四川省发现玉龙龙蜥

玉龙龙蜥Diploderma yulongense(Mathey, Denzer, HouWang 2012)于2012年根据Andrews R C等1914年在玉龙雪山采集的历史馆藏标本命名。至今对该物种尚未进行过研究,对其自然生活史资料和分布范围知之甚少。2019年7月,作者在四川省凉山彝族自治州木里县下麦地乡采集到2号龙蜥属物种标本(采集号:2019ML0037♂,2019ML0038♀),经形态学检视和线粒体ND2基因序列重建分子系统发育关系,确定该2号标本为玉龙龙蜥,该种是四川分布新记录种。该发现将对玉龙龙蜥在我国地理分布的认知向东北方向延伸了100余千米。     

西藏八宿、左贡和芒康两栖爬行动物多样性调查报告

于2019年8月至2020年7月调查了西藏生态安全屏障生态监测站网芒康生态站所辖3县（八宿、左贡和芒康）的两栖爬行动物多样性。本次调查共计布设155条样线,海拔区间为2 270 ~ 4 610 m。调查结果显示,该地区两栖动物共计有8种,隶于4科5属;爬行动物7种,隶于3科4属。其栖息地共有5种植被类型,Shannon-Weiner 多样指数表征其中两栖爬行动物多样性由高到低为：灌丛、针叶林、阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、草甸。在垂直分布方面,两栖动物分布海拔区间为2 280 ~ 4 350 m,爬行动物分布海拔区间为2 270 ~ 3 470 m,爬行动物分布海拔整体上低于两栖动物。在动物区系组成方面,多数两栖动物为广布种及古北界物种,而爬行动物中多数为东洋界物种。本次调查共记录到国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物3种：帆背龙蜥（Diploderma vela）、巴塘龙蜥（D. batangense）和滑腹龙蜥（D. laeviventre）。调查结果显示,干热河谷地带物种多样性较高,且具多个区域特有物种,亟待进行保护地规划和建设。此外,本文记述了西藏自治区爬行动物分布1新记录种——乡城原矛头蝮（Protobothrops xiangchengensis）。     

南草蜥核型的初步研究

南草蜥眼斑亚种 (Ｔａｋｙｄｒｏｍｕｓｓｅｘｌｉｎｅａｔｕｓｏｃｅｌｌａ ｔｕｓ)隶属于蜥蜴科 (Ｌａｃｅｒｔｉｄａｅ)草蜥属。该属我国已知有 8种〔1〕,其中只北草蜥 (Ｔ ｓｅｐｔｅｎｔｒｉｏｎａｌｉｓ) 〔2〕和白条草蜥 (Ｔ .ｗｏｌｔｅｒｉ) 〔3〕见有核型数据。南草蜥在我国分布于福建、湖南、贵州、云南、广东、海南和广西 ,其核型未见有人报道。本文对♂性南草蜥的核型作了初步研究。1　材料和方法实验动物南草蜥 2♂ ,采自福州仓山。采用骨髓细胞直接制备染色体标本。着丝粒位置按Ｌｅｖａｎ等(1 964 )的标准确定。2　结果和分…     

河南省蜥蜴新纪录——米仓山龙蜥

在近年的野外调查中,在河南省伏牛山国家级自然保护区(2011年7月1～9日)和太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区(济源管理局,2010～2011年)分别采集到7号和5号鬣蜥科蜥蜴标本,经鉴定确定为米仓山龙蜥(Japalura micangshanensis),为河南省蜥蜴新纪录。标本分别保存于河南大学生命科学学院动物标本室和郑州大学生物标本室。此新纪录为研究米仓山龙蜥的形态变异和地理分布提供了基础资料。     

甘肃省鬣蜥科一新纪录--米仓山攀蜥

米仓山攀蜥(Ｊａｐａｌｕｒａｍｉｃａｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ)是宋鸣涛(1987)依据1982年在陕西省宁强县青木川所采标本描述的种。目前仅知分布于陕西南部地区。作者1999年6～7月在甘肃省陇南地区进行野外考察,先后于6月10日～6月14日、7月9日～17日在文县刘家坪、康县阳坝和文县碧口采到鬣蜥科龙蜥属标本22号,经鉴定为米仓山攀蜥,为甘肃省新纪录。米仓山攀蜥与草绿攀蜥(ＪａｐｌａｌｕｒａｆｌａｖｉｃｅｐｓＢａｒｂｏｕｒａｎｄＤｕｎｎ)相近似。区别是前者没有喉褶;上唇鳞7～8枚,下唇鳞8～9枚;尾长为头体长的两倍(个别超出两倍)。草绿攀…     

横断山区龙蜥属(Diploderma)物种生境偏好和形态分化

横断山区是全球25个生物多样性热点之一，其生态安全和生物多样性保护备受国内外关注。经济社会发展给横断山区特有龙蜥属动物带来许多新的挑战，大量原始生境被道路修建和水电工程彻底破坏，有些物种甚至在局部地区灭绝。因此及时开展龙蜥保护生态学相关研究，对准确制定保护行动计划非常关键。生境偏好与形态分化是保护生态学研究的重要内容。采用样线和样方法，对横断山区9个龙蜥属物种生境因子进行了测量。同时借助野外标本采集和标本馆标本测量，对19个龙蜥属物种进行了形态量化。采用广义线性混合模型（Generalized Linear Mixed Model，GLMM）和基于系统发育的广义最小二乘法（Phylogenetic Generalized Least-Squares，PGLS）对龙蜥生境偏好和形态学分化进行了分析。结果表明，来自不同生境的龙蜥对生境因子具有特殊的偏好。灌丛型龙蜥更偏好石块灌丛、阳坡、较陡、平均石块粒径较大、温度适中的生境，偏好生境中往往有两头毛（Incarvillea arguta）分布；林地型龙蜥偏好乔木、较陡的上坡位和植被覆盖率高的生境，偏好生境中往往有红花羊蹄甲（Bauhinia×blakeana）分布。从形态分化方面看，灌丛型和林地型龙蜥在体型大小和运动形态方面均发生了明显地分化，对雄性而言，林地型龙蜥尾长、鼻眼距、第4指长以及第4趾爪长大于灌丛型龙蜥，而灌丛型龙蜥吻长和胫骨长大于林地型龙蜥。对雌性而言，尾长、头长、吻长、鼻眼距、第4指长、第4趾长以及第4趾爪长均为林地型龙蜥大于灌丛型。研究为横断山区龙蜥生境偏好和形态分化提供了直接证据，有助于理解龙蜥对干热河谷生境的适应策略，同时为科学制定龙蜥保护计划提供重要支撑。     

中国石龙子一新纪录属和一新纪录种

记述了采自新疆西北部的察布查尔县的沙地泛蜥Ablepharus deserti Strauch,1868,是在中国的首次记录,同时泛蜥属Ablepharus Fitzinger,1823也是我国的新纪录属.该种与原记录分布在我国伊宁市的阿赖山裂睑蜥的主要区别是:1)环体中段背鳞少于22枚;2)成体背部一色或具暗色纵纹.标本收藏在新疆农业大学动物标本馆.     

麻蜥属Eremias的系统学研究进展

由于各种原因, 麻蜥属的分类仍较混乱.本文对麻蜥属的系统学研究历史做了系统回顾, 从属、亚属、种等各级分类水平叙述了其研究历史, 包括属的建立与订正、物种组成、地理分布特征, 总结了通过外部形态和分子等研究手段, 在分类、系统发育、生物地理等研究层次上所取得的成果, 在此基础上提出需要深入研究麻蜥属的系统发育、谱系地理和物种形成机制等, 包括该属分布格局与青藏高原隆升、天山隆升及中亚荒漠化和第四纪冰期的关系.     

云南省爬行动物名录和地理区划更新

云南省作为中国生物多样性最高的省份, 其详实的物种本底资料对我国生物多样性研究和保护具有重要意义。本文在前期研究的基础上, 结合实体标本, 汇总编制了云南省现生、原生爬行动物更新名录。截至2021年12月31日, 云南省记录爬行动物25科82属235种, 其中龟鳖目4科12属16种, 有鳞目蜥蜴亚目6科20属72种, 蛇亚目15科50属147种。较《云南两栖爬行动物》确认新增82种, 存疑收录21种, 移除23种。基于先前云南省爬行动物区划和更新后的物种分布信息, 将云南省爬行动物地理分为6个动物地理区, 即滇西北横断山区、滇西山地区、滇南山地区、滇东南山地区、滇中高原区以及滇东北山地区; 其中滇西北横断山区、滇西山地区、滇中高原区和滇东南山地区的范围与先前研究相比有所调整。结合调整后的爬行动物地理区划, 对物种分布、物种特有性、受威胁状况等给出了统计结果。云南省爬行动物特有物种、国内仅见于云南的非特有物种数量较多, 受威胁等级高。建议今后继续加大分类学研究投入, 对滇西北、滇中特有爬行动物分布集中的区域积极开展栖息地保护工作, 同时在最新调整的《国家重点保护野生动物名录》基础上, 定期组织专家研讨, 对《云南省省级重点保护动物名录》提出更新建议。     

四川省爬行动物新纪录——米仓山攀蜥

米仓山攀蜥Ｊａｐａｌｕｒａｍｉｃａｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ属于爬行纲有鳞目鬣蜥科攀蜥属。本种自宋鸣涛于 1 987年发表以来 ,仅记载分布在陕西省的南部地区。笔者于1 993年 7月和 2 0 0 0年 8月在四川广元市朝天区沙河镇采到 4 5号标本 ,经野外观察和室内饲养的资料报导如下。1　形态特征　　雄性体全长 2 0 1～ 2 32ｍｍ ,尾长 1 36～ 1 62ｍｍ ;雌性体全长 1 89～ 2 2 4ｍｍ ,尾长 1 2 8～ 1 52ｍｍ。雌雄尾长均超过头体长的两倍 (表 )。鼓膜被鳞。没有喉褶。上唇鳞 7～ 8枚。雄性背鬣大于雌性。雄性头背鳞的棱较雌性强。雄性头背浅褐…     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.