不同种群密度关态下羊草地上部生态场、生态势、场梯度及其季节性变化规律研究

本文通过对羊草种群与个体的定位观测与理论分析,给出了描述植物生态属性质的场特征函数──生志势和场梯度的定义,建立了羊草地上部生态场的生态势和场梯度模型。应用实验观测数据进行了模型运算,分析了草草地上部生态场随作用距离改变的生态势与场梯度变化规律。结果表明,羊草地上部场势与场源植物的相对生长速率、资源利用效力以及种群密度相失,场梯度能刻划生态势的空同变化速率,生态势和场梯度均有季节性变化特征。     

改进的植物生态场模型与实例分析

生态场理论是受物理学“场”思想的启示,在经典生态学的理论基础上,以一种演绎的思维方式和较为严格的定量、直观、综合的模型,探求生物间以及生物与环境间相互作用的机制与规律。生态场理论的主要问题是建立合理的生态场模型。对植物生态场强度、生态势的概念作了进一步的说明,并利用IRM(In tegrated rate m ethodo logy)方法改进植物生态场强度、生态势的模型,改进了场源植物的生态场作用范围模型,明确了植物生态场的物质性。将生态场理论的各个模型应用于半湿润半干旱地区榆树疏林中家榆个体产生的生态场行为研究中,结果表明在家榆个体产生的生态场作用范围内,随着与家榆距离的增加,场源家榆对其它植物生长的影响是先有利而后不利;对土壤分层分析结果表明在土壤浅层(0~0.2m),家榆与其它植物间的竞争较弱,而在地下0.2~0.4m处生态场强度有最小值,说明植物间资源竞争强烈;场源家榆产生的生态场在土壤上层(0~0.1m)的作用范围最大,随土壤深度增加,作用范围逐渐减小,至地下0.3~0.4m最小,而后生态场作用范围又有所增大。在模型的应用过程与结果分析中,体现出改进后的生态场模型的实际可操作性强、对生态学问题能够定量化、直观化研究的优点。     

濒危植物桫椤个体生态场梯度的研究

通过构建濒危植物桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa)个体生态场梯度模型,研究桫椤个体生态场梯度的变化特征.随着与场源距离的增加,桫椤个体生态场梯度先逐渐升高,达到最大值后又逐渐降低并收敛于零,其变化形式符合Rayleigh分布.不同地段的桫椤种群个体场梯度大小变化幅度不同,最大场梯度值以及出现最大场梯度时的作用妹距离亦不相同.随作用距离增加,场梯度的收敛速度差异增大.     

框式复合型生态浮床对富营养水体浮游植物群落结构的影响

生态浮床作为一种净化富营养化水质、改善水体生态系统的手段已得到国内外水环境工作者广泛关注。浮游植物生物量及群落结构的变化是水体富营养程度的重要表征。利用现场水池实验法,研究了一种沸石吸附和植物吸收协同去除水体氮磷、浮床内有足够水面空间的新型框式复合型生态浮床,与传统聚苯乙烯发泡板生态浮床的水质净化效果及对浮游植物群落结构影响的比较。试验历时2个月,供试水体为河道水体,供试植物为陆生植物旱伞草(Cyperus alternifolius)。试验设空白对照、框式浮床和传统浮床3个处理,每个处理重复3次。每隔2周对各处理水样的理化指标和浮游植物群落进行检测。浮游植物测试结果表明,试验前2周,供试水体由天然河道转入水池,综合环境的骤变导致各处理水体中蓝藻门的颤藻(Oscillatoria Vauch)和螺旋藻(Spirulina Turp.)这2种大型藻类被绿藻门的栅藻(Scenedesmus Mey.)和小球藻(Chlorella Beij.)等小型藻类取代,浮游植物的生物量从20mg/L急剧下降至3mg/L以下。此后,空白对照处理组中浮游植物密度和生物量单峰回升,显著高于2种浮床处理组(P6ind./L和5.21mg/L,贡献率在90%以上。水质结果显示,与空白对照比较,两种浮床系统对各种形态的N、P均有显著的去除作用(P4-N和TP的去除效率达到了极显著(P<0.01)水平,并且框式浮床对N、P的去除效率高于传统浮床。结合浮游植物总生物量与各种形态N、P的正相关关系,尤其是与TP、TDP的显著正相关性(P<0.05),推测生态浮床系统对浮游植物的影响可能是通过系统对营养物质的去除来实现的,同时,对P的高效去除也可能是浮床系统抑制蓝藻水华的因素之一。       

关于生态场的几点评述

依据植物生态场的系统研究资料,对生态场的概念、场的特征函数、生态场的图形以及生态场对植物相互作用的解释进行了评述.阐明了生态场的最基本属性是物质性,目前的研究水平尚不能确定生态场是否是有别于一般物理场的特殊形式的场.对生态场的基本特征函数-生态势模型给予了形式与模型参数估测方面的评述,表明两种生态势模型各有一定的特点与优越性.作者强调,生态场更具生态学的方法论意义,应用生态场对植物相互作用形式与过程的分析描述,具有定量化、综合性与直观化特点.生态场的绘图为生态学研究开辟了新的途径,特别是应用生态场理论分析群体植物的动态变化过程(由互利共存到干涉竞争)会有合理的定量解释.     

羊草地上部生态场二维行为的特征分析

通过野外定位定量观测和理论建模分析,对羊草地上部生态场的场特征函数（生态势）及其二维图形进行了研究．结果表明,羊草地上部生态场的作用大小与场源羊草的相对生长速率成正比,与所处的资源利用效力成反比,与生态势消减系数成正比,种群密度变化影响个体生态势的大小,二维图形能够反映羊草生态场的行为特征变化．     

濒危植物桫椤个体生态场的研究

通过构建桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa)个体生态场模型,对福建瓜溪桫椤自然保护区内不同地段的桫椤个体生态场特性进行了分析讨论.研究结果显示,8个不同地段的桫椤种群平均个体生态势最大值大小次序为Q5>Q6>Q4>Q3>Q8>Q7>Q2>Q1,个体小的桫椤个体生态势小,个体大的生态势则大;不同地段桫椤种群平均个体生态势的消减形式都近似于Gaussian分布;生态场有效作用距离从0.058～8.475 m不等,作用范围在0.0036～381.307 m2,大小次序为Q5>Q6>Q4>Q3>Q8>Q7>Q2>Q1.     

潜水式生态介质箱对黑臭水体的修复效果

生态浮床作为一种常规治理技术得到了广泛使用,但其只能修复表层富氧水体,对下层缺氧水体的修复能力有限.本研究针对实际黑臭水体的修复需要,设计了潜水式生态介质箱(潜水组),并以传统的生态浮床(浮床组)为对照进行对比试验,研究修复前后黑臭水体的水质变化,考察了水生植物的生长状况及N、P积累能力.结果表明:随着修复时间的延长,两组处理对各污染物的去除率均逐渐升高,其中潜水组去除全氮(TN)、铵氮(NH4^+-N)、全磷(TP)的能力优于浮床组,但其去除化学需氧量(CODMn)的能力稍逊;潜水组植物(苦草)的生长状况优于浮床组植物(菖蒲),且苦草对水体中TN、TP的吸收积累能力和去除贡献率均优于菖蒲;此外,苦草的质膜透性、丙二醛和叶绿素含量均低于菖蒲,说明苦草更适于在黑臭水体中生长,该潜水式生态介质箱是新型的一体化原位修复装置,更适用于黑臭水体的修复实践.     

不同种群密度羊草生态场梯度及其变化特征

通过对植物个体与种群生态场定位实验研究,提出了生态场梯度的概念,并给出了植物与羊草个体生态场梯度的模型,植物生态场的场梯度是,生态场中生态势沿任意方向的变化率。羊草个体生态场梯度同羊草种群密度相关。     

关于生态场的几点评述

依据植物生态场的系统研究资料,对生态场的概念、场和特征函数、生态场折图形以及生态场对植物相互作用的解释进行了评述。阐明了生态场的最基本属性是物质性,目前的研究水平尚不能确定生态场是还是有别于一稻物理场的特殊形式在场,对生态场的基本特征函数－生态热模型给予了形式与模型参数体测方面的评述,表明两种生态势模型各有一定的特点与优越性。作者强调,生态场更具生态学的方法论意义,应用生态场对植物相互作用形式与过     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.