树突细胞上Toll样受体的介导作用

树突状细胞是体内最重要的抗原提呈细胞,它表面表达多种Toll样受体。Toll样受体可通过多条途径来激活树突细胞,介导树突细胞对抗原的摄取,递呈及生存与凋亡,促进T细胞增值和分化并参与免疫反应。     

Toll样受体4对动脉粥样硬化发生、发展的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis,AS）是多种细胞、炎性介质参与形成的慢性炎症性疾病。Toll样受体家族（Toll like receptors,TLRs）中的TLR4是机体重要的诱导分泌多种炎性因子的模式识别受体。现有证据表明,TLR4不仅产生多种炎性因子诱发血管炎症反应,而且促进AS斑块形成和发展,造成斑块不稳定,甚至破裂,对AS的发生、发展具有重要作用。因此,了解TLR4对AS的影响有助于发现新的治疗靶点和对策。主要对TLR4在AS发病机制和易损斑块发展中的作用进行综述。     

人Toll样受体9基因启动子区的生物信息学分析

目的:探讨人Toll样受体9(TLR9)基因启动子区序列特征。方法:利用生物信息学技术预测人TLR9基因启动子区域、转录因子结合位点和CpG岛分布。结果:人TLR9基因启动子区有1434个转录因子结合位点,人和小鼠保守区域内存在23个共同的转录因子结合位点,人TLR9基因启动子区包含长572 bp的CpG岛。结论:人TLR9基因启动子区相关生物信息学的研究,提高了针对启动子的研究效率,并为预测基因启动子的功能提供了重要信息。     

CpG DNA特异性识别的关键蛋白Toll样受体-9

Toll样受体在对抗外来病原微生物的天然免疫应答中发挥中心作用。新发现的一种分子识别模型受体Toll样受体-9（TLR9）,能特异性识别CpG DNA并起动信号转导级联反应,在不同种类中的TLR9具有对序列识别的特异性。本文概述国外在TLR9识别作用机制和生物学活性研究中已取得的进展,并提出了今后研究的发展方向。     

TOLL样受体在睾丸炎症反应与精子发生中的功能

睾丸局部炎症反应以及系统性炎症疾病均可以损伤雄性生殖能力,近年来对于TOLL样受体(Toll-like recep-tor,TLR)调节睾丸功能的研究有了较大进展,为认识炎症反应与雄性生殖障碍之间的关系提供了新的线索。TLR介导的炎症信号通路在睾丸内除了抵御病原体外,还可以调节多种睾丸细胞的功能,从而影响精子发生。炎症对精子发生的影响主要由于循环系统和睾丸中炎症因子增多,它们可以破坏生精细胞的正常发育,损害睾丸体细胞对精子发生的正常调节。相关机理的深入研究可能为雄性不育的预防与治疗提供新的思路,本文将综述TLR介导的系统性炎症疾病及睾丸局部炎症反应干扰雄性生育的研究进展。     

TOLL样受体4在哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖、凋亡中的作用

目的:探讨Toll样受体4(TLR4)在哮喘状态下气道平滑肌细胞(ASMCs)增殖、凋亡中的作用.方法:建立哮喘大鼠模型,分离、培养哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞,应用小分子RNA干扰技术、脂质体转染法进行小分子RNA-TLR4的转染、MTT,法检测细胞增殖、TUNNEL法检测细胞凋亡情况、逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)...     

Toll样受体研究进展

Toll最早在果蝇中被发现。Toll受体蛋白（dToll）不仅参与果蝇胚胎发育时背腹的形成,而且参与成蝇对病原体侵袭的先天性免疫应答,是微生物诱导成年果蝇产生抗菌肽的信号转导通道的门户。Toll样受体是先天性模式识别受体,在细胞活化信号的转导中起重要作用。它作为联系先天性与获得性免疫系统的桥梁,备受人们关注。     

Toll样受体与新型佐剂—佐剂研究的新趋势

佐剂是疫苗开发的一部分。Toll样受体是一类重要的模式识别受体,能通过识别不同病原体的PAMP在连接固有免疫与特异性免疫的关键环节发挥着极为重要的作用。最早发现并作为佐剂使用的TLR配体是CpG。CpG通过TLR9介导对免疫系统的激活作用,从而发挥诱导Th1偏倚的Th1/Th2混合反应的佐剂效应,已经受到了广泛的关注和应用。近年来,研究发现一类具有免疫调节作用的抗病毒治疗的药物Imidazoquiline(咪唑并奎琳衍生物)是合成的TLR7/8的配体,也具有佐剂活性,但效果还存在争议。TLR配体作为佐剂的使用为佐剂的研发开拓出一条新的思路,带来了新的希望。     

Toll样受体在烟曲霉侵染宿主细胞过程中作用的研究进展

烟曲霉侵染宿主细胞时伴有明显的细胞肌动蛋白骨架重排,而重要模式识别受体PRRs(pattern recognition receptors)之一,Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLR)参与调节病原细菌诱导的宿主细胞肌动蛋白骨架重排,其中TLR2和TLR4两亚型可以识别烟曲霉的病原相关分子模式PAMP(pathogen-assosiated molecular patterns),并诱发炎症因子表达等一系列效应信号,在宿主细胞抗烟曲霉天然免疫中发挥重要作用,但在烟曲霉内化侵入过程中TLR能否特异性介导细胞肌动蛋白骨架重排尚不清楚。因此,研究揭示TLR激活在烟曲霉侵入宿主细胞的调控作用,对寻找可能的抗真菌药物作用靶点具有重要意义。     

Toll样受体在抗感染免疫中的作用

目前已确认的人类Toll样受体有10个,它们分别识 病原微生物不同的病原体相关分子特式结构,其中TLR9与细菌CpG-DNA关系的发现,受到人们普遍的重视和关注,本文简要地介绍细菌CpG基序与TLR9,鞭毛蛋白与TLR5和病毒与TLR5等的相互关系及其意义。     

TLR9与先天性免疫反应

TLR9（Toll-likereceptor9）是一种微生物病原相关分子结构模式识别受体,TLR9能够识别CpG—ODN（胞嘧啶磷酸鸟甘-寡聚脱氧核苷酸）,使病原相关受体在先天性免疫细胞上表达,并激活下游炎性通路。研究表明,TLR9在先天性免疫反应中产生了重要作用,如脓毒血症、自身免疫性疾病、刀豆体球蛋白A介导肝炎性肝脏损伤、炎性泡沫细胞形成、缺血再灌注损伤等,并且与多种致病因子相关联,如肝x受体、甲酰多肽受体、线粒体DNA等。     

Kinome analysis of Toll-like receptor signaling in bovine monocytes

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pathogen recognition receptors that alert the host to the presence of microbial challenge. Each TLR responds to a specific microbial associated ligand. For example, TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas TLR9 responds to microbial DNA (CpGs). In this report signal transduction responses of bovine monocytes to stimulation with LPS and CpG are described through a bovine-specific peptide array. In addition to confirming activation of the defined TLR pathway in bovine cells, unique phosphorylation events not previously attributed to TLR signaling are described and validated. For example, array data predicts phosphorylation of Tyr40 of Etk in response to LPS, but not CpG, stimulation as well as the activation of oxidative burst in CpG, but not LPS. This investigation confirms interspecies conservation of the TLR pathway in bovine as well as providing insight into the complexity and mechanisms of TLR signaling.     

Leucine-rich Repeat 11 of Toll-like Receptor 9 Can Tightly Bind to CpG-containing Oligodeoxynucleotides, and the Positively Charged Residues Are Critical for the High Affinity

TLR9 is a receptor for sensing bacterial DNA/CpG-containing oligonucleotides (CpG ODN). The extracellular domain (ECD) of human TLR9 (hTLR9) is composed of 25 leucine-rich repeats (LRR) contributing to the binding of CpG ODN. Herein, we showed that among LRR2, -5, -8, and -11, LRR11 of hTLR9 had the highest affinity for CpG ODN followed by LRR2 and -5, whereas LRR8 had almost no affinity. In vitro, preincubation with LRR11 more significantly decreased CpG ODN internalization, subsequent NF-κB activation, and cytokine release than with LRR2 and -5 in mouse peritoneal macrophages treated with CpG ODN. The LRR11 deletion mutant of hTLR9 conferred decreased cellular responses to CpG ODN. Single- or multiple-site mutants at five positively charged residues of LRR11 (LRR11m1-9), especially Arg-337 and Lys-367, were shown to contribute to hTLR9 binding of CpG ODN. LRR11m1-9 showed reduced inhibition of CpG ODN internalization and CpG ODN/TLR9 signaling, supporting the above findings. Prediction of whole hTLR9 ECD-CpG ODN interactions revealed that Arg-337 and Lys-338 directly contact CpG ODN through hydrogen bonding, whereas Lys-347, Arg-348, and His-353 contribute to stabilizing the shape of the ligand binding region. These findings suggested that although all five positively charged residues within LRR11 contributed to its high affinity, only Arg-337 and Lys-338 directly interacted with CpG ODN. In conclusion, the results suggested that LRR11 could strongly bind to CpG ODN, whereas mutations at the five positively charge residues reduced this high affinity. LRR11 may be further investigated as an antagonist of hTLR9.     

Augmentation of T(H)-1 type response by immunoactive AT oligonucleotide from lactic acid bacteria via Toll-like receptor 9 signaling

Toll-like receptor 9, which is expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells and which was recently identified in the cytoplasmic follicle, recognizes bacterial CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), resulting in the induction of a potent immune response. However, in our previous study, we found that TLR9 potentially recognizes not only CpG ODN but also non-CpG ODN such as AT ODN. Therefore, in the present study, to investigate this possibility, we elucidated the effects of AT ODN on T(H)-1, T(H)-2 type cytokine induction via TLR9 by real-time quantitative PCR analysis and ELISA of the swine TLR9 transfectant. The results demonstrated that the T(H)-1 type cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12p70 and interferon (IFN)-gamma were strongly induced by AT ODN compared to the unexposed controls, while T(H)-2 type cytokines were not induced. These results indicate that the AT ODN can augment the T(H)-1 immune response, which plays an important role in prevention of allergic responses. Moreover, the swine TLR9 transfectant demonstrated its usefulness for evaluation of immunostimulation by bacterial DNA through the detection of T(H)-1, T(H)-2 type cytokine induction via TLR9 signaling.     

A combination of Lox-1 and Nox1 regulates TLR9-mediated foam cell formation

The formation of foam cells is the hallmark of early atherosclerotic lesions, and the uptake of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by macrophage scavenger receptors is thought to be a key process in their formation. In this study, we examined the role of lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (Lox-1) and NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) in toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-mediated foam cell formation. TLR9 activation of Raw264.7 cells or mouse primary peritoneal macrophages by CpG ODN treatment enhanced Lox-1 gene and protein expression. In addition, CpG ODN-induced Nox1 mRNA expression, which in turn increased foam cell formation. The inhibition of CpG ODN-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by treatment with antioxidants, as well as with knockdown of Nox1 using siRNA, suppressed the formation of foam cells. The induction of Lox-1 and Nox1 by CpG ODN was regulated via the TLR9-p38 MAPK signaling pathway. CpG ODN also increased NFκB activity, and a potent inhibitor of NFκB that significantly blocked CpG-induced Nox1 expression, suggesting that Nox1 regulation is mediated through an NFκB-dependent mechanism. Taken together, these results suggest that a combination of Lox-1 and Nox1 plays a key role in the TLR9-mediated formation of foam cells via the p38 MAPK pathway.     

The synthetic analogue of mycoplasmal lipoprotein FSL-1 induces dendritic cell maturation through Toll-like receptor 2

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-differentiated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were stimulated with the synthetic lipopeptide S-(2,3-bispalmitoyloxypropyl)-CGDPKHSPKSF (FSL-1) or the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. FSL-1 induced the production of TNF-alpha and IL-12 by C57BL/6-derived bone marrow-derived dendritic cells but not by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Toll-like receptor 2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) mice. Lipopolysaccharide induced the production of TNF-alpha and IL-12 by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells derived from either type of mice. FSL-1 did not induce production of IL-10 by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from either type of mice, whereas lipopolysaccharide induced small amounts of IL-10 by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from both types of mice. The upregulation by FSL-1 of the expression of CD80, CD86 and the MHC class II molecule IA(b) was dose- and time-dependent on the surfaces of C57BL/6-derived bone marrow-derived dendritic cells but not on the surface of TLR2(-/-)-derived bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Lipopolysaccharide upregulated the expression of these molecules on the surfaces of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from both types of mice. The expression of CD11c on the surfaces of C57BL/6-derived bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was upregulated by stimulation with both FSL-1 and lipopolysaccharide up to 12 h; thereafter, the expression was downregulated. The results suggest that FSL-1 can accelerate maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and this FSL-1 activity is mediated by TLR2.     

Tumor immunotherapy using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells overexpressing Toll-like receptor adaptors

Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) play an important role in the initiation of immune responses to cancer and infectious diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on mDCs recognize microbial products to elicit signals for mDC maturation, including cytokine production, antigen-presentation and induction of effector cells. TLR agonists work as adjuvants to modulate the function of mDCs. In TLR signaling, MyD88 and TRIF/TICAM-1 are major TLR adaptor molecules, which when overexpressed are able to transduce downstream signals without TLR stimuli. We successfully introduced the adaptors into mouse bone marrow-derived mDCs using lentiviral vectors. Introduction of MyD88 into mDCs in vitro led to the production of IL-6 and IL-12p40 while introduction of TICAM-1 stimulated interferon (IFN)-alpha production. Expression of TICAM-1, but not MyD88, in mDCs slightly induced the co-stimulatory molecule CD86, while significant upregulation of CD86 was observed in response to other TLR stimuli. Both MyD88 and TICAM-1 augmented allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Ex vivo mouse spleen cells pre-exposed to tumor antigen exhibited antitumor cytotoxicity when incubated with MyD88- or TICAM-1-expressing mDCs. Using mDC adoptive transfer and a syngeneic mouse tumor implant model, we established an antitumor immunotherapy whereby tumor growth is retarded by adaptor-manipulated mDCs.     

TLR9 agonists induced cell death in Burkitt's lymphoma cells is variable and influenced by TLR9 polymorphism

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) triggering is a promising novel strategy to combat cancer as it induces innate and adaptive immunity responses. B-cell lymphoma is unique in this context as tumor cells express TLR9 and may harbor latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gamma-herpesvirus with remarkable oncogenic potential when latent. Latent EBV may be promoted by TLR9 triggering via suppression of lytic EBV. Here, we elaborated an initial assessment of the impact of TLR9 triggering on EBV-positive and EBV-negative B-cell lymphoma using Burkitt''s lymphoma (BL) cell lines as an in vitro model. We show that, independent of the presence of EBV, the TLR9 ligand oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) CpG-2006 may or may not induce caspase-dependent cell death in BL cells. Moreover, ODN CpG-2006-induced cell death responses of BL cells were associated with TLR9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs5743836 or rs352140, which we detected in primary BL tumors and in peripheral blood from healthy individuals at similar frequencies. Thus, our findings suggest that the effect of TLR9 agonists on BL cells should be tested in vitro before installment of therapy and TLR9 SNPs in BL patients should be determined as potential biological markers for the therapeutic response to treatment targeting innate immunity.