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1.
陇东黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然草地群落学特征研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
采用路线调查法和样方法研究了陇东黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然草地植物群落组成的特征.结果表明,该研究区地带性植被的主要类型为草甸草原和典型草原,草甸草原以蒿类、白羊草和白草为代表群落;典型草原以长芒草、蒿类、百里香和毛沙芦草等为代表群落.草地群落物种组成较为简单,优势种的优势度显著,其中长芒草、山蒿、冷蒿、牛枝子、糙隐子草、铁杆蒿、阿尔泰狗娃花、赖草、猪毛蒿、百里香等是群落物种组成中相对重要的物种;天然草地群落数量特征的平均值为:种数17.1、多度163.5、高度49.2 cm、盖度52.8%、鲜重284.9 g?m-2、干重151.8g?m-2;草甸草原群落的高度、盖度、生物量和物种丰富度值均大于典型草原.  相似文献   

2.
李春丽  李奇  赵亮  赵新全 《植物生态学报》2016,40(10):1015-1027
植物群落生物量反映了植被的初级生产能力, 是陆地生态系统碳(C)输入的最主要来源, 往往受到自然界中氮(N)、磷(P)元素供应的限制。该试验以青藏高原环青海湖地区的高寒草原为研究对象, 探讨了天然草地和退耕恢复草地植被群落生物量对N (10 g·m-2)、P (5 g·m-2)养分添加的响应。N、P添加显著增加了天然草地禾草的生物量, 进而促使地上总生物量显著提高。退耕恢复草地禾草和杂类草的生物量对N添加均有一致的正响应, 从而促使地上总生物量显著增加174%, 群落地上和地下总生物量显著增加34%; 而P添加对恢复草地生物量各项参数均无显著影响。回归分析显示: 天然草地植物群落地上生物量随土壤中NO3--N含量的增加而增加(p < 0.05), 退耕恢复草地植被地上、地下和总生物量均与土壤NO3--N含量显著正相关(p < 0.01), 说明环湖地区高寒草原植物生长主要受N供应的限制, P的限制作用随土地利用方式的转变和群落演替阶段的不同而变化; 相比天然草地, 恢复草地在现阶段植被初级生产力受N的限制作用更强烈, 土壤中可利用N含量是限制其植被自然恢复和重建的关键因子。  相似文献   

3.
以宁夏广泛分布的温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性草原化荒漠和温性荒漠草原为研究对象,采用实地调查采样的方法,研究了宁夏天然草地植被总碳储量.结果 表明:宁夏天然草地地上植被、地下根系及主要灌木平均含碳率为0.40,枯落物平均含碳率为0.39.草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原的植被总碳储量分别为470.26、192....  相似文献   

4.
宁夏典型温性天然草地固碳特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文研究了宁夏草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原4种温性典型天然草地生态系统碳储量及其构成特征。结果表明: 草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原植被总生物量分别为1178.91、481.22、292.80和209.09 g·m-2。其中,地下根系生物量是构成草甸草原和温性草原植被总生物量的主体,分别占总生物量的73.1%和56.6%;地上植被生物量是构成草原化荒漠和荒漠草原植被总生物量的主体,分别占总生物量的50.3%和47.6%;枯落物生物量占比较低,分别仅为8.5%、8.0%、6.4%和16.2%。草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原4种天然草地生态系统碳储量分别为13.90、5.94、2.69和2.37 kg·m-2,其中植被碳储量分别为470.26、192.23、117.17、83.36 g·m-2,0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳储量分别为13.43、5.75、2.58和2.29 kg·m-2,土壤有机碳储量是构成宁夏典型天然草地碳储量的主体,分别占到了生态系统碳储量的96.6%、96.8%、95.6%和96.5%。4种草地类型植被总生物量、植被碳储量、土壤有机碳储量和生态系统碳储量均表现为:草甸草原>温性草原>草原化荒漠>荒漠草原。  相似文献   

5.
为探明喀斯特地区不同草地根系动态及其对石漠化的响应,本文以3种不同石漠化程度(潜在、中度和强度)的草地为研究对象,采用连续根钻法和分解袋法,于2017年3月-2018年1月,分析了不同石漠化草地的根系垂直分布、季节动态、分解、周转及其与土壤因子的关系。结果表明,3种石漠化草地的根系生物量随着土层的深度增加呈逐渐降低的趋势,潜在和中度石漠化草地的根系生物量均呈现明显的单峰型季节变化,强度石漠化草地的根系生物量变化不显著。3种石漠化草地的根系分解速率受土壤有机碳、全钾、全氮、含水量、电导率、温度等的影响显著,随分解时间均表现为\"快-慢-快\"的变化趋势,根系的年分解率分别为64%、56%和58%。3种草地根系完全分解(分解率为95%)时,分别需要1174天、1351天和1878天。随石漠化程度的加剧,3种草地的根系周转速率呈逐渐降低的趋势,分别为1.70次/a、1.36次/a和0.87次/a。  相似文献   

6.
季波  时龙  徐金鹏  何建龙  王占军  吴旭东  蒋齐 《生态学报》2021,41(19):7669-7678
土壤团聚体作为土壤结构的基本单元和土壤有机碳存在的重要场所,对维系土壤质量和生态环境可持续发展具有重要作用。为探究宁夏天然草地土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳分布特征,以宁夏4种典型的天然草地(草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原)为研究对象,系统开展研究。结果表明:草甸草原、温性草原和草原化荒漠各粒级机械团聚体和水稳性团聚体含量均呈现随粒径减小而先减小后增大趋势,荒漠草原机械团聚体含量呈现随粒径减小而先减小后增大的趋势,水稳性团聚体含量呈现随粒径减小逐渐增大的趋势;且草甸草原和温性草原机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体在0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-40 cm 3个土层均以>0.25 mm大团聚体为主,草原化荒漠和荒漠草原水稳性团聚体均以<0.25 mm的微团聚体为主。4种草地类型机械团聚体和水稳性团聚体MWD和GMD,以及各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳含量均表现为草甸草原和温性草原显著高于草原化荒漠和荒漠草原。草甸草原和温性草原在3个土层深度均以>0.25 mm的大团聚体对有机碳的贡献率最高,分别达到43.86%、59.26%、58.89%和58.02%、54.03%、57.15%;草原化荒漠和荒漠草原在3个土层深度,均以<0.25 mm的微团聚体贡献率高,分别达到了60.37%、55.86%、54.33%和75.61%、78.34%、78.74%。结果表明:草甸草原和温性草原较草原化荒漠和荒漠草原土壤团聚体稳定性更高,更有利于土壤有机碳累积。  相似文献   

7.
2000-2010年青海湖流域草地退化状况时空分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
骆成凤  许长军  游浩妍  靳生洪 《生态学报》2013,33(14):4450-4459
青海湖流域属于高寒草地生态系统,草地退化状况是反映该流域生态环境状况的有效指标.在对青海湖流域退化草地分类的基础上,利用遥感手段获得流域退化草地的空间分布和变化信息.采用Markov模型、退化草地动态变化度、转类指数和景观指数对青海湖流域草地退化状况时空变化进行多角度分析.研究表明2010年青海湖流域草地状况良好,未退化草甸与未退化草原在整个流域占绝对优势,是流域面积的38%.2000-2010年期间,流域草地变化不大,退化草地转类指数为-0.0384;草地变化整体上呈极轻微退化趋势,在这11a期间呈现先退化、后改善的状况.流域内不同退化草地类别的空间景观格局表现比较稳定.青海湖流域的优势草地类别是未退化革甸,主要分布在流域中部,2000-2010年期间该类别的动态变化度为1.82%,没有发生大幅度变化,时空变化都比较稳定.中度退化草甸是退化最明显的类别,即使在流域草地呈改善状况的2006-2010年期间,有近7.4万hm2退化为重度退化草甸,占中度退化草甸转变为其他类别的65%.流域中与其他类别相互转换频繁,面积变化幅度最大的类型是轻度、中度退化草甸,及重度退化草原,在流域草地退化发生改善的2006-2010年期间,这3个类别的动态变化度达到15%-21%之间;空间上它们主要分布在流域西北部、青海湖北部以及环青海湖区域.  相似文献   

8.
土壤水分作为土壤-植被-大气连续体的关键因子,对沙化草地的演化过程具有重要作用。为探讨宁夏东部风沙区沙化草地土壤水分、物种丰富度指数及植被盖度的空间变异及其相互关系,以哈巴湖自然保护区沙化草地为对象,采用样线法自潜在沙化草地至重度沙化草地进行植被调查和土壤取样,通过经典统计学和地统计学分析,得出以下结果:0—100 m各土层土壤水分含量、植被盖度和物种丰富度指数的分布范围分别为0.82%—28.22%、41.00%—93.00%和0.82—2.80,变异系数范围为0.20—0.48,均属于中等变异。各土层土壤水分和物种丰富度指数表现为中等的空间自相关性,植被盖度则表现为强烈的空间自相关性。Kriging插值结果表明,0—100 cm各土层土壤水分和植被盖度的空间插值图呈条带状和斑块状的梯度变化,物种丰富度呈斑块分布,自潜在沙化草地至重度沙化草地,表现为逐渐降低的趋势。相关分析表明,植被盖度与0—40 cm各土层土壤水分呈显著正相关,与40—100 cm各土层土壤水分呈极显著正相关。宁夏东部风沙区沙化草地土壤水分含量总体较低,由于结构因素和随机因素的共同作用,随草地沙化程度的加重,表现为...  相似文献   

9.
为明确全球尺度下放牧管理措施对草地生态系统碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的影响,提高草地生态系统管理水平,本研究选取国内外83篇中英文文献进行Meta分析,并通过亚组分析探讨了放牧家畜组合(羊单牧、牛单牧和牛羊混牧)和放牧强度(轻度、中度、重度)对草地生态系统叶片、凋落物、根系,以及土壤C、N、P化学计量特征的影响。结果表明: 放牧会显著降低叶片和凋落物C含量、C/N、C/P,增加N、P含量及N/P;显著降低根系和土壤C、N含量,C/P和N/P,增加P含量和C/N。叶片、凋落物化学计量特征变化对牛、羊单独放牧响应更为明显,而根系、土壤化学计量特征变化则对混牧响应更为明显,重度放牧会对草地生态系统化学计量特征产生更大的影响。放牧会降低土壤N含量,增加P含量,表明放牧对草地N、P含量的影响路径不同。进一步研究N、P含量变化对放牧活动不平衡响应机制,将放牧方式、强度的影响纳入草地生态系统预测、管理模型,能够有效提高草地生态系统管理水平。  相似文献   

10.
    
ABSTRACT.   Sprague's Pipits ( Anthus spragueii ) are one of the least studied birds in North America, with most information about their breeding biology based on anecdotal observations at relatively few nests. I determined the renesting intervals of female Sprague's Pipits in south-central Saskatchewan and also summarized data about incubation and nestling periods of Sprague's Pipits in Saskatchewan and Manitoba to provide more robust estimates of these life-history parameters. Two of eight radio-marked females initiated replacement clutches after failed nesting attempts, with renesting intervals of 11–13 and 15–16 d, respectively. Of 74 banded females, 3 were subsequently recaptured at later nests during the same breeding season. Nests of two of these females failed due to inclement weather and their renesting attempts were initiated 6 and 7–11 d later, respectively. The third female successfully fledged young and then initiated another nest 17 d later. The new nests of females that renested were all located less than 150 m from previous nests. Incubation and nestling periods for known-aged nests ranged from 12 to 15 d (13.4 ± 0.3 [SE], N = 9) and 11 to 14 d (12.1 ± 0.2, N = 39), respectively. Variation in the length of both incubation and nestling periods was likely a function of prolonged periods of inclement weather. More data are required to determine the extent of renesting in different habitats and the extent to which Sprague's Pipits are capable of successfully raising multiple broods in a single breeding season.  相似文献   

11.
剖析矿业城市建设用地景观空间布局与演变特征,不仅有助于解决生态环境问题,而且能为优化城市用地结构、及时采取转型干预措施提供科学依据.以典型矿业城市——大同市为例,基于1986-2018年建设用地空间分布数据,运用景观指标分析法研究建设用地景观的时空分异特征,并通过傅里叶变换和小波变换的图谱检测景观变化周期.结果表明:研...  相似文献   

12.
    
To reveal differences in phylogeographic patterns of flightless insect species occurring in different regions of Japan, we studied the phylogeography and demographic history of Silpha beetles occurring in cool-temperate habitats of two major islands, Honshu and Hokkaido, using sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Honshu has a more mountainous topography, and cool-temperate habitats occur discontinuously, whereas Hokkaido, located to the north of Honshu, has more continuous cool-temperate habitats. A species endemic to Honshu, S. longicornis occurs on Honshu, whereas S. perforata occurs on Hokkaido and the East Asian continent. Our results indicate that the ancestors of S. longicornis colonized Honshu via a south-west route c . 0.7 Mya and the species has highly divergent populations in isolated mountainous areas of Honshu, whereas S. perforata colonized Hokkaido via a northern route less than 90 000 years ago and has less divergent geographic populations. During the last glacial period, S. perforata was probably restricted to refugia in southern Hokkaido and later expanded into northern Hokkaido, whereas S. longicornis populations existed in many isolated refugia, probably because of the complex topography of Honshu. Thus, our study demonstrates that, even between closely related species, interactions among biology, latitudinal climatic gradients and topography can produce different phylogeographic patterns.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 98 , 452–467.  相似文献   

13.
基于NDVI时间序列轨迹的草原露天矿区植被时空动态特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
贾铎  王藏姣  牟守国  赵华 《生态学杂志》2017,28(6):1808-1816
采矿作用下草原露天矿区植被时空动态特征尚不明确.以胜利露天矿区为例,选取MODIS和Landsat影像,利用ESTARFM构建2001—2015年植被生长期一致的年际Landsat时间序列,以时间分割算法拟合像元NDVI时间序列轨迹,结合轨迹形态特征提取早期扰动型、持续扰动型、扰动稳定型、扰动稳定恢复型和扰动恢复型5种植被动态类型及各类型的时间特征.结果表明:胜利矿区植被动态类型以扰动恢复型为主,占各类型像元总数的55.2%,扰动稳定型和持续下降型次之,分别为25.6%和11.0%,早期扰动型和扰动稳定恢复型较小,分别为3.5%和4.7%.扰动多发于2004—2009年,稳定期多始于2008年,空间上多分布于露天采场和排土场,恢复期多始于2008年和2010年,其空间范围较小且集中于矿井外围和排土场.扰动持续时长以1年为主,稳定期持续时长以7年为主,恢复期持续时长中稳定恢复型为2~5年,扰动恢复型为8年.  相似文献   

14.
    
The Andean plant endemic Puya is a striking example of recent and rapid diversification from central Chile to the northern Andes, tracking mountain uplift. This study generated 12 complete plastomes representing nine Puya species and compared them to five published plastomes for their features, genomic evolution, and phylogeny. The total size of the Puya plastomes ranged from 159,542 to 159,839 bp with 37.3%–37.4% GC content. The Puya plastomes were highly conserved in organization and structure with a typical quadripartite genome structure. Each of the 17 consensus plastomes harbored 133 genes, including 87 protein‐coding genes, 38 tRNA (transfer RNA) genes, and eight rRNA (ribosomal RNA) genes; we found 69–78 tandem repeats, 45–60 SSRs (simple sequence repeats), and 8–22 repeat structures among 13 species. Four protein‐coding genes were identified under positive site‐specific selection in Puya. The complete plastomes and hypervariable regions collectively provided pronounced species discrimination in Puya and a practical tool for future phylogenetic studies. The reconstructed phylogeny and estimated divergence time for the lineage suggest that the diversification of Puya is related to Andean orogeny and Pleistocene climatic oscillations. This study provides plastome resources for species delimitation and novel phylogenetic and biogeographic studies.  相似文献   

15.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The timing of when to initiate reproduction is an important transition in any organism's life cycle. There is much variation in flowering time among populations, but we do not know to what degree this variation contributes to local adaptation. Here we use a reciprocal transplant experiment to examine the presence of divergent natural selection for flowering time and local adaptation between two distinct populations of Mimulus guttatus. We plant both parents and hybrids (to tease apart differences in suites of associated parental traits) between these two populations into each of the two native environments and measure floral, vegetative, life-history, and fitness characters to assess which traits are under selection at each site. Analysis of fitness components indicates that each of these plant populations is locally adapted. We obtain striking evidence for divergent natural selection on date of first flower production at these two sites. Early flowering is favored at the montane site, which is inhabited by annual plants and characterized by dry soils in midsummer, whereas intermediate (though later) flowering dates are selectively favored at the temperate coastal site, which is inhabited by perennial plants and is almost continually moist. Divergent selection on flowering time contributes to local adaptation between these two populations of M. guttatus, suggesting that genetic differentiation in the timing of reproduction may also serve as a partial reproductive isolating barrier to gene flow among populations.  相似文献   

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17.
    
Levels of differentiation in morphological traits (age at maturity, body length at age, egg mass and body depth) and spawning time were examined in sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from three geographically proximate but physically distinct creeks in Lake Aleknagik, Alaska. Happy Creek fish had significantly greater values for most measured morphological traits, and Eagle Creek fish spawned significantly later than fish in the other creeks. Phenotypic differentiation between creeks, measured as PST, was then compared with microsatellite marker differentiation between creeks, measured as FST. No correlations were apparent between PST and FST values, and PST values were generally significantly larger than zero (PST= 0·0018–0·31) whereas FST values were not (FST=?0·0004 to 0·0016). The insignificant pair‐wise FST values between creek samples indicated that gene flow occurs between creeks, assuming the creek populations have reached migration–drift equilibrium. However, the strong homing behaviour of sockeye salmon precludes a scenario in which fish from the three creeks constitute a single population that segregates by body size. Rather, significant phenotypic differentiation suggests that strong divergent selection occurs on the phenotypic traits despite the homogenizing effects of gene flow.  相似文献   

18.
Both intra- and interspecific genomic comparisons have revealed local similarities in the level and frequency of mutational variation, as well as in patterns of gene expression. This autocorrelation between measurements leads to violations of assumptions of independence in many statistical methods, resulting in misleading and incorrect inferences. Here I show that autocorrelation can be due to many factors and is present across the genome. Using a one-dimensional spatial stochastic model, I further show how previous results can be employed to correct for autocorrelation along chromosomes in population and comparative genomics research. When multiple hypothesis tests are autocorrelated, I demonstrate that a simple correction can lead to increased power in statistical inference. I present a preliminary analysis of population genomic data from Drosophila simulans to show the ubiquity of autocorrelation and applicability of the methods proposed here.  相似文献   

19.
    
The patterns of genetic variation within and among individuals and populations can be used to make inferences about the evolutionary forces that generated those patterns. Numerous population genetic approaches have been developed in order to infer evolutionary history. Here, we present the “Two-Two (TT)” and the “Two-Two-outgroup (TTo)” methods; two closely related approaches for estimating divergence time based in coalescent theory. They rely on sequence data from two haploid genomes (or a single diploid individual) from each of two populations. Under a simple population-divergence model, we derive the probabilities of the possible sample configurations. These probabilities form a set of equations that can be solved to obtain estimates of the model parameters, including population split times, directly from the sequence data. This transparent and computationally efficient approach to infer population divergence time makes it possible to estimate time scaled in generations (assuming a mutation rate), and not as a compound parameter of genetic drift. Using simulations under a range of demographic scenarios, we show that the method is relatively robust to migration and that the TTo method can alleviate biases that can appear from drastic ancestral population size changes. We illustrate the utility of the approaches with some examples, including estimating split times for pairs of human populations as well as providing further evidence for the complex relationship among Neandertals and Denisovans and their ancestors.  相似文献   

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