四川大学望江校区5种常见留鸟的食性及其季节差异

为揭示四川大学望江校区常见鸟类食性的季节性动态,2014年8月—2015年8月观察记录了常见鸟类的组成、食物种类及取食频率,统计分析了其食物的种类组成。采用Levins指数和相似性百分率指数计算了5种常见留鸟的食性宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明:1)出现频率最高的5种鸟类均为留鸟,分别是白颊噪鹛Garrulax sannio、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、麻雀Passer montanus、乌鸫Turdus merula和珠颈斑鸠Streptopelia chinensis;2)5种鸟类对植物性食物种子的取食频率最大,为55.33%;3)白颊噪鹛的食性受季节影响最小,白颊噪鹛与乌鸫在夏季的食性最专一,白头鹎、麻雀与珠颈斑鸠在春季的食性最专一;4)5种鸟类的生态位重叠较高,生态位重叠值最高的为乌鸫和麻雀(79.9%)。     

张掖国家湿地公园优势鸟类种群生态位研究

鸟类时空格局影响下鸟类种群生态位的变化是认识鸟类环境适应机制的理论基础。在张掖国家湿地公园保育区,采用样带法研究了冬春季节5种优势鸟类种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠的时间异质性。结果表明:随着月份的更替,5种优势鸟类种群的生态位宽度呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,赤麻鸭(Tadornaferruginea)、绿头鸭(Anasplatyrhynchos)、麻雀(Passer montanus)、白骨顶鸡(Fulicaatra)的最高值出现在1月分别为1.601、1.415、1.627、1.771,大白鹭(Ardea alba)的最高值出现在3月为0.556;不同月份间鸟类优势种群生态位重叠存在差异,3月、11月生态位的重叠值最大,1月份最小;优势鸟类种群的生态位宽度和重叠在时间尺度上表现出"此消彼长"的关系。湿地公园时间尺度上的鸟类生态位宽度和重叠的差异与湿地食物资源及隐蔽条件、鸟类群体迁徙规律、鸟类种间的竞争密切相关,反应了湿地鸟类适应生境变化的可塑性机制。     

雅安市区林地鸟类多样性及生态位分析

2009年12月至2010年12月,经过一个年周期的调察与统计,共记录雅安市区林地鸟类79种,隶属于8目32科。通过多样性指数与均匀度指数的测算发现,春秋两季大于夏冬两季,农田类型明显低于次生林、人工林及其他生境。在所有鸟类中,灰喉鸦雀(Paradoxornis alphonsianus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotussinensis)、红头长尾山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)、白颊噪鹛(Garrulax sannio)在不同季节均具有较高的优势度,发冠卷尾(Dicrurus hottentottus)、松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)、大山雀(Parus major)、绿背山雀(P.monticolus)具有最高的生态位宽度值。自20世纪60年代,雅安市区鸟类物种组成及栖息地随城市化进程均发生了较大变化。     

成都市区公共绿地野生鸟类调查初报

2002年12月～2004年12月,对成都市区公共绿地的野生鸟类进行了调查,获见野生鸟类167种,加上文献记载的共有247种;其中白头鹎、红头长尾山雀、白颊噪鹛、麻雀为优势种.与20年前相关调查比较,增加了22种新纪录种.市区植被多样性、食源丰富以及市民保护鸟类的文明行为,对野生鸟类数量的增加起重要作用.     

泉山森林公园两种噪鹛的数量、分布和空间生态位

2013年3月—2014年3月,对徐州泉山森林公园内的两种噪鹛(留鸟)进行了初步调查。结果表明,在公园内每小时大约可见到4只(6—7月)或10只(10月—翌年2月)黑领噪鹛Garrulax pectoralis以及1只(6—8月)或2只(12月—翌年3月)黑脸噪鹛G.perspicillatus;两种噪鹛都有集群习性,但群体大小不同,总体上看,冬季及其前后一段时期内,两种噪鹛的群体规模大于其他时期。两种噪鹛的综合生态位宽度分别是0.790和0.649,黑脸噪鹛的海拔和坡度生态位宽度显著窄于黑领噪鹛;两种噪鹛的坡向生态位重叠度为0.8667,竞争较大(0.9855);由于食性相似,两种噪鹛在同一地点的生态位重叠度随"乔木层(0.4103)-灌木层(0.6325)-草本层(0.7864)"依次增加。建议加强林下草本和灌木的培育,减少人为干扰。     

四川大学江安校区鸟类调查

2007年9月～2008年8月,采用样线法对位于四川省成都市双流县四川大学江安校区的鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类74种,其中留鸟占44.6%,冬候鸟占20.3%,夏候鸟占18.9%,旅鸟占14.9%;家麻雀、普通鸬鹚等2种为成都市区的鸟类新纪录;国家二级保护动物有长耳鸮、普通鵟2种;省级重点保护动物有小、普通鸬鹚、苍鹭等10种;白头鹎、红头长尾山雀、白颊噪鹛、树麻雀等4种为江安校区鸟类优势种,小白鹭、珠颈斑鸠、家鸽、家燕等12种为常见种.对不同生境的鸟类种类进行分析发现,植被受人为干扰较少的待建荒地的鸟类多样性指数最高,人工绿化带如草坪、灌丛、树林等次之,建筑区的鸟类多样性指数最低.     

浙江古田山自然保护区的乌类区系与群落

古田山墙区鸟类共计90种，隶属于13目28科，小黑领噪鹛、白颊噪鹛和黑眉苇莺等3种为浙江省新记录。优势种18种，春夏季鸟类群体密度为60．05只／小时，秋冬季为2 7．2 7只／小时。该地区的鸟类群落可分为农田村落、同叶林和混交林及针叶林和竹林型。     

四川南充高坪机场夏季鸟类群落组成及鸟撞预防措施

2006年5月～2006年8月,使用固定样线法对南充高坪机场及附近5种生境8条样带进行了32次调查,共记录夏季鸟类51种,分属10目30科.东洋种27种(52.9%);古北种12种(23.5%);不易归类的种类12种(23.5%).繁殖鸟类中,东洋种27种(54%);古北种11种(22%).留鸟25种(49.0%);夏侯鸟25种(49.0%).根据IV值,对鸟撞影响最大的鸟为金腰燕、家燕、棕背伯劳、白鹭、白鹡鸰、珠颈斑鸠、家鸽、白颊噪鹛、黑尾蜡嘴雀等9种.根据鸟类的分布生境系数,广性分布型鸟类为31种;优势种(D＞10)3种,分别为金腰燕、家鸽和棕背伯劳.根据D值,IV值、ADC值等综合因素分析,并结合高坪机场的具体情况提出了一系列防治措施.     

森林/草原过渡地带鸟类群落空间结构研究

1993～ 1998年夏季间研究了森林 /草原过渡地带鸟类群落结构及与该生境的关系。共记录鸟类 10 3种。该地区不同生境类型鸟类相互渗透 ,鸟类组成混杂 ,4种环境梯度鸟类群落的相似性系数较低 ,鸟类群落结构随环境变化而呈现出明显的水平梯度变化。森林区是鸟类栖息的主要生境 ,由林缘至林内 5 0m和由林缘至草原 3 0m范围内为鸟类的高密度带。鸟类群落结构随森林植被垂直空间层次复杂性的不同而有明显的空间变化 ,群落物种多样性和均匀性具有垂直空间变化。通过聚类分析和主分量分析将鸟类群落划分为 6个垂直空间栖息取食集团 ,各集团根据各自的栖息取食行为格局分割了生境的空间和食物资源 ,集团内部的鸟类则通过更为细致的生态分割和加剧生态位重叠而得以共存。     

都江堰林区取食樱桃果实(种子)的鸟类及其种子扩散作用

樱桃(Prunus pseudocerasus)是广泛分布于我国亚热带常绿阔叶林内的一种重要核果植物。为了解食果鸟类在樱桃种群更新中的作用,于2007年和2008年在四川都江堰亚热带常绿阔叶林内研究了取食樱桃果实(种子)的鸟类及其种子扩散作用。研究表明,樱桃成熟果实的下落高峰发生在4月下旬至5月上旬;2007年的种子扩散率为4.0%±1.0%,明显低于2008年(27.7%±5.7%)。在研究地内,发现至少有16种鸟取食樱桃果实或种子,根据其对果实和种子的处理方式分为3个功能群:白头鹎(Pycnontus sinensis)、领雀嘴鹎(Spizixos semitorques)、黑鹎(Hypisipetes leucocephalus)、白颊噪鹛(Garrulax snnio)、红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythorhyncha)等10种鸟吞食樱桃果实,而种子通过消化道末端排出并将种子携至远离母树的地方,是重要的种子扩散者;暗绿绣眼鸟(Alcippe morrisonia)和灰眶雀鹛(Zosterops iaponicus)等4种鸟主要啄食果肉而将种子丢弃在母树下,为啄食果肉者;而普通朱雀(Carpopacus erythrinus)和灰头鸦雀(Paradoxornis gularis)则主要取食种子,为纯粹的种子捕食者。在吞食樱桃果实的食果鸟中,3种鹎科鸟类访问频次所占的比例达55.3%(2007年)和35.3%(2008年),说明鹎科鸟类是都江堰林区樱桃种子的主要扩散者,对樱桃种群的空间格局和自然更新可能有重要影响。     

长沙黄花国际机场鸟类群落物种多样性分析

为了获得长沙黄花国际机场鸟击防范工作所需的鸟类基础性资料,从2005年9月~2006年8月,通过对机场地区5种生境类型鸟类群落的调查与监测,记录到鸟类112种,属16目32科。其中46种属东洋界种类、45种属古北界种类、21种属广布种;留鸟46种、夏候鸟25种、冬候鸟29种、旅鸟12种。经RB频率指数测算,鸟类群落的优势种为白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、乌鸫(Turdus merula)和树麻雀(Passer montanus)。按鸟类生境分布系数划分,广布型的鸟类有44种,是该区鸟类群落组成的主体。鸟类群落的Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数为1.607,均匀性指数为0.784。     

上海农耕区鸟类群落特征及与几种生境因子的关系

2000-2002年冬季和夏季,采用固定样带法在上海郊区所有区县选择了17条样带,对农耕区鸟类做了4次抽样调查。记录了鸟类的组成、数量、出现频率及生境因子特征。根据调查数据,计算鸟类密度、多样性、均匀度、优势度、生物量、相对重要值等群落特征参数。调查共记录到鸟类76种,隶属13目26科。平均密度为5．19只／hm^2,多样性指数为1．8742。优势种为麻雀、家燕、白头鹎、棕背伯劳和白鹊鸰。鸟类组成中水鸟(夜鹭、白鹭等)较多,占了总数的1／3;与上海其他区域相比,鸟类密度较高,但种类相对较少,数量集中在少数几个物种(麻雀、家燕、白头鹎、棕背伯劳等)。鸟类物种丰富度与荒地面积呈显著正相关,与环境污染程度呈显著负相关,与林地面积、人口密度、水体面积等相关不显著。提示荒地对鸟类多样性非常重要。     

Nest site availability and niche differentiation between two cavity‐nesting birds in time and space

Niche differentiation is a key concept in the field of ecology and refers to the process by which competing species within an ecological community partition utilization of environmental resources to achieve coexistence. The existence of niche differentiation is uniquely difficult to prove on account of the fact that historical interaction among species, which plays a key role in elucidating the current state of coexistence among species, is not well known. We created continuous niche gradients in nest‐site resources between two sympatric secondary cavity‐nesting birds, the green‐backed tit (Parus monticolus) and the russet sparrow (Passer cinnamomeus), and investigated whether nesting site is a factor contributing to limiting breeding overlap by regular inspection and 388,160 min of film recording. Our results indicate that although we manipulated nest site availability to be uniformly high along the habitat gradient, the two bird species have little overlap in nest sites and rarely compete for them. Furthermore, the green‐backed tit possessed a wide range of fundamental niche that covered that of the russet sparrow, while their reproductive time was largely segregated. The sparrow was more aggressive and outcompeted the tit in their overlapped range. These results suggest that even though nesting sites are crucial to the reproduction of cavity‐nesting birds, some other factor plays a more important role in limiting niche overlap between sparrows and tits in space and time. Given that these two cavity‐nesting birds continued to use different habitats and breed in segregated time after our manipulation, their relationship is better explained by the ghost of competition past theory.     

喜马拉雅山南坡蚤类营养生态位的研究

对喜马拉雅山南坡地区的46种蚤的营养生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了研究。结果表明,23种蚤只有1种宿主,其营养生态位宽度最窄(B=0),而方指双蚤的营养生态位宽度最大(B=0.6694),其次为斯氏新蚤(B=0.4968).寄生于9种小兽宿主的12种主要蚤种中,尼泊尔古蚤和后厉蚤和窄突厉蚤因其宿主动物以食虫类为主,相互间的营养生态位重叠指数最高。     

Coexistence of carnivores in a heterogeneous landscape: habitat selection and ecological niches

Understanding distributional patterns and mechanisms used by species for habitat selection is crucial to adopt effective land management policies in terms of biodiversity conservation. A heterogeneous landscape may allow coexistence of species. That coexistence will be dependent on the availability of the resources in the habitat that has to be sufficient to fulfil their basic needs. The present study aimed to investigate habitat selection, niche breadth and niche overlap of three sympatric carnivore species (Vulpes vulpes, Genetta genetta and Martes foina) in a typically fragmented landscape from Central Portugal, using camera-trapping techniques. The results obtained revealed that the investigated species use the available habitats differently and in a non-random way. The red fox showed the most specialized behaviour, positively selecting coniferous forests. The common genet preferred eucalyptus, avoiding old-growth mixed woodland, in contrast with stone marten that exhibited a strong preference for this late habitat, avoiding eucalyptus. Concerning the niche breadth, the genet had the highest value while the red fox had the lowest one. The results obtained at the camera-trap level showed that the highest niche overlap occurred between the genet and the stone marten which suggests that these species can coexist and share the available resources. Regarding the habitat level, the greatest niche overlap was found for the stone marten and the red fox, indicating the exploration of the same general habitat conditions by both species. The results obtained in the present study support the concept that landscape complexity allows coexistence between species within the same trophic level.     

Dietary breadth and overlap among five sympatric prairie carnivores

Ecological communities are shaped, in part, by the manner in which similar species consume and partition food resources. To better understand the structure of a mammalian carnivore community from a prairie habitat in central North America, we determined the dietary breadth and overlap of sympatric American badgers Taxidea taxus , coyotes Canis latrans , red foxes Vulpes vulpes , raccoons Procyon lotor and striped skunks Mephitis mephitis , via stomach content analysis of 411 carcasses salvaged as part of a predator control program in southern Saskatchewan, Canada (2000–2001). Carnivores consumed a total of 25 separate food items; for all species except raccoons, the majority of stomachs contained mammals, whereas other foods such as amphibians, bird remains and insects were also recovered. Raccoon stomachs tended to contain wheat seed, eggshells and birds. Dietary breadth varied among the five carnivore species, being narrowest for raccoons and widest for skunks. Overall, dietary overlap tended to be highest for species pairings associated with the highest level of presumed niche similarity, which included raccoon–skunk and coyote–fox dyads. Yet, levels of dietary overlap exhibited notable interannual variability for most species pairings. The assessment of a larger assemblage of carnivores within a North American prairie community shows that marked interspecific and temporal variation in dietary breadth and overlap may characterize a guild of sympatric species occupying similar habitat.     

Human activity reduces niche partitioning among three widespread mesocarnivores

Anthropogenic disturbances can constrain the realized niche space of wildlife by inducing avoidance behaviors and altering community dynamics. Human activity might contribute to reduced partitioning of niche space by carnivores that consume similar resources, both by promoting tolerant species while also altering behavior of species (e.g. activity patterns). We investigated the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on habitat and dietary niche breadth and overlap among competing carnivores, and explored if altered resource partitioning could be explained by human‐induced activity shifts. To describe the diets of coyotes, bobcat, and gray foxes, we designed a citizen science program to collect carnivore scat samples in low‐ (‘wildland’) and high‐ (‘interface’) human‐use open space preserves, and obtained diet estimates using a DNA metabarcoding approach. Habitat use was determined at scat locations. We found that coyotes expanded habitat and dietary niche breadth in interface preserves, whereas bobcats and foxes narrowed both niche breadth measures. High human use was related to increased dietary niche overlap among all mesocarnivore pairs, increased coyote habitat overlap with bobcats and foxes, and a small reduction in habitat overlap between bobcats and foxes. The strongest increase in diet overlap was among coyotes and foxes, which was smaller in magnitude than their habitat overlap increase. Finally, coyote scats were more likely to contain nocturnal prey in interface preserves, whereas foxes appeared to reduce consumption of nocturnal prey. Our results suggest that dominant and generalist mesocarnivores may encroach on the niche space of subordinate mesocarnivores in areas with high human activity, and that patterns in resource use may be related to human‐induced activity shifts.     

长江口及其毗邻海域鱼类群落优势种的生态位宽度与重叠

根据“北斗号”调查船2006年6月、8月和10月在长江口及其毗邻海域进行渔业资源底拖网调查的资料,通过相对重要性指数确定鱼类群落优势种,对优势种的生态位测度指标及季节变化进行分析.结果表明： 3航次的优势种共有10种,它们的生态位宽度和生态位重叠指标呈现出明显的季节性变化,通过Bray-Curtis相似性聚类与非度量多维标度(MDS)分析可分为两组.第一组为鳀鱼、鳄齿鱼、发光鲷,其生态位宽度和生态位重叠指标夏季大于秋季,呈现出由夏季到秋季从长江口及其毗邻海域向外部深水区移动的趋势;第二组为带鱼、矛尾虾虎鱼、细条天竺鲷、小黄鱼、刺鲳、白姑鱼、七星底灯鱼,其生态位宽度和生态位重叠指标秋季大于夏季,呈现出由夏季到秋季从黄海南部和东海北部水域向长江口及其毗邻海域移动的趋势.这两组鱼类不同的移动趋势与其生态习性和环境因素有关.