颈髓损伤后线粒体系列酶活性变化与线粒体功能的关系

为了探讨颈髓损伤后颈髓线粒体系列酶活性变化与线粒体功能的关系,采用Ａｌｅｎ法造成猫颈髓损伤,观察颈髓损伤后线粒体Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性及线粒体呼吸功能的变化。结果显示：颈髓损伤后２ｈ至７２ｈ,Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性、ＳＯＤ活性明显降低,而线粒体呼吸控制率（ＲＣＲ）、磷氧比值（Ｐ／Ｏ）、氧化磷酸化效率（ＯＰＲ）也明显下降。表明颈髓损伤后Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶、ＳＯＤ活性与线粒体功能密切相关,提示颈髓线粒体的病理生理改变在颈髓损伤后继发性损害过程中起重要作用。     

TAD对大鼠肾缺血后肾组织Na~+、K~+-ATP酶活性的影响

选用大鼠右肾切除、左侧肾蒂夹闭６０ｍｉｎ继之再灌流不同时间动物模型,用光镜组化、电镜组化和计算机显微图像分析方法观察肾小管上皮Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性的变化及ＴＡＤ（还原型谷胱甘肽）对它们的影响。结果显示：正常肾组织光镜下Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶主要分布在髓质外带、髓袢升支粗段的肾小管上皮细胞;电镜下Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶分布在细胞基部质膜内褶的胞浆面。６０ｍｉｎ肾缺血后再灌流１５ｍｉｎ、２４ｈ可致肾小管上皮Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性呈进行性降低,给予自由基清除剂ＴＡＤ后,肾小管上皮Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性损伤有所减轻。结果提示：自由基可能损害肾上管上皮Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性,ＴＡＤ可能保护肾小管Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性     

热应激心肌细胞损伤的线粒体机制探讨

目的：观察热应激对大鼠凡肌细胞线粒体氧化磷酸化和钙代谢功能的影响、研究线粒体膜渗透性转移（ＰＴ）的变化及其病理学意义、探索热应激心肌细胞损伤发生机制。方法：用Ｋｌａｒｋ氧电极极谱法测定线粒体呼吸功能,用生物发光法主肌ＡＴＰ含量及线粒体Ｃａ＾２＋。ＡＴＰ酶活性;用电感耦合等离子－原子发射光谱仪测定线粒体内Ｃａ＾２＋含量,用分光光度法测定线粒体膜ＰＴ。结果：热应激大鼠心肌细胞线粒体的呼吸控制率（ＲＣＰ     

粉防己碱对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时心肌ATP酶活性的影响

实验旨在观察在体大鼠短暂缺血后心肌膜ＡＴＰ酶活性的变化及粉防己碱（Ｔｅｔ）的作用。分离缺血１５ｍｉｎ、再灌注２ｈ后及在缺血再灌注前给Ｔｅｔ的大鼠心肌粗制质膜和内质网,测定质膜Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶和内质网Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性。结果表明,心肌缺血１５ｍｉｎ后二酶活性均明显降低,分别为假结扎组的６３．６％和７２．６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,再灌注后Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性有所恢复,再灌注３０ｍｉｎ时为假结扎组的７２．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性则进一步下降,再灌注３０ｍｉｎ时为假结扎组的５０．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,再灌注后２ｈ二酶活性分别升高至假结扎组的８０．９％和６５．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。在缺血前２０ｍｉｎ分别给予Ｔｅｔ６４．２和９６．３μｍｏｌ／ｋｇ及硝苯啶（０．２３μｍｏｌ／ｋｇ）,能明显减少内质网Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性的降低。结果提示心肌膜ＡＴＰ酶活性的降低可能参与了短暂心肌缺血所致再灌注损伤的发生机制,Ｔｅｔ可减少缺血和／或再灌注时内质网Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性降低。     

大鼠胰腺β细胞离子通道的一些特性

实验以单个Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠胰腺β细胞为对象,用穿孔膜片箝和细胞贴附式记录技术研究ＡＴＰ敏感Ｋ＾＋通道（ＫＡＴＰ）、延迟整流型Ｋ＾＋通道（ＫＤＲ）、Ｃａ＾２＋通道和Ｎａ＾＋通道的有关特性。结果表明：⑴ＫＡＴＰ通道的内流电导约６５ｐＳ,外流电导约３１ｐＳ,反转电位在－６０ｍＶ左右;⑵ＫＤＲ通道在延迟２０ｍｓ后达到最大激活,ＫＤＲ电流约为ＫＡＴＰ的１／３;⑶钙电流在０ｍＶ左右达到４０－６０ｐＡ的峰值,Ｌ     

力竭游泳对红细胞膜MDA含量、Na^＋—K^＋—ATPase和Ca^2＋—ATPase活性的影响

运动性贫血在运动训练中经常发生 ,不仅常发于耐力性运动员中 ,而且在技巧、速度性等项目中也较为常见 ,它严重影响运动员的机能水平和运动成绩。本实验通过对力竭运动大鼠红细胞膜ＭＤＡ含量、Ｎａ Ｋ ＡＴＰａｓｅ和Ｃａ2 ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性的研究 ,旨在探讨运动性贫血的发生机理 ,为预防和治疗运动性贫血提供一定的理论依据。1　材料与方法(1)实验动物与运动方式　实验选用ＳＤ大鼠 2 4只 ,体重为 2 2 0～ 2 5 0ｇ ,由上海实验动物中心提供。大鼠随机分为 4组 ,每组 6只。即 :对照组 (Ｃ) ;运动后即刻组 (ＥＸ1) ;运动后 1ｈ组 (Ｅ…     

游泳训练与大鼠骨骼肌细胞膜电位及Na6＋,K^＋—ATP酶活性之…

大鼠腓肠肌在１０ＨＺ电刺激持续收缩运动中,肌细胞膜电位表现为静息电位（ＲＰ）和复合动作电位（ＣＡＰ）幅值呈下降的趋势,且ＣＡＰ的时程展宽。经过９周的游泳训练后,训练组动物整体的运动耐力明显提高;在相同的持续收缩运动时间内,训练组的ＲＰ和ＣＡＰ的下降幅度明显小于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;并发现训练组Ｎａ＾＋,Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示,体力训练使肌细胞膜的３功能产生了适应性     

布氏田鼠冷暴露中的适应性产热机理

布氏田鼠急性冷暴露,在最初２小时内体温明显下降,冷驯化２８天后,体温相对稳定。冷暴露１天,动物的褐色脂肪组织蛋白量明显增加,ｃＡＭＰ含量及Ｎａ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力明显升高。２８天冷驯化动物的褐色脂肪组织重量明显增加,ｃＡＭＰ含量增加更高,蛋白量、Ｎａ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力以及Ｔ４５‘－脱碘酶活力均显著提高,揭示了褐色脂肪组织的产热机理。     

玉米根细胞膜铁氰化钾还原酶

玉米根细胞膜制剂具有明显的ＮＡＤＨ－铁氰化钾还原酶活性,铁氰化钾补还原的同时伴有质子跨膜运输,所形成的△μＨ＾＋既不受Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ抑制剂的影响。也不需要ＡＴＰ的存在,反应最适ｐＨ为６．５。ＦＣＲ对ＮＡＤＨ和铁氰化钾具有较高的活性反应而对ＮＡＤＰＨ只有微弱的反应活性。ＦＣＲ的潜在活性证实在膜的胞侧存在底物结合部位。Ｍｇ＾２＋,Ｍｎ＾２＋,Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｋ＾＋,Ｎａ＾＋对酶均有一定的激活作用,以     

高钾液对心肌缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究进展

高钾液可以通过不同环节发挥抗心肌缺血再灌损伤作用。能保护Ｎａ＾＋,Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性而抑制钠、钙超负荷,防止或逆转心肌缺血性挛缩,促进缺血再灌注心肌舒缩功能的恢复,也能预防再灌注心律失常的发生。高钾液对冠脉血流量和心肌氧代谢也有一定的影响。     

Mitochondrial dysfunction and dendritic beading during neuronal toxicity

Mitochondrial dysfunction (depolarization and structural collapse), cytosolic ATP depletion, and neuritic beading are early hallmarks of neuronal toxicity induced in a variety of pathological conditions. We show that, following global exposure to glutamate, mitochondrial changes are spatially and temporally coincident with dendritic bead formation. During oxygen-glucose deprivation, mitochondrial depolarization precedes mitochondrial collapse, which in turn is followed by dendritic beading. These events travel as a wave of activity from distal dendrites toward the neuronal cell body. Despite the spatiotemporal relationship between dysfunctional mitochondria and dendritic beads, mitochondrial depolarization and cytoplasmic ATP depletion do not trigger these events. However, mitochondrial dysfunction increases neuronal vulnerability to these morphological changes during normal physiological activity. Our findings support a mechanism whereby, during glutamate excitotoxicity, Ca(2+) influx leads to mitochondrial depolarization, whereas Na(+) influx leads to an unsustainable increase in ATP demand (Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity). This leads to a drop in ATP levels, an accumulation of intracellular Na(+) ions, and the subsequent influx of water, leading to microtubule depolymerization, mitochondrial collapse, and dendritic beading. Following the removal of a glutamate challenge, dendritic recovery is dependent upon the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane potential, but not on a resumption of ATP synthesis or Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. Thus, dendritic recovery is not a passive reversal of the events that induce dendritic beading. These findings suggest that the degree of calcium influx and mitochondrial depolarization inflicted by a neurotoxic challenge, determines the ability of the neuron to recover its normal morphology.     

11,12.环氧二十碳三烯酸预处理与后处理对缺血/再灌注大鼠心肌的保护作用

采用Langendorff离体灌流装置,通过停灌40 min/复灌30 min复制大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,IR)损伤模型,观察11,12-环氧二十碳三烯酸(11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid,11,12-EET)预处理和后处理对心肌线粒体功能以及心功能的影响,探讨11,12-EET顸处理和后处理对IR大鼠心肌的作用及其机制.将30只Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为对照组、IR组、EET预处理组(Pre-EET)、EET后处理组(Post-EET),每组6只.除对照组外,其它各组全心缺血40 min,再灌注30 min.监测左心室内压差(ALVP)和左心室内压升降的最大变化率(±dp/dtmax)等心功能指标,测定灌流液中乳酸脱氢酶(1actate dehydrogenase,LDH)的活性.灌流结束后,测定心肌线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase,SDH)、Ca"ATPase、Na - K -ATPase活性以及心肌超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量.结果显示:(1)与IR组相比,Pre-EET组及Post.EET组Na -K -ATPase和SDH活性均增强,Ca2 -ATPase活性均减弱,有显著性差异(P<0.05);而Pre-EET与Post-EET组间没有显著性差异.(2)与IR组相比,Pre-EET组及Post-EET组心功能明显改善,LDH漏出显著减少,心肌SOD活性明显增强,MDA含量明显降低,有显著性差异(P<0.05);而Pre-EET与Post-EET组间没有显著性差异.结果表明,11,12-EET预处理及后处理均可通过上调心肌线粒体Na -K -ATPase、SDH活性以及下调Ca2 -ATPase活性改善线粒体功能和心肌能量代谢,拮抗心肌IR损伤;11,12-EET预处理及后处理还可通过提高心肌SOD活性、降低MDA含量改善IR心肌的氧化应激.     

大鼠运动性疲劳模型的建立

目的建立大鼠运动疲劳模型,观察运动疲劳对大鼠各项生理、生化指标的影响。方法20只大鼠随机分为正常对照组和运动疲劳模型组,运动疲劳模型组大鼠每日按照方案进行锻炼。实验结束后大鼠检测相关指标：血清MDA含量和红细胞SOD活性,肝脏与骨骼肌MDA含量、SOD活性,骨骼肌线粒体游离钙离子含量,骨骼肌线粒体膜电位,下丘脑神经递质。电镜观察骨骼肌线粒体细微结构。结果运动疲劳模型组大鼠造模2周以后其血清、肝和骨骼肌MDA含量均有显著升高,红细胞和骨骼肌SOD活性均有显著降低,骨骼肌线粒体膜电位显著性降低,骨骼肌线粒体游离Ca2＋含量有显著性降低,下丘脑GABA、5-HT含量有显著升高,下丘脑DA、ACh含量有显著性下降,电镜观察显示骨骼肌超微结构改变并以线粒体改变较为明显。结论大鼠跑台运动2周可造成运动疲劳模型,并造成大鼠骨骼肌线粒体损伤。     

急性运动所致线粒体某些功能的改变及胆红素的保护作用

目的：探讨急性运动所致疲劳的机理以及胆红素的保护作用。方法：将Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、运动组、运动恢复组、胆红素处理运动组、胆红素处理运动恢复组,共5组,分别灌胃1μmol/Kg体重的胆红素或生理盐水4周,负重（体重的5％）游泳2h后处死,测定有关指标。结果：急性运动后即刻大鼠排肠肌胞、线粒体Ca^2 含量明显升高,恢复12h后线粒体Ca^2 含量呈继续升高的趋势;线粒体C^a2 -Mg^2 -ATP酶、Ca^2 -ATP酶活性明显下降,12h后有所回升,胆红素处理后可以明显抑制这些指标的改变,但线粒体Mg^2 -ATP酶活性的变化在胆红素处理组和未处理组间无明显差异,均明显低于对照组,只是胆红素组的恢复相对较快。结论：生理浓度的胆红素可能通过抑制线粒体某些功能的改变而保护细胞名受急性运动所致的损伤,从而延缓疲劳的发生,加速恢复。     

Endurance exercise causes mitochondrial and oxidative stress in rat liver: Effects of a combination of mitochondrial targeting nutrients

AimsEndurance exercise causes fatigue due to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In order to find an effective strategy to prevent fatigue or enhance recovery, the effects of a combination of mitochondrial targeting nutrients on physical activity, mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in exercised rats were studied.Main methodsRats were subjected to a four-week endurance exercise regimen following four weeks of training. The effects of exercise and nutrient treatment in rat liver were investigated by assaying oxidative stress biomarkers and activities of mitochondrial complexes.Key findingsEndurance exercise induced an increase in activities of complexes I, IV, and V and an increase in glutathione (GSH) levels in liver mitochondria; however, levels of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of complexes II and III remained unchanged. Exercise also induced a significant increase in MDA and activities of glutathione S-transferase and NADPH-quinone-oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1) in the liver homogenate. Nutrient treatment caused amelioration of complex V and NQO-1 activities and enhancement of activities of complex I and IV, but had no effect on other parameters.SignificanceThese results show that endurance exercise can cause oxidative and mitochondrial stress in liver and that nutrient treatment can either ameliorate or enhance this effect, suggesting that endurance exercise-induced oxidative and mitochondrial stress may be either damaging by causing injury or beneficial by activating defense systems.     

Prolonged exercise to fatigue in humans impairs skeletal muscle Na+-K+-ATPase activity, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, and Ca2+ uptake.

Prolonged exhaustive submaximal exercise in humans induces marked metabolic changes, but little is known about effects on muscle Na+-K+-ATPase activity and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ regulation. We therefore investigated whether these processes were impaired during cycling exercise at 74.3 +/- 1.2% maximal O2 uptake (mean +/- SE) continued until fatigue in eight healthy subjects (maximal O2 uptake of 3.93 +/- 0.69 l/min). A vastus lateralis muscle biopsy was taken at rest, at 10 and 45 min of exercise, and at fatigue. Muscle was analyzed for in vitro Na+-K+-ATPase activity [maximal K+-stimulated 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphatase (3-O-MFPase) activity], Na+-K+-ATPase content ([3H]ouabain binding sites), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release rate induced by 4 chloro-m-cresol, and Ca2+ uptake rate. Cycling time to fatigue was 72.18 +/- 6.46 min. Muscle 3-O-MFPase activity (nmol.min(-1).g protein(-1)) fell from rest by 6.6 +/- 2.1% at 10 min (P <0.05), by 10.7 +/- 2.3% at 45 min (P <0.01), and by 12.6 +/- 1.6% at fatigue (P <0.01), whereas 3[H]ouabain binding site content was unchanged. Ca2+ release (mmol.min(-1).g protein(-1)) declined from rest by 10.0 +/- 3.8% at 45 min (P <0.05) and by 17.9 +/- 4.1% at fatigue (P < 0.01), whereas Ca2+ uptake rate fell from rest by 23.8 +/- 12.2% at fatigue (P=0.05). However, the decline in muscle 3-O-MFPase activity, Ca2+ uptake, and Ca2+ release were variable and not significantly correlated with time to fatigue. Thus prolonged exhaustive exercise impaired each of the maximal in vitro Na+-K+-ATPase activity, Ca2+ release, and Ca2+ uptake rates. This suggests that acutely downregulated muscle Na+, K+, and Ca2+ transport processes may be important factors in fatigue during prolonged exercise in humans.     

Selective ion changes during spontaneous mitochondrial transients in intact astrocytes

The bioenergetic status of cells is tightly regulated by the activity of cytosolic enzymes and mitochondrial ATP production. To adapt their metabolism to cellular energy needs, mitochondria have been shown to exhibit changes in their ionic composition as the result of changes in cytosolic ion concentrations. Individual mitochondria also exhibit spontaneous changes in their electrical potential without altering those of neighboring mitochondria. We recently reported that individual mitochondria of intact astrocytes exhibit spontaneous transient increases in their Na(+) concentration. Here, we investigated whether the concentration of other ionic species were involved during mitochondrial transients. By combining fluorescence imaging methods, we performed a multiparameter study of spontaneous mitochondrial transients in intact resting astrocytes. We show that mitochondria exhibit coincident changes in their Na(+) concentration, electrical potential, matrix pH and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production during a mitochondrial transient without involving detectable changes in their Ca(2+) concentration. Using widefield and total internal reflection fluorescence imaging, we found evidence for localized transient decreases in the free Mg(2+) concentration accompanying mitochondrial Na(+) spikes that could indicate an associated local and transient enrichment in the ATP concentration. Therefore, we propose a sequential model for mitochondrial transients involving a localized ATP microdomain that triggers a Na(+)-mediated mitochondrial depolarization, transiently enhancing the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Our work provides a model describing ionic changes that could support a bidirectional cytosol-to-mitochondria ionic communication.     

Fowl (Gallus domesticus) sperm motility depends upon mitochondrial calcium cycling driven by extracellular sodium

A relationship between extracellular Ca(+2), fowl sperm phospholipase A2 activity, long-chain acylcarnitine content, and motility was demonstrated in previous work. Sperm motility appeared to depend upon Na+-dependent Ca(+2) cycling when sperm were incubated at body temperature without glucose. In the present work, motility decreased as a function of time when sperm were incubated in 2 mM Ca(+2) prepared with either buffered isotonic sucrose or LiCl. However, this effect was less pronounced in the case of LiCl. The sparing effect of Li+ was attributed to the mitochondrial Na+/Ca(+2) exchanger. Motile concentration decreased exponentially in response to micromolar concentrations of CGP 37157, a specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca(+2) exchanger. KB-R7943 mesylate, an inhibitor of the reverse mode of the Na+/Ca(+2) exchanger, prevented re-initiation of motility when exogenous Ca(+2) was added to sperm rendered immotile by incubation with 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, a high-affinity Ca(+2) chelator. The presence of voltage-gated Ca(+2) channels was confirmed by the effect of nifedipine on motile concentration. Neither motile concentration nor straight line velocity was affected by either ouabain or orthovanadate, which inhibit Na+-K+ ATPase and Ca(+2)-ATPase, respectively. In summary, we infer that 1) fowl sperm motility is dependent upon extracellular Ca(+2) cycling through mitochondria; 2) such cycling is dependent upon extracellular Na+; and 3) fowl sperm conserve ATP by moving neither Na+ nor Ca(+2) by active transport. Understanding the relationship between mitochondrial Ca(+2) cycling and ATP production may be applicable to long-term semen storage.     

Na+ effects on mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in diabetic hearts

Intracellular Na+ is approximately two times higher in diabetic cardiomyocytes than in control. We hypothesized that the increase in Na+i activates the mitochondrial membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, which leads to loss of intramitochondrial Ca2+, with a subsequent alteration (generally depression) in bioenergetic function. To further evaluate this hypothesis, mitochondria were isolated from hearts of control and streptozotocin-induced (4 weeks) diabetic rats. Respiratory function and ATP synthesis were studied using routine polarography and 31P-NMR methods, respectively. While addition of Na+ (1-10 mM) decreased State 3 respiration and rate of oxidative phosphorylation in both diabetic and control mitochondria, the decreases were significantly greater for diabetic than for control. The Na+ effect was reversed by providing different levels of extramitochondrial Ca2+ (larger Ca2+ levels were needed to reverse the Na+ depressant effect in diabetes mellitus than in control) and by inhibiting the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger function with diltiazem (a specific blocker of Na+/Ca2+ exchange that prevents Ca2+ from leaving the mitochondrial matrix). On the other hand, the Na+ depressant effect was enhanced by Ruthenium Red (RR, a blocker of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, which decreases intramitochondrial Ca2+). The RR effect on Na+ depression of mitochondrial bioenergetic function was larger in diabetic than control. These findings suggest that intramitochondrial Ca2+ levels could be lower in diabetic than control and that the Na+ depressant effect has some relation to lowered intramitochondrial Ca2+. Conjoint experiments with 31P-NMR in isolated superfused mitochondria embedded in agarose beads showed that Na+ (3-30 mM) led to significantly decreased ATP levels in diabetic rats, but produced smaller changes in control. These data support our hypothesis that in diabetic cardiomyocytes, increased Na+ leads to abnormalities of oxidative processes and subsequent decrease in ATP levels, and that these changes are related to Na+ induced depletion of intramitochondrial Ca2+.