populations. Within races, however, length of larval period did not correlate significantly with seasonal duration of breeding sites. When males of both races were crossed to a single pond female, offspring of stream males had significantly shorter larval periods than offspring of pond males. Collectively, these data suggest that differences in complex life cycles among pond and stream-breeders are due to genotypic selection related to mortality from habitat drying. Stream larvae in the common-environment experiment were significantly smaller at metamorphosis than pond larvae. Yet, the evolution of metamorphic size cannot be explained readily by direct selection: there are no intuitively obvious advantages of being relatively small at metamorphosis in streams. A positive phenotypic correlation was observed between size at metamorphosis and length of larval period in most laboratory populations. A positive additive genetic correlation between these traits was demonstrated recently in another amphibian. Thus, we suspect that metamorphic size of stream-breeders evolved indirectly as a consequence of selection to shorten length of larval period.     

陕西蓝田公王岭“蓝田伟猴”化石的再研究

蓝田公王岭动物群中,唯一的一种非人灵长类化石由胡长康、齐陶(1978)定名为Megamacaca lantianensis(蓝田伟猴)。但按其形态,我们觉得把它归于疣猴亚科比较适宜。特别是与该亚科中的金丝猴属(Rhinopithecus)更为相像,例如蓝田标本下颌支与下颌体垂直,冠状突略向后弯,齿尖起伏较大等都显示了金丝猴的一般性质。至此,本文将蓝田伟猴归于金丝猴属,保留原有种名:Rhinopithecus(Megamacaca)lantianensis(Hu and Qi)。时代为早更新世晚期。     

A THEORY OF THE MECHANISM OF DISINFECTION,HEMOLYSIS, AND SIMILAR PROCESSES

1. The course of such processes as hemolysis is very largely dependent upon variations in resistance among the different individuals, and secondarily upon the course of the fundamental reaction. 2. The fundamental reaction may be either a simple process, or the expression of a complex series of changes whose rate is at all times governed by that of the slowest of the series. This might perhaps be regarded as another expression of the so called "Law of the minimum." 3. Unnatural assumptions would be requisite for the explanation of a resemblance between the course of such processes in general and that of a monomolecular reaction. 4. The supposition that such a general resemblance exists is not supported by the available evidence. 5. The independent determination of either the nature of the fundamental reaction, or the type of the variation curve for the particular case under observation, will further our knowledge of the nature of such processes and lead to a far deeper insight into the nature and reactions of living matter.     

贵州凤冈志留纪晚LLANDOVERY世植物黔羽枝研究综述

简要论述贵州凤冈志留纪Llandovery世晚期Pinnatiramosus qianensis Geng(黔羽枝)的研究历史、地层时代、主要特征、早期陆生维管植物起源和演化意义、争议焦点及其今后的研究途径和展望。P.qianensis代表了一类目前仍鲜为人知、由水生藻类植物向陆生环境过渡的植物类群,具有陆生维管植物某些重要特征,在后续演化过程中,可能是一类不成功的灭绝类群。由于P.qianensis的特有外部形态和复杂的内部解剖特征,对其认识引发了很大的争议,焦点集中在是否属于真正的志留纪植物(产出地层是否为志留纪Llandovery世晚期,是否属于这个时期的早期维管植物或植物根系)。作者认为:我国西南地区是探索早期陆生维管植物起源和早期演化的关键地区,通过一系列野外和室内研究,进一步强化对P.qianensis及其共生植物群的研究,并采用多学科交叉的方法,系统揭示P.qianensis的生物学属性、分类系统及其生态环境,在早期植物演化上提出新观点和演化模式,推进早期陆生维管植物起源、演化的研究。     

A METABOLIC PATHWAY OF ISOCITRIC ACID IN COTYLEDONS OF A BEAN, VIGNA SESQUIPEDALIS

1. It has been established that the absence of isocitric dehydrogenaseactivity in cotyledons of Vigna sesquipedalisin the germinationstage is due to the lack of endogenous TPN. It is unlikely thatthe TCA cycle in the cotyledon is operative.
2. The activitiesof enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, a modifiedTCA cycle, weremeasured through the germination stage. Theiractivities wereconsiderably higher in the cotyledon tissuethan in the hypocotyl.A dominant metabolic pathway of isocitricacid in the cotyledonmay be the glyoxylate cycle.
3. DPN kinase which produces TPNfrom DPN, ATP and Mg⁺⁺ was localizedin the supernatant portionof cell components in the cotyledon.Its activity was low. DPNkinase serves as a control factorfor the cotyledon metabolism.

(Received April 17, 1961; )     

中国树蚁蛉属名录及一新种记述(脉翅目,蚁蛉科)

记述采自西藏墨脱的树蚁蛉属1新种,命名为墨脱树蚁蛉 Dendroleon motuoensis sp.nov.,提出了1个新异名Dendroleon pERLISTIGMA Wang,2004.syn.nov.,整理出中国树蚁蛉树属物种名录,模式标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫标本馆.墨脱树蚁蛉,新种 Dendroleon motuoensis sp.nov.(图1～6)新种与环纹树蚁蛉 Dendroleon pupillaris(Gerstaecker),1893相似,但区别明显:1)新种前胸背板细长狭窄,明显在1/3处分为两段,前段洋葱形;环纹树蚁蛉前胸背板为梯形,仅在1/3处有不明显的缢缩;2)新种前翅散布更多的小型斑点,位于翅中央近后缘处眼状斑的弧形条纹不连续;环纹树蚁蛉前翅斑点较稀疏,眼状斑的弧形条纹清晰、粗重且连续;3)新种后翅端区C形斑下面的斑较之环纹树蚁蛉大很多.正模♀,西藏墨脱,1995-09,海拔800m,黄浩采.模式标本保存在中国农业大学.词源:新种种名根据采集地而拟.