反应条件下苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活力稳定性

在苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的作用下由肉桂酸和氨合成L-苯丙氨酸(L-Phe)是酶法合成该氨基酸的重要途径,国外已利用该途径进行L-苯丙氨酸的工业生产,但是该过程仍存在着转化率低和酶活力稳定性差的问题。为解决这些问题,有必要在现有基础上开展提高酶活力稳定性的研究。     

L-苯丙氨酸制备的研究进展

笔者对化学和生物合成L-苯丙氨酸的研究进展进行了综述。首先简述L-苯丙氨酸化学合成和酶促合成方法;然后综述微生物发酵法制备L-苯丙氨酸的研究进展,简单介绍大肠杆菌和谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵法生成L-苯丙氨酸的代谢机制,同时,对发酵法合成L-苯丙氨酸的各项应用研究展开重点介绍;最后,对L-苯丙氨酸在生物领域的发展进行了展望。     

合成阿斯巴甜菌种的筛选

为了探索酶法合成阿斯巴甜的新思路和新方法,从富含蛋白的土样中筛选出能够分解二肽阿斯巴甜的菌种。利用其可逆性的特点,以L-天门冬氨酸和L-苯丙氨酸甲酯为主要合成原料,以菌体酶作为催化剂进行合成实验。经高效液相色谱检测,结果表明筛选到一株菌(ASPD1)能够合成阿斯巴甜;通过单因素实验法探讨了反应时间、温度、pH值等诸因素对产物形成的影响。     

固定化酶法拆分制备L-苯丙氨酸的工艺研究

<正> 苯丙氨酸是人体必需的八种氨基酸之一,在人体内有生理作用的是L-型的,故合成制得D L-苯丙氨酸必须进行拆分。六十年代末,日、美等国用固定化氨基酰化酶拆分制备L-氨基酸已应用于工业生产,由于固定化酶法拆分具有高度专一性,可反复使用,反应条件温和,酶不残留在产物中,产物易纯化、收率较高、无三废等优点,这也引起我国许多科研单     

微生物发酵法生产L-苯丙氨酸的研究进展

L-苯丙氨酸 (L-Phe) 是一种重要的必需氨基酸,广泛应用于食品、饲料添加剂以及医药等领域.L-Phe主要由化学合成法、酶法和微生物发酵法等3种方法来生产.其中,微生物发酵法由于具有原料廉价易得、环境污染较小、产物纯度高等优点成为目前国内外工业化生产L-Phe的主要方法.本文主要以大肠杆菌为例对L-Phe生物合成途...     

生物酶法合成L-精氨酸衍生物的研究进展

L-精氨酸是一种碱性氨基酸,具有多样化的官能团,是合成多种有用化合物的前体,其衍生物广泛应用于医疗、食品和化妆品等领域。L-精氨酸衍生物的合成方法有化学法、发酵法和酶法。在当前绿色经济和可持续发展的背景下,对比各种生产方法,生物酶法合成L-精氨酸衍生物具有明显优势。因此本文重点介绍了L-精氨酸衍生化的典型产品和合成技术,并介绍了生物酶法合成L-精氨酸衍生物未来可能的发展方向。     

信息库

1.由光滑球拟酵母从葡萄糖发酵生产丙酮酸 丙酮酸是代谢途径巾重要的有机酸。它是许多药物合成的原料和动物细胞培养的重要成分,它还是酶法合成L-色氨酸,L-酪氨酸,L-二羟苯丙氨酸等氨基酸的底物。许多酵母,如酵母属,球拟酵母属,毕赤酵母属,假丝酵母属和丝孢酵母属中,用羟基硫胺素(硫胺素类似物)的休眠细胞法都可以筛选到产丙酮酸的菌株。在初筛中,酵母属菌株产丙     

α-核突触蛋白基因突变小鼠脑组织中内源性代谢产物的变化

目的:明确α-核突触蛋白与帕金森病的病理生理相关性及其临床意义。方法:采用相色谱-质谱联用(UPLC-MS)检测野生型小鼠和基因突变型小鼠脑组织中内源性代谢性产物,通过mzcloud法对小鼠脑组织中内源性代谢物质进行鉴定,将相应数据进行主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析,分析其相关差异表达代谢物,并构建通路图和互作网络图。结果:(1)基于LC/MS法的代谢组分析结果显示两组间差异代谢物以氨基酸类及磷脂类等为主,包括β-丙氨酰-L-组氨酸、L-精氨酸、L-组氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-天门冬氨酸、L-丙氨酸、磷脂酰胆碱等;(2)构建的代谢通路主要涉及酮体的合成和降解、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、丙氨酸,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、组氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、缬氨酸,亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢等,从中发现18个具有标志性的代谢成分。结论:α-核突触蛋白基因突变后,酮体的合成和降解、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、丙氨酸,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、组氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、缬氨酸,亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢等代谢通路发生了变化,涉及β-丙氨酰-L-组氨酸、L-精氨酸、L-组氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-天门冬氨酸、L-丙氨酸、磷脂酰胆碱等的生物学标志性代谢产物变化。     

L-苯丙氨酸生产的代谢工程研究

L-苯丙氨酸是一种重要的食品和医药中间体。工业上一般采用酶法和发酵法来生产L-苯丙氨酸。代谢工程的兴起,使得更加理性的改造菌株成为可能,这更加促进了发酵法的广泛应用。主要介绍了代谢工程在L-苯丙氨酸生产菌的改造中的应用情况,其中涉及苯丙氨酸生物合成途径中相关基因及其酶的调控、中央代谢途径的改造和芳香族氨基酸生物合成支路的修饰。并探讨了将来的发展前景。     

大肠杆菌高效合成L-苯甘氨酸的研究进展

自然界存在着多种氨基酸,除用于蛋白质合成的20种外,大量用于合成具有生物活性的物质,广泛应用于食品、医药等多个领域。其中,非天然芳香族氨基酸L-苯甘氨酸作为一种重要的组成单元广泛的应用于盘尼西林、维吉霉素S、原始霉素I等β-内酰胺类抗生素的生物合成当中。目前L-苯甘氨酸主要通过化学法合成,但该方法合成收率低、污染大,且不易得到单一手性的化合物。由于生物合成L-苯甘氨酸具有反应条件温和、产物立体选择性好的优势,因此受到了广泛的关注。通过对L-苯甘氨酸两条生物合成途径的解析,合成所需相关酶的筛选及辅因子平衡再生等,逐步形成了以苯乙酮酸、扁桃酸和L-苯丙氨酸为底物的合成线路。主要对L-苯甘氨酸的生物合成途径及生物合成策略展开综述,为研究者提供优化方向,以期为高效工业化生物合成L-苯甘氨酸提供理论参考。     

多酶组合催化制备L-高苯丙氨酸

【目的】L-高苯丙氨酸(L-HPA)是许多医药化学品的重要中间体,化学合成法生产L-HPA反应复杂、环境污染严重,本研究旨在开发高效环保的L-HPA酶法合成路线。【方法】采用模块化组装的方法,构建了一条以甘氨酸和苯乙醛为底物高产L-HPA的新途径。【结果】首先,根据文献挖掘设计了一条由苏氨酸醛缩酶(TA)、苏氨酸脱氨酶(TD)、苯丙氨酸脱氢酶(PheDH)和甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)组成的多酶组合催化途径,用于L-HPA的合成。其次,根据氨基基团的引入和重构,将L-HPA多酶组合催化途径分为基础单元和扩增单元,基础单元包括TA和TD,扩增单元包括PheDH和FDH。然后,利用不同表达水平的质粒,对基础单元和扩增单元进行蛋白表达的组合调节,获得最优工程菌BL21-C-M1-R-M2,使L-HPA产量达到208.6mg/L。最后,我们对全细胞转化体系进行优化,使L-HPA产量进一步提高到1226.6 mg/L,苯乙醛摩尔转化率为34.2%。【结论】该工艺路线绿色高效,为未来大规模生产L-HPA奠定基础。     

Asymmetrical synthesis of L-homophenylalanine using engineered Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase

Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to change the substrate specificity of Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase (AAT). A double mutant, R292E/L18H, with a 12.9-fold increase in the specific activity toward L-lysine and 2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid (OPBA) was identified. E. coli cells expressing this mutant enzyme could convert OPBA to L-homophenylalanine (L-HPA) with 97% yield and more than 99.9% ee using L-lysine as amino donor. The transamination product of L-lysine, 2-keto-6-aminocaproate, was cyclized nonenzymatically to form Delta(1)-piperideine 2-carboxylic acid in the reaction mixture. The low solubility of L-HPA and spontaneous cyclization of 2-keto-6-aminocaproate drove the reaction completely toward L-HPA production. This is the first aminotransferase process using L-lysine as inexpensive amino donor for the L-HPA production to be reported.     

Asymmetric synthesis of L-homophenylalanine by equilibrium-shift using recombinant aromatic L-amino acid transaminase

L-Homophenylalanine (L-HPA) was asymmetrically synthesized from 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyric acid (2-OPBA) and L-aspartate using a recombinant aromatic amino acid transaminase (AroAT). To screen microorganisms having such an L-specific AroAT with a relaxed substrate inhibition in the asymmetric synthesis of unnatural amino acids, enrichment cultures were performed in a minimal media containing 50 mM L-HPA as a sole nitrogen source. To reduce the intracellular background synthetic activity by amino acid pools in the cells, a two-step screening method was used. The putative AroAT (i.e., AroATEs) from the screened Enterobacter sp. BK2K-1 was cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in E. coli cells. The activity of the overexpressed AroATEs was 314-fold higher than that of the wild-type cell. The substrate specificities of the enzyme and homology search revealed that the cloned transaminase is true AroAT. The AroATEs showed a substrate inhibition by 2-OPBA from 40 mM in the asymmetric synthesis, which made it difficult to perform batch asymmetric synthesis of L-HPA at high concentrations of 2-OPBA. To avoid the substrate inhibition by 2-OPBA, intermittent addition of the solid-state substrate was attempted to obtain a high concentration of L-HPA. By using the cell extract (75 U) obtained from the recombinant E. coli harboring the AroATEs gene, the asymmetric synthesis of L-HPA at 840 mM of 2-OPBA resulted in >94% of conversion yield and >99% ee of L-HPA of optical purity. Due to the low solubility (<2 mM) of L-HPA in the reaction buffer, synthesized L-HPA was continuously precipitated in the reaction media, which drives the reaction equilibrium towards the product formation. After full completion of the reaction, L-HPA of high purity (>99% ee) was easily recovered by simple pH shift of the reaction media. This method can permit very efficient asymmetric synthesis of other unnatural amino acids using a single transaminase reaction.     

Enzymatic production of lactulose and 1-lactulose: current state and perspectives

Lactulose, a synthetic ketose disaccharide, has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries as prebiotic food additives and drugs against constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose has, so far, been produced chemically using lactose on a commercial scale. The key problems associated with such chemical process are the cost of removal of the catalyst and colored by-products and the product safety. Enzymatic production of lactulose is safe, environment-friendly, and simpler in comparison to the chemical method. As a promising alternative to the chemical method, enzymatic conversion of lactose into lactulose by β-galactosidase or cellobiose 2-epimerase has recently gained a great deal of attention. This could be considered as a possible route for whey surplus because lactose is the major component of cheese whey. Herein, we summarize recent advances on the enzymatic synthesis of lactulose with emphasis on the selectivity of biocatalysts and their catalytic efficiency in free and immobilized forms. The production of 1-lactulose by enzymatic bioconversion of lactose has also been discussed. Furthermore, future research needs of β-galactosidase and cellobiose 2-epimerase for the enzymatic synthesis of lactulose and 1-lactulose are reviewed.     

A novel hydantoinase process using recombinant Escherichia coli cells with dihydropyrimidinase and L-N-carbamoylase activities as biocatalyst for the production of L-homophenylalanine

A dihydropyrimidinase gene (pydB) was cloned from the moderate thermophilic Brevibacillus agri NCHU1002 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified dihydropyrimidinase exhibited strict d-enantioselectivity for D,L-p-hydroxyphenylhydantoin and D,L-5-[2-(methylthio)ethyl]hydantoin, and non-enantiospecificity for D,L-homophenylalanylhydantoin (D,L-HPAH). The hydrolytic activity of PydB was enhanced notably by Mn2+, with a maximal activity at 60 degrees C and pH 8.0. This enzyme was completely thermostable at 50 degrees C for 20 days. A whole cell biocatalyst for the production of L-homophenylalanine (L-HPA) from D,L-HPAH by coexpression of the pydB gene and a thermostable L-N-carbamoylase gene from Bacillus kaustophilus CCRC11223 in E. coli JM109 was developed. The expression levels of dihydropyrimidinase and L-N-carbamoylase in the recombinant E. coli cells were estimated to be about 20% of the respective total soluble proteins. When 1% (w/v) isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-induced cells were used as biocatalysts, a conversion yield of 49% for L-HPA with more than 99% ee could be reached in 16 h at pH 7.0 from 10mM D,L-HPAH. The cells can be reused for at least eight cycles at a conversion yield of more than 43%. Our results revealed that coexpression of pydB and lnc in E. coli might be a potential biocatalyst for L-HPA production.     

Microbial production of metabolites and associated enzymatic reactions under high pressure

High environmental pressure exerts an external stress on the survival of microorganisms that are commonly found under normal pressure. In response, many growth traits alter, including cell morphology and physiology, cellular structure, metabolism, physical and chemical properties, the reproductive process, and defense mechanisms. The high-pressure technology (HP) has been industrially utilized in pressurized sterilization, synthesis of stress-induced products, and microbial/enzymatic transformation of chemicals. This article reviews current research on pressure-induced production of metabolites in normal-pressure microbes and their enzymatic reactions. Factors that affect the production of such metabolites are summarized, as well as the effect of pressure on the performance of microbial fermentation and the yield of flavoring compounds, different categories of induced enzymatic reactions and their characteristics in the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, effects on enzyme activity, and the selection of desirable bacterial strains. Technological challenges are discussed, and future research directions are proposed. Information presented here will benefit the research, development, and application of the HP technology to improve microbial fermentation and enzymatic production of biologically active substances, thereby help to meet their increasing demand from the ever-expanding market.     

A two-stage enzymatic process for synthesis of extremely pure high oleic glycerol monooleate

This paper presents a research interest concentrating on aims to establish a feasible industrial process for enzymatic production of highly pure glycerol monooleate (GMO). The synthesis of high oleic glycerol monooleate by enzymatic glycerolysis of high oleic sunflower oil, using Novozyme 435 as the biocatalyst, in a binary solvent mixture of tert-butanol and tert-pentanol (80/20, v/v), at a lab scale has been studied. A yield of 75.31% monoacylglycerol has been achieved at the first stage. A yield of 93.3% GMO was finally reached after further purification at the second stage. To evaluate the possibility of the process for industrialization, production of GMO was performed at a pilot-plant scale under the correspondingly adjusted conditions. A yield of 68.17% and 93.4% of GMO was obtained, respectively, at the end of the three stages.     

基于一体化生物加工过程的木质纤维素合成生物丁醇的研究进展

一体化生物加工过程 (Consolidated bioprocessing,CBP) 是在一个生物反应器中完成水解酶生产、酶解、微生物发酵等多步生物过程的工艺。因其过程步骤简单、成本低,被认为是生产二代生物燃料最具发展前景的工艺。然而,由于木质纤维素降解与丁醇合成路径的复杂性,鲜有天然微生物可以直接利用木质纤维素合成丁醇。随着合成生物学技术的发展,在纤维素降解梭菌中引入丁醇合成途径,可以使单菌利用木质纤维素直接合成丁醇。但是该策略存在菌株代谢负荷重、丁醇产量低等问题。而混菌策略可以通过不同菌株的劳动分工,使单菌代谢负担得到缓解,因此进一步提高了丁醇合成效率。文中从单菌策略和混菌策略分析了近年来一体化生物加工过程利用木质纤维素合成丁醇的相关研究进展,为生物丁醇以及其他生物燃料的一体化生物加工过程研究提供借鉴。     

化学-酶法制备L-高苯丙氨酸

以苯丙酸乙酯为原料,通过正交设计优化2-氧4-苯基丁酸盐的制备条件：苯丙酸乙酯与草酸二乙酯摩尔比为1：3,缩合反应时间为2．5h,H2SO4质量分数为20％,水解反应时间为15h,优化条件下2-氧-4-苯基丁酸盐的产率为68．24％。随后,利用E．coli A5所产的天冬氨酸转氨酶为生物催化剂制备L-高笨丙氨酸。酶转化反应的最适条件为：游离细胞体系pH、温度、底物质量浓度和细胞质量浓度分别为8．5、37℃、20g/L和30g／L;而固定化细胞体系则分别为7．0—9．0、40℃、10g／L和30g/L。采用廉价的L-谷氨酸（L—Glu）作为氨基供体,添加表面活性剂有利于提高L-HPA产率。通过研究固定化细胞转化反应进程,结果发现8h内90％的底物可转化为L—HPA。     

Integrated reactor concepts for the enzymatic kinetic synthesis of cephalexin

Integrated process concepts for enzymatic cephalexin synthesis were investigated by our group, and this article focuses on the integration of reactions and product removal during the reactions. The last step in cephalexin production is the enzymatic kinetic coupling of activated phenylglycine (phenylglycine amide or phenylglycine methyl ester) and 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA). The traditional production of 7-ADCA takes place via a chemical ring expansion step and an enzymatic hydrolysis step starting from penicillin G. However, 7-ADCA can also be produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of adipyl-7-ADCA. In this work, this reaction was combined with the enzymatic synthesis reaction and performed simultaneously (i.e., one-pot synthesis). Furthermore, in situ product removal by adsorption and complexation were investigated as means of preventing enzymatic hydrolysis of cephalexin. We found that adipyl-7-ADCA hydrolysis and cephalexin synthesis could be performed simultaneously. The maximum yield on conversion (reaction) of the combined process was very similar to the yield of the separate processes performed under the same reaction conditions with the enzyme concentrations adjusted correctly. This implied that the number of reaction steps in the cephalexin process could be reduced significantly. The removal of cephalexin by adsorption was not specific enough to be applied in situ. The adsorbents also bound the substrates and therewith caused lower yields. Complexation with beta-naphthol proved to be an effective removal technique; however, it also showed a drawback in that the activity of the cephalexin-synthesizing enzyme was influenced negatively. Complexation with beta-naphthol rendered a 50% higher cephalexin yield and considerably less byproduct formation (reduction of 40%) as compared to cephalexin synthesis only. If adipyl-7-ADCA hydrolysis and cephalexin synthesis were performed simultaneously and in combination with complexation with beta-naphthol, higher cephalexin concentrations also were found. In conclusion, a highly integrated process (two reactions simultaneously combined with in situ product removal) was shown possible, although further optimization is necessary.