气象因子对北疆地区蝗虫发生的影响

选取位于北疆东、西和西北部的3个典型蝗区,即哈密、伊犁和塔城为研究区域,采用合成分析和距平分析方法,研究温度和降水对3个不同地区蝗虫发生的影响。结果表明:(1)蝗灾发生严重年份与一般年份的月均温度和月降水有显著差异。(2)蝗虫严重发生的年份,产卵期间(上一年7～8月)的平均气温偏高。(3)塔城和哈密地区,冬季气温较高,孵化期(5～6月)气温偏高、降水偏少有利于蝗灾的发生,而伊犁地区蝗虫大发生年份与常年比较,冬季和孵化期(5月)的气温偏低。     

内蒙古羊草草原植物群落地上初级生产力时间动态对降水变化的响应

植被生产力对水热因子的反应是气候 -植被关系研究的焦点之一。利用 1981～ 1994年的固定围栏样地植物群落调查数据及同期降水资料 ,分析了羊草草原群落地上初级生产力和降水的年际变化特征及植物群落地上初级生产力的时间动态与降水年际变化的相互关系。结果表明 ,羊草草原年降水以及月降水的年际波动明显 ;年内降水分配不均匀 ,降水集中分布于 6～ 8月份。月均降水以 7月份最高 ,基本呈对称分布。群落地上初级生产力年际间变化介于年降水与月降水的年际变化之间。影响群落地上初级生产力时间动态最显著的因子是植物生长周期内前一年 10月至当年 8月的累积降水 ,而与年降水和月降水无显著相关。群落地上初级生产力时间动态对累积降水波动的反应呈显著的二次曲线关系 ,与空间尺度上地上初级生产力与年降水呈线性相关关系不同。因此 ,降水波动对羊草草原地上初级生产力的影响是一个累积效应 ,确定对植物生长产生影响的有效降水时间对建立羊草草原生产力模型关系具有十分重要的意义。     

河北夏蝗大发生与气象条件的关系

利用合成分析和秩相关系数2种方法,分析了河北2种生态类型蝗区中夏蝗LocustamigratoriaL.发生程度与气象条件的关系,以确定影响夏蝗大发生的关键气象因子。结果表明:2个类型蝗区大发生年以前一年5月至当年夏蝗出土以前的气温偏高、降水偏少为主;前一年6月下旬、7月上旬、8月上旬、8月中旬气温、6月上旬降水、当年3月下旬降水、4月下旬气温为沿海蝗区关键影响因子,前一年7月上旬和8月下旬气温、5月中旬降水及当年2月中、下旬气温、4月下旬和5月上旬气温为洼淀蝗区的关键影响因子。     

降水时间对内蒙古温带草原地上净初级生产力的影响

全球气候变化下降水时间的改变将深刻影响草原生态系统地上净初级生产力(ANPP),而草原生态系统ANPP是区域碳循环的重要过程.利用1998-2007年的SPOT-VEG NDVI数据并结合111个样点的ANPP地面样方调查数据,获得了内蒙古温带草原1998-2007年的ANPP区域数据,依此分析了中国内蒙古温带草原以及区域内的3种植被类型(荒漠草原、典型草原、草甸草原)降水时间对ANPP的影响.研究结果表明,对于整个内蒙古温带草原来说,一个水分年内(从上一年9月份到当年地上生物量达最大值时的8月份)影响ANPP较为重要的降水月份为2-7月份,其中,5-7月份降水尤为重要.具体到每个月降水的影响,研究发现,7月份降水最重要,而仍处于生长季的8月份降水相对于其他生长季降水作用最小;影响不同草地类型最重要的降水时期存在一定差异,对荒漠草原和典型草原地区来说,ANPP达最大值前3个月(5-7月份)的生长季降水最重要,而8月份降水影响较小,而草甸草原地区8月份和非生长季的3、4月份降水最重要,但各个降水时期降水对ANPP的影响都较荒漠草原和典型草原小,大部分地区降水对ANPP的影响不显著.     

气候变暖可能导致草原蝗虫分布区北移和发生期集中

中国科学院动物研究所农业虫鼠害综合治理研究国家重点实验室康乐研究组选择内蒙古典型草原3个草原蝗虫优势种为研究对象,在内蒙古多伦县实验基地,通过人工控制的增温和增加降水处理来模拟气候变化对草原蝗虫卵、蝗蝻和成虫的影响。     

辽宁省植被生长季NDVI对气候因子的响应

基于2000-2010年辽宁省内的37个气象站及周边5个气象站的基础数据, 结合MODIS NDVI的遥感影像资料, 运用趋势分析、相关分析和空间分析等方法研究植被生长与气候的关系, 探讨不同气候因子对植被生长的影响与主导作用。结果表明: (1) 辽宁省植被在研究时段内的7-8月生长最为旺盛, 生长季植被NDVI呈显著升高趋势, 2007年后维持在0.73- 0.74之间; (2) 在研究时段内, 整个生长季植被NDVI与降水量和日照时数主要呈正相关, 与气温主要呈负相关, 且在6-8月相关性较为显著, 植被生长对气温的变化最敏感, 对日照的响应最缓慢; (3) 5月辽宁省东部植被生长的主要气候影响因子为气温和日照, 西部为降水, 6-8月东部植被主要气候影响因子则转为降水和日照, 9月再度转为气温和日照; (4) 气温和日照对植被影响的滞后时间由东北向西南逐渐延长, 降水则与之相反。     

中国北方草原植被对气象因子的时滞响应

 利用1982～1997年的气温、降水和1983～1997年生长季的NOAA/AVHRR的归一化植被指数(Normalized differential vegetation index, NDVI)遥感数据,分析了中国北方温带草原植被生长对气象因子的时滞响应。根据4个时间尺度（1～4个月）和4个时滞期（前0～3个月）将降水数据进行16种组合方式,计算了植被的NDVI与同期及前期（前1～6个月）降水之间的相关系数。同时,计算了植被的NDVI与同期和前一个月气温之间的相关系数。结果表明：1）中国北方温带草原植被的NDVI与同期降水和气温的显著相关。2）植被的NDVI对前一个月降水的时滞响应最强烈,植被的NDVI与当月降水和前两个月降水的累积量相关性最强。3）在生长季的起始阶段,去冬、今春的降水总量对草甸草原植被的生长有重要的作用。在生长季的中期和后期,当月和前一、二个月的降水对典型草原和荒漠草原的植被有显著影响。4）在草甸草原、典型草原区,生长季早期的气温均对植被生长的影响较为显著。在荒漠草原区,气温不仅在生长季初期与植被的NDVI呈现正相关,而且在生长季的中后期,气温与植被的NDVI呈现负相关性。     

关于蝗虫多样性与草原生态系统可持续发展的若干科学问题

蝗虫多样性既是草原生态系统演化的产物 ,反过来也影响着草原生态系统的结构与功能。蝗虫多样性状况与草原生态系统的持续发展有着密切的关联 ,这其中的科学问题包括 :(1 )蝗虫多样性及其空间变异机理 ;(2 )蝗虫多样性对草原生态系统过程的影响 ;(3 )蝗虫多样性空间格局与草原生态系统演化中的自然和人文因素的关联 ;(4 )蝗虫种群暴发的多样性阈值与草原生态系统的调控 ;(5 )蝗虫多样性和稳定性与草原生态系统的健康等。深入发掘生物多样性所包含的科学内涵 ,将一个物种的多样性与生态系统的结构和功能耦合起来研究 ,从重要物种蝗虫的生物多样性入手 ,深入探讨草原生态系统的持续发展问题 ,将为减少或减轻我国西部草原蝗灾发生提供科学的支持     

22年来西北不同类型植被NDVI变化与气候因子的关系

 为了研究气候变化对西北地区不同类型植被的影响,利用NASA GIMMS 1982～2003年逐月归一化植被指数（Normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI）数据集和西北地区138个气象站点同期的气温和降水资料,计算了各站22年月平均气温和降水与NDVI的相关系数。同时, 选西北 地区森林、草原、绿洲和雨养农业4类有代表性的植被类型为研究区,对各类植被NDVI与气温和降水的相关关系进行分析。研究结果表明：除无 植被的戈壁沙漠地区外,西北地区NDVI与气温和降水均有较好的相关性。除祁连山中部地区外,西北地区NDVI与气温的相关系数大于降水。天 山、阿尔泰山和秦岭的NDVI与气温相关系数最高,而青海东北部NDVI与降水相关系数最高。西北地区各种类型植被对气候变化反映敏感。其敏 感度因植被类型不同和同类植被所处的地理位置不同而有差异;纬度较高的新疆林区与温度相关性最高,高寒草甸次之。在植被生长最旺盛的 夏季（6～8月）,22年来西北地区各林区的NDVI均呈下降趋势。其中西北东部林区下降趋势显著,与这些地区的降水减少和气温增加有关。草 原区植被以上升趋势为主,高寒草甸和盐生草甸上升趋势最为显著,气温升高是这些地区植被生长加速的原因 之一。西北绿洲是NDVI增加极为 显著的地区,以新疆绿洲NDVI上升趋势最大。气候变暖是近年绿洲NDVI增加的主要驱动力之一,绿洲面积扩大、种植结构调整和种植品种变化 等人为因素对绿洲NDVI增加的作用不可忽视,这种作用在新疆表现的尤为突出。雨养农业区NDVI年际 间波动较大,各区域间变化不太一致。 NDVI的波动与降水变化有很好的正相关,与气温变化有很好的负相关,近年来西北东部气温升高和降水的减少是雨养农业区NDVI下降的原因, 农业措施的实施也改变了植被生长对气候条件的依赖性。     

极端降水和极端干旱事件对草原生态系统的影响

当前人类活动的加剧显著地影响着全球大气循环的格局。大气循环的多个模型均预测未来全球气候变化的显著特征是极端降水事件和极端干旱事件发生的频率会显著增加。水分是干旱、半干旱区草原植物生长发育的限制性资源, 而草原生态系统是陆地生态系统中对降水格局变化非常敏感的系统。但是, 关于极端降水事件和极端干旱事件对草原生态系统结构和功能的影响还是以分散的个案研究为主, 甚至关于极端气候事件的定义迄今也不尽相同。为此, 该文在分析极端气候事件定义及其研究方法的基础上, 总结了极端降水事件和极端干旱事件对草原生态系统土壤水分和养分状况、植物生长发育和生理特性、群落结构、生产力和碳循环过程的影响, 并提出了未来极端气候事件研究中应重点关注的5个重要方向, 以及控制试验研究的2个关键科学问题, 对开展全球变化背景下草原生态系统对极端气候事件响应机制的研究具有指导意义。     

Evaluating the importance of residual effects from previous years' treatment on the efficiency of different strategies for control of Sahelian grasshoppers with Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum

A model for the residual effect of previous years' treatment with the mycoinsecticide Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum has been constructed based on field data from treatment of two different grasshopper species in east Niger. This model was incorporated in an earlier developed simulation model to evaluate control strategies for the grasshopper Oedaleus senegalensis in West Africa and the model system was used to assess the potential importance of second year's residual effects for the efficiency of different treatment strategies. It has earlier been hypothesized that the persistence of M. anisopliae and the ability of this agent to impose long-term control on grasshopper populations through secondary cycling in some cases might render the use of M. anisopliae more efficient than the use of chemical insecticides like fenitrothion. Results show that this effect is possible if M. anisopliae is used in a repetitive treatment strategy where control operations are concentrated in the main millet production areas.     

Acquisition of nonspecific Bartonella strains by the northern grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster)

Rodent-associated Bartonella species are generally host-specific parasites in North America. Here evidence that Bartonella species can 'jump' between host species is presented. Northern grasshopper mice and other rodents were trapped in the western USA. A study of Bartonella infection in grasshopper mice demonstrated a high prevalence that varied from 25% to 90% by location. Bartonella infection was detected in other rodent species with a high prevalence as well. Sequence analyses of gltA identified 29 Bartonella variants in rodents, 10 of which were obtained from grasshopper mice. Among these 10, only six variants were specific to grasshopper mice, whereas four were identical to variants specific to deer mice or 13-lined ground squirrels. Fourteen of 90 sequenced isolates obtained from grasshopper mice were strains found more commonly in other rodent species and were apparently acquired from these animals. The ecological behavior of grasshopper mice may explain the occurrence of Bartonella strains in occasional hosts. The observed rate at which Bartonella jumps from a donor host species to the grasshopper mouse was directly proportional to a metric of donor host density and to the prevalence of Bartonella in the donor host, and inversely proportional to the same parameters for the grasshopper mouse.     

GIS支持下青海湖地区草地蝗虫发生与月均温的相关性

为有效地进行草地蝗虫发生的预测预报,必须摸清其生长和繁殖与地理环境特征的关系,在青海湖地区,气温是影响草地蝗虫发生的主要因素,在Arc/Info和ArcView地理信息系统的支持下,选择了环湖地区邻近的16个气象站点,采用综合方法,在小尺度上模拟该区所需月份的月均温,建立了空间分布式气温信息数据库,然后,把野外调查的蝗虫密度在空间数据与相对应的月均温空间数据进行叠加,计算并分析月均温与草地蝗虫发生的关系。结果表明,月均温对草地蝗虫发生的影响是和该区蝗虫优势种的生命史密切相关的,即5、6月（孵化期）和7月（蝗蝻期）的月均温影响当年草地蝗虫发生;8、9月（交尾、产卵期）的月均温则影响次年草地蝗虫的发生,为该区草地蝗虫发生预报模型的建立提供依据。     

Natural levels of fungal infections in grasshoppers in Northern Benin

The infection of grasshoppers by naturally occurring, entomopathogenic fungi was monitored at two sites in Malanville, northern Benin, Africa. Grasshoppers were collected and recorded from the sites between June and December 1992 and all of them, barring the first instars, were incubated in ventilated cages. At the first site, 1343 individuals of 35 grasshopper species were incubated, and at the second site, 857 individuals of 36 grasshopper species were incubated. Three hyphomycete fungi (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes), Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin and Sorosporella sp. were found infecting grasshoppers. The average incidence of M. flavoviride infection was 2.9% and 1.8% at the two sites for all host species. M. flavoviride sporulated on most grasshopper cadavers within 10 days of collection. B. bassiana and Sorosporella sp. were only collected from one and five grasshopper individuals respectively. A significant difference was noted in the time to death of small grasshopper species infected with M. flavoviride compared to larger species. At one site, M. flavoviride infection was positively correlated with rainfall during the 10‐day period in which samples were taken.     

Variable effects of dipteran parasitoids and management treatment on grasshopper fecundity in a tallgrass prairie

Grasshoppers host a number of parasitoids, but little is known about their impact on grasshopper life history attributes or how those impacts may vary with land use. Here, we report on a three-year survey of nine grasshopper species in a tallgrass prairie managed with fire and bison grazing treatments. We measured parasitoid prevalence and the impact of parasitoid infection on grasshopper fecundity to determine if grasshopper-parasitoid interactions varied with management treatment. Adult female grasshoppers were collected every three weeks from eight watersheds managed with different prescribed burning and grazing treatments. Grasshopper fecundity with and without parasitoids was estimated through dissections of reproductive tracts. Dipteran parasitoids from two families (Nemestrinidae and Tachinidae) were observed infecting grasshoppers. We found significant effects of grazing treatment, but not burn interval, on grasshopper-parasitoid interactions. Parasitoids were three times more abundant in watersheds with bison grazing than in ungrazed watersheds, and the relative abundance of nemestrinid and tachinid flies varied with grazing treatment. Parasitoid prevalence varied among grasshopper species from <0.01% infected (Mermiria bivittata) to 17% infected (Hypochlora alba). Parasitoid infection reduced individual grasshopper fecundity, with stronger effects on current reproduction than on past reproduction. Furthermore, current fecundity in parasitized grasshoppers was lower in grazed watersheds compared to ungrazed watersheds. Nemestrinid parasitoids generally had stronger impacts on grasshopper fecundity than tachinid parasitoids, the effects of which were more variable.     

Predator–prey interactions in a grassland food chain vary with temperature and food quality

Because species interactions are often context‐dependent, abiotic factors such as temperature and biotic factors such as food quality may alter species interactions with potential consequences to ecosystem structure and function. For example, altered predator–prey interactions may influence the dynamics of trophic cascades, affecting net primary production. In a three‐year field experiment, we manipulated a plant–grasshopper–spider food chain in mesic tallgrass prairie to investigate the effects of temperature and food quality on grasshopper performance, and to understand the direct and indirect tritrophic interactions that contribute to trophic cascades. Because spiders are active at cooler temperatures than grasshoppers in our system, we hypothesized that predator effects would be strongest in cooled treatments, and weakest in warmed treatments. Grasshopper spider interactions were highly context‐dependent and varied significantly with food quality, temperature treatment and year. Spiders most often reduced grasshopper survival in the cooled and ambient temperature treatments, but had little to no effect on grasshopper survival in the warmed treatments, as hypothesized. In some years, plants compensated for grasshopper herbivory and trophic cascades were not observed despite significant effects of predators on grasshopper survival. However, in the year they were observed, trophic cascades only occurred in cooled treatments where predator effects on grasshoppers were strongest. Predicting ecosystem responses to climate change will require an understanding of how temperature influences species interactions. Our results demonstrate that changes in daily temperature regimes can alter predator–prey interactions among arthropods with consequences for ecosystem processes such as primary production and the relative importance of top–down and bottom–up processes.     

Natural Incidence of Metarhizium flavoviride Infection in Two Grasshopper Communities in Northern Benin

The infection of grasshoppers by naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi was monitored at two sites in Malanville, northern Benin, Africa. Grasshoppers were collected during the monsoon seasons of 1993, 1994 and 1995. At the first site, 982 individuals of 38 grasshopper species were incubated. At the second site, 899 individuals of 33 grasshopper species were incubated. Two hyphomycete fungi (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes), Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal and Sorosporella sp., were found infecting grasshoppers. The mean incidence of M. flavoviride infection was 0.3-1.7% at the first site and 1.2-3.2% at the second site for all grasshopper species. Sorosporella sp. was only collected from two grasshopper individuals in 1993. The majority of infected species had adult quiescence or continuously reproducing life cycles, and were either arboricolous or terricolous. Comparisons are made with a previous study of the two sites performed during 1992.     

Cloned DNA probes distinguish endemic and exotic Entomophaga grylli fungal pathotype infections in grasshopper life stages

Entomophaga grylli is a fungal pathogen of grasshoppers and at least three pathotypes are recognized world-wide. Pathotypes 1 and 2 are endemic to North America while the Australian pathotype 3 had been released into two field sites in North Dakota between 1989 and 1991. Grasshoppers were collected over the summer at the field sites in 1992 and assessed for pathotype infection by cloned DNA probe analysis. The three most predominant grasshopper species that were infected ( Melanoplus sanguinipes, M. bivittatus and Camnula pellucida ) were assessed for pathotype infection with respect to their life stages (nymphal instars and adult males and females). Pathotype 1 predominantly infected grasshoppers in the subfamilies Oedipodinae and Gomphocerinae and pathotype 2 predominantly infected grasshoppers in the subfamily Melanoplinae. Early-instar M. sanguinipes and M. bivittatus had higher pathotype 2 infection frequencies, while late-instar and adult C. pellucida had higher pathotype 1 infection frequencies. Cross-infection by the pathotypes did occur in up to 3% of the individuals, on a per species basis, and primarily in later instar and adult grasshoppers. Pathotype 3 infections occurred in later instar and adults of the three grasshopper species. Infection of grasshoppers by E. grylli pathotypes is discussed with reference to the fungal life cycles.     

一株蝗虫病原菌的鉴定及其毒力和病理研究

从蝗虫自然病死虫尸中分离到一株病原菌HR_3,其纯培养物的致病性被科赫原理证明。为确定该菌在分类学上的地位,经生理生化测定和分子鉴定,此病原菌为粘质沙雷氏菌（Serratia marcescens）。通过口服感染测定了该菌对蝗虫的毒力,毒力回归方程为y=1.067+0.809x,致死中浓度LC50=1.164×108cfu/mL。为探讨HR_3对蝗虫致病的作用机理,对HR_3感染蝗虫后的组织病理进行了研究,结果表明感染初期蝗虫的中肠上皮细胞受到破坏,继而出现局部变性坏死。感染48h后,消化细胞层大部分区域被空泡状物充盈。     

黄土高原洛河流域蝗虫群落排序及环境因素分析

应用相似性分析、主成分(PCA)分析及多元逐步回归等方法比较了洛河流域黄土高原不同地区蝗虫的群落结构。结果显示:吴旗和志丹、富县和黄陵的相似性均很高,甘泉则更加靠近富县和黄陵,相似性分析的结果反映了该地区蝗虫群落在地理上的分布规律。对各地点气候因素和蝗虫群落所进行的主成分分析,结果非常理想,三维主成分的累计方差贡献率分别达到了96.22%和92.06%。通过多元逐步回归发现,促进蝗虫发生的气候因子有5~9月平均气温、5~9月平均总降水、年平均总降水和年平均日照时数,抑止因子有5~9月最低降水等;促进蝗虫发生的植被因素有草本植物高度多样性、树木盖度、豆科优势度和其他科优势度等几个因素,抑止因素有禾本科优势度、莎草科优势度等。