大蹼铃蟾与昭觉林蛙的肌肉系统比较

本文从肌肉系统对大蹼铃蟾和昭觉林蛙进行了观察比较,结果表明这两种无尾两栖类的从存在一定差异。大蹼铃蟾的肌肉结合紧密程度不如昭觉林蛙,且肌肉分节现象较昭觉林蛙了后,以形态－功能－适应三位一体的分析原理为依据,就２个种存在的形态差异,从功能与适应的意义和生物进化地角度两个方面进行了分析和探讨。     

大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌液中抗菌活性肽的分离纯化及其性质

通过ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５,Ｇ－５０和Ｇ－２５洗脱等步骤,从云南产大蹼铃蟾（Ｂｏｍｂｉｎａｍａｘｉｎａ）皮肤分泌中分离得到了一种有广泛抗菌活性的多肽,被命名为ＭＳＰ－Ⅶ,用快原子轰击质谱（ｆ．ａ．ｂ．ｍ．ｓ）分析其Ｍ＋／Ｚ＝２６４８。即此活性肽的分子量为２６４７Ｄ。用自动氨基酸分析仪分析,含有２６个氨基酸,抗菌实验结果表明,此多肽对格兰氏阴性和格兰氏阳性细胞以及真菌都有较强的抗菌活性,溶血实验表     

密度对大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪生长发育和存活率的影响初探

为了分析密度对大蹼铃蟾Bombina maxima蝌蚪生长发育和存活率的影响,将大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪分别饲养在A组(30只/L)、B组(60只/L)和C组(90只/L)3个不同的密度条件下,每天定时定量喂食和换水,每隔5 d测量和记录1次蝌蚪的全长、尾长、体宽和死亡数,并用相关性和线性回归进行分析。结果表明:密度与全长、尾长和体宽都具有显著的负相关性(P0.05),相关性系数r值为:A组B组C组;以各组密度为自变量,大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪全长、尾长和体宽为因变量的线性回归斜率表现为:A组B组C组。大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪的生长率随密度的增加而减小。密度与存活率具有显著相关性(r=0.877,P0.01),存活率在饲养早期较高,中后期逐渐降低,且高密度下的存活率始终小于低密度。推测高密度饲养下的大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪较早进入变态期,且密度越大,蝌蚪进入变态期时的全长、尾长和体宽越小。     

大蹼铃蟾皮肤膜联蛋白Ⅱ相关蛋白的分离纯化及活性

通过阴离子交换、凝胶过滤和阳离子交换层析,从大蹼铃蟾皮肤中纯化到一个表观分子量为33kDa的单链蛋白。N-末端序列比较分析显示,该蛋白与来自非洲爪蟾、红色原鸡和人膜联蛋白Ⅱ的N-末端序列相同的氨基酸分别占70％、64％和56％。该蛋白具有以钙依赖的方式抑制专一性血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅵ受体激动剂——Stejnulxin诱导洗涤人血小板聚集的生物学功能,最大抑制率达48％。结合其N-末端序列BLAST搜索结果及其活性的钙依赖性,推测该蛋白是与膜联蛋白Ⅱ相关的一类蛋白质,     

大蹼铃蟾皮肤活性肽的应用基础研究取得重要进展

由中国科学院昆明动物研究所张云研究员学科组和郑永唐研究员学科组合作开展的大蹼铃蟾皮肤活性肽的应用基础研究取得重要进展,于2004年获得四项国家知识产权局授予的国家发明专利。     

两栖类动物皮肤分泌物及其生物学适应意义--大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌物蛋白质多肽组的启示

以大蹼铃蟾(Bombina maxima)为代表性物种,揭示了两栖类皮肤分泌物蛋白质多肽组丰富的分子和功能多样性。目前在大蹼铃蟾已发现的分子包括3类不同的抗菌肽、缓激肽、缓激肽增强肽和缓激肽拮抗肽、缓激肽基因相关肽、富含脯氨酸铃蟾肽及其基因相关肽、神经调节素U、Bv8肽、三叶型蛋白和蛋白酶抑制剂等。抗菌肽分子多样性及其形成机制、缓激肽及其基因相关肽功能和表达模式的多样性都较好地揭示了在多样的生态条件下,两栖类皮肤活性肽环境适应的分子基础及生物合成的调控机制。富含血红素辅基的白蛋白广泛分布在大蹼铃蟾皮肤外皮层细胞膜上和真皮海绵层内,表明它在皮肤的生理功能,如在呼吸、物质交换和渗透压调节中有重要作用。两栖类皮肤分泌物蛋白质多肽组,由于其分子结构的多样性、新颖性和哺乳类同系物的存在,在生物医学研究和天然药物开发中具有独特和不可替代的价值;同时,两栖类皮肤功能基因组具有多样性丰富、快速重组突变的特征,是探讨生物适应的基因基础、基因形成机制和进化特性等生物学基本问题的优秀模型。     

红瘰疣螈玉龙雪山种群的两性异形

分别测量于2018年6—8月采自云南丽江玉龙雪山的32只(17♂,15♀)红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing成体的全长、头体长、头长等13项形态特征指标,并检验该物种的两性异形。结果表明:雌性平均全长为160.72 mm±3.02 mm(n=15),雄性平均全长为138.58 mm±2.57 mm(n=17),雌性与雄性平均全长比为1.160,两性异形指数为0.138,属雌性大于雄性的两栖类;全长在两性间的差异有统计学意义;除了雌性的头宽、尾宽、尾高和腋至胯距外,其他形态特征与全长均有显著或极显著相关性;以全长为协变量的协方差分析结果显示,红瘰疣螈的头体长、头长、吻长、尾长和前肢长在两性间的差异有统计学意义;雌性的尾长和前肢长随全长的生长速率大于雄性,而头体长、头长和吻长随全长的生长速率小于雄性。生育力选择假说能解释红瘰疣螈玉龙雪山种群的两性异形现象。     

鳄蜥的两性异形

通过比较鳄蜥的体型与头部大小等特征的差异,研究了鳄蜥的两性异形情况.结果表明:性成熟鳄蜥个体体色差异显著,成年雄性头胸部腹面呈鲜红色或浅蓝色,而雌性为浅黄色或淡红色;成年雄性头部显著大于成年雌性(头长(HL),P＜0.001;头宽(HW),P＜0.001),成年雌性腹部长(AL)显著大干成年雄性(P=0.018);而成...     

东方铃蟾早期胚胎发育的初步观察

本文大体采用Shumway的分期方法,在18±1℃的实验室条件下,对采自连云港的东方铃蟾的早期胚胎发育进行了观察,结果表明:从受精卵期至鳃盖褶闭合期可分为24个时期,共历时235.11小时。本文对各时期的形态特征和持续时间进行了详细地描述和记录。     

新疆岩蜥的两性异形

为研究新疆岩蜥Laudakia stoliczkana的两性异形规律,采集新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区温宿县24号成体标本进行12项形态学指标测量,采用独立样本t检验和协方差分析,同时基于几何形态学对其头部侧面形态进行分析。新疆岩蜥头体长在两性间无显著差异;协方差分析结果表明,两性个体的头部、附肢、尾长之间均没有显著差异,雌性腋跨距显著大于雄性（P<0.05）;几何形态学分析表明,两性个体的头侧几何形态没有显著差异。研究结果支持繁殖力选择是造成新疆岩蜥两性异形的主要原因。雌性新疆岩蜥倾向于通过更大的腋跨距增加怀卵数量来降低后代被捕食的概率。     

The Evolution of Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism in Hawks,Falcons and Owls: A Comparative Study

Many hypotheses have been proposed to account for the origin and maintenance of reversed size dimorphism (RSD, females being larger than males) in hawks, falcons and owls, but no consensus has been reached. I performed comparative analyses, using both cross-taxa data and phylogenetically independent contrasts, to investigate potential correlates of reversed size dimorphism. Using a similar set of explanatory variables, covering morphology, life history and ecology, I tested whether any trait coevolved with size dimorphism in all three groups and hence provided a general explanation for the evolution of RSD. For hawks, strong correlates were found in the foraging-variable complex, so RSD might have evolved in species hunting large and agile prey. This is consistent with the intersexual-competition hypothesis (sexes have evolved different sizes to lessen intersexual competition for food), but especially the small-male hypothesis (males have evolved to be smaller to be more efficient foragers). Evolutionary pathway analyses suggest that RSD evolved most likely as a precursor of changes in hunting strategy but as a consequence of high reproduction. The falcons showed a similar pattern: species with strong RSD hunted larger and more agile prey. The evolutionary pathway analysis supported the idea that RSD evolved before the specialisation on more agile and/or larger prey. Finally for owls, the results showed clear parallels. RSD increased with prey size, consistent with the small-male hypothesis. Evolutionary pathway analysis suggests that RSD in owls has most likely evolved before specialisation on large prey, so a small and more agile male might be advantageous even when hunting small prey. These results suggest that RSD in hawks, falcons and owls evolved due to natural-selection pressures rather than sexual-selection pressures. Co-ordinating editor: J. Tuomi     

Sexual Dimorphism in the Hindlimb Muscles of the Asiatic Toad(Bufo gargarizans)in Relation to Male Reproductive Success

In many anurans, the forelimb muscles of males are used to grasp females and are often heavier than those of females despite the larger female body size. Such sexual dimorphism in forelimb musculature is thought to result from sexual selection. In addition, the hindlimbs of frogs and toads play an important role in the reproductive process as amplectant males can expel rivals with robust hindlimbs through kicking. In this study, the sexual dimorphism in dry mass for six hindlimb muscles of the Asiatic toad(Bufo gargarizans) was investigated. The results showed that, when controlled for body size, the hindlimb muscle mass of males significantly exceeded that of females for every muscle. The hindlimb muscle mass of amplectant males was also significantly larger than that of non-amplectant males. These results suggested that if strong hindlimb muscles could improve mating success of males, sexual selection would promote the evolution of dimorphism in this character.     

奇台沙蜥生长过程中的两性异形

研究奇台沙蜥Phrynocephalus grumgrzimailoi头、尾、腋胯距大小在个体发育过程中的变化.成体体长(SVL)无显著的两性差异,两性异形主要表现为雄性个体有较大的头部(头长和头宽)和尾部,雌性具有较大的腋胯距.头、尾、腋胯距大小的两性异形在幼体就已存在,并随个体发育的进行变得更加显著.不同年龄组两性个体头部、尾部、腋胯距随SVL呈异速增长,表现为两性头部的增长速率在个体发育过程中逐渐增大,尾部的增长速率逐渐减慢,腋胯距在雌性蜥蜴中增长速率逐渐增大,在雄性中逐渐变小.     

东方蝾螈性二型性特征分析

以东方蝾螈大别山种群为实验材料,随机选取162只蝾螈(雄52只,雌110只),通过单变量、双变量、多变量分析的方法,进行11项体征的测量分析.结果表明,头体长是本研究的最适单变量,且头体长与腋胯距之间的相关性最高;PCl在雄性和雌性中均与头体长密切相关,且大多数体征与头体长进行比例分析均显示出异速生长关系,东方蝾螈性二型性普遍存在.本研究中11项体征呈现符合Renseh法则的雌性依赖性二型性演化特征,这种性二型性特征可能是一系列复杂的非对称性选择的结果.     

Sexual size dimorphism in parasitoid wasps

Sexual dimorphism in body length and proportion of overlap between the ranges of body length for males and females were estimated for 361 species of parasitoid wasps from 21 families. In most species, females are generally larger than males, though the range of male and female sizes overlap. Species in the family Ichneumonidae differ significantly from species in other families in three ways: (1) ichneumonids on average are larger, (2) in most species, females are generally smaller than males, and (3) on average, proportion overlap between the ranges of body length for males and females is greater. At present, there is a paucity of life history data on parasitoid wasp species for which size dimorphism is known. Thus it is not clear why ichneumonids differ from species in other families. Possible evolutionary explanations for variation in dimorphism among parasitoid wasp species are discussed.     

An anionic antimicrobial peptide from toad Bombina maxima

Amphibian skin is a rich resource of antimicrobial peptides like maximins and maximins H from toad Bombina maxima. A novel cDNA clone encoding a precursor protein that comprises maximin 3 and a novel peptide, named maximin H5, was isolated from a skin cDNA library of B. maxima. The predicted primary structure of maximin H5 is ILGPVLGLVSDTLDDVLGIL-NH2. Containing three aspartate residues and no basic amino acid residues, maximin H5 is characterized by an anionic property. Different from cationic maximin H peptides, only Gram-positive strain Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to maximin H5, while the other bacterial and fungal strains tested were resistant to it. The presence of metal ions, like Zn2+ and Mg2+, did not increase its antimicrobial potency. Maximin H5 represents the first example of potential anionic antimicrobial peptides from amphibians. The results provide the first evidence that, together with cationic antimicrobial peptides, anionic antimicrobial peptides may also exist naturally as part of the innate defense system.     

皖南花猪11种血液生化指标的发育性变化及性别差异

随机选择出生30、45、90、180日龄的皖南花猪公母各5头,测定了11项血清生化指标.结果显示:血糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、脂联素(ADP)、瘦素(leptin)和IgG有极显著的发育性变化(P0.01);而甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、IgA和IgM等没有明显的发育性变化.母猪的TG、TC、HDL-C和IgM极显著或显著大于公猪(P0.01或P0.05),其他血清生化指标虽在总体上没有性别差异,但在有些日龄差异明显,大多表现为母猪在90或180日龄大于公猪.结果表明:皖南花猪血液生化指标有特定的发育性模式,并存在不同程度的性别差异.     

Sexual dimorphism and allometry of external morphology in Oreochromis mossambicus

Sexual dimorphism in growth of conventional morphometric characters was investigated in juveniles and young adults (size range: 31 to 91 mm) of Oreochromis mossambicus . A closely associated set of traits was identified that shows sexually dimorphic growth, which was positively allometric in the males. These traits correspond to two different morphological complexes: jaw structure and anal/dorsal fins. The best sex discriminators among this set of traits were premaxilla width, anal fin height and snout length. These findings may be explained in terms of intra– and inter–sexual selection acting together and favouring males with strong and large mouths and high dorsal and anal fins, traits that are important in agonistic displays (jaw and fins), fighting and nest digging (jaw).     

Sexual dimorphism of body size and shell shape in European tortoises

Adult body size and shape were examined in almost 1400 individuals of the tortoises Testudo graeca , T. hermanni and T. marginata from Greece. The size at maturity was greater in females than in males in all three species. Maximum and mean adult sizes were also greater in females than in males in T. graeca and T. hermanni . Males grew to a larger size than females in T. marginata , and mean adult size was similar in the sexes in this species. Sexual dimorphism of shape (adjusted for size covariate) was shown in most of the characters examined, and the degree of this dimorphism differed significantly among the three species. Differences were related to their contrasting courtship behaviours: horizontal head movements and severe biting in T. marginata , vertical head bobs and carapace butting in T. graeca , and mounting and tail thrusting in T. hermanni . There was no difference in the frequency of observations of courtship or fighting among the three species, but courtship was about 10 times more common than combat in males. All species showed greatest courtship activity in autumn; copulation was rarely observed in T. hermanni (only 0.36% of courting males) and not seen in the other species in the field. Observations made throughout the activity season indicated that feeding was equally common in males and females in all three species. Differences in shape were more likely to be the result of sexual selection than of natural selection for fecundity. Detailed predictions are made for sexual dimorphism of other characters in these species.