杉木成熟林细根形态与功能特征的海拔梯度变异特点

为探究植物对环境变化的适应策略,在安徽省金寨县天马国家自然保护区,以不同海拔高度(750、850、1000、1150 m)杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)成熟林为对象,采用土钻法获取土壤细根样品,分别测定了不同海拔不同土层(0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—30 cm)土壤细根生物量、形态特征参数和碳氮含量。结果表明:(1)随海拔梯度增加,0—30 cm土层细根生物量、根长密度、比根长、表面积密度、体积密度均呈先减少后增加趋势,在海拔750 m生物量最大,其余指标在海拔1150 m最大;随土层深度增加,同一海拔细根生物量、根长密度、表面积密度、体积密度均呈减少趋势。(2)随海拔梯度增加,0—30 cm土层细根C和N含量呈先增加后减少趋势,C/N比呈先减少后增加再减少趋势;随土层深度增加,同一海拔细根C含量呈先减少后增加趋势,N含量呈降低趋势,C/N比呈上升趋势。(3)细根N含量与生物量、根长密度和体积密度显著正相关,C/N比与生物量、根长密度、表面积密度和体积密度极显著负相关。(4)土壤水分对细根生物量及其形态指标影响显著。     

黄土高原不同演替阶段草地植被细根垂直分布特征与土壤环境的关系

研究了黄土区不同演替阶段草地植被细根垂直分布特征与土壤环境的关系,结果表明不同演替阶段草地植被细根生物量、根长密度、表面积、直径和比根长均具有明显的垂直分布特征。细根生物量、根长密度和细根表面积一般随土层加深而逐渐减少,且集中分布于0-40cm土层;随着演替的进行,除20a弃耕地外,0—80cm土层细根生物量、根长密度和细根表面积逐渐增加;除25a弃耕地外,细根直径随演替进行逐渐减小。0～100cm土层土壤含水量随演替进行而增加,不同演替阶段深层土壤水分较表层稳定。土壤容重的变化趋势为9〈4〈15〈20〈25a弃耕地,根系对表层土壤水分和容重的影响较大,而对深层土壤水分与容重影响较少。不同演替阶段细根各参数和土壤水分、容重差异均达到显著水平。各弃耕地细根参数之间,细根参数和土壤环境因子之间存在不同程度的相关关系,土壤含水量在草本植被的不同演替阶段均是影响其细根垂直分布的关键因素。土壤容重在演替早期对草本植被根系的影响较小,随着演替进行其影响作用进一步增强。     

贵州中部喀斯特山地不同植被生态系统细根生态特征及养分储量

为了解喀斯特生态系统退化过程中树木细根生物量和土壤养分的变化,选择贵州中部喀斯特山地乔木林、灌木林和灌草丛3种植被生态系统,比较分析不同深度(0～5 cm、5～10 cm和10～15 cm)土壤细根数量及其养分情况.结果表明:树木细根主要分布在0～10 cm土层,并随土层加深而减少.在0～10 cm土层中,乔木林、灌木林和灌草丛的活细根生物量分别占0～15 cm总细根生物量的42.78%、56.75%和53.38%,总活细根生物量的83.36%、86.91%和93.79%.不同植被下优势种植物细根生物量存在差异.0～5 cm土层乔木林活细根氮素和磷素储量均显著高于灌草丛和灌木林(P0.05),但灌木林和灌草丛间没有差异;5～10 cm土层乔木林活细根氮和磷储量显著高于灌草丛和灌木林(P0.05),灌木林下又显著高于灌草丛下(P0.05).0～10 cm土层的活细根生物量与植株地上部分生物量呈正相关,植物叶片氮、磷养分含量与细根比根长呈显著的负相关,说明细根的养分储量对地上生物量的建成和生态系统功能的发挥具有重要作用.     

不同林龄红锥人工林细根垂直分布和衰老生理特征

以广西桂东和桂南地区3种林龄(7、14和25 a)红锥人工林细根为对象,在红锥生长旺季,采用根钻法,分表层(0～20 cm)和亚表层土壤(20～40 cm)获取细根,研究不同林龄红锥人工林细根在不同土层的形态、生物量以及衰老生理生化指标变化特征,以期深入认识红锥生长发育机制及林分生产力,为红锥人工林可持续经营提供依据。结果表明:在相同土层中,随林龄增加,红锥细根根长密度、根表面积密度、生物量、比表面积、细根活力、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均显著增加,而比根长、游离脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著减少;在相同林龄下,随土壤深度增加,红椎细根比根长、比表面积、细根活力、各渗透调节物质含量均显著增加,而根长密度、表面积密度、生物量、MDA含量显著减少;林龄和土层的交互作用对细根生物量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和MDA含量有显著影响。细根根长密度、根表面积密度和生物量与各土壤因子间呈显著正相关;细根游离脯氨酸含量与各土壤因子间呈显著负相关;细根活力、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白仅与土壤含水率、速效氮呈显著正相关。因此,7 a红锥细根易衰老,更新快,14 a林次之,25 a林细根更新慢;表层土(0～20cm)的红锥细根代谢旺盛,周转速率快,寿命较短。     

关帝山华北落叶松人工林细根生物量空间分布及季节变化

利用根钻法研究了山西关帝山华北落叶松（Larix principis—rupprechtii Mayr）人工林细根生物量的空间分布和季节变化特征。结果表明,华北落叶松不同径级细根生物量随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少,土壤表层（0—10cm）中各径级细根的生物量最高,Ⅰ级细根（根直径0～1mm）的生物量在不同土层深度间差异显著（P〈0．05）;距树干不同水平距离处各径级的细根生物量差异均未达到显著水平（P〉0．05）。在0～10cm土层中,各径级细根生物量的季节变化差异显著（P〈0．05）,均表现为单峰型,峰值出现在9月份;在10～20cm和20-30cm土层中,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级（根直径1～2mm）细根生物量季节变化差异显著,Ⅲ级细根（根直径2～5mm）和Ⅰ级死根（根直径0～2mm）生物量季节变化差异不显著。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被恢复阶段细根生物量、形态特征及其影响因素

以喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被恢复阶段的草丛、灌丛、次生林和原生林为研究对象,采用土芯法,分0~10、10~20、20~30 cm等3层获取群落活细根(直径≤2 mm),分析其生物量、形态特征及其与土壤性状的关系.结果表明:各恢复阶段细根生物量为194.63~255.19g·m^-2,集中分布在0~10 cm表层土壤中,占0~30 cm土层总生物量60%以上,不同恢复阶段群落生物量的差异不显著;细根比根长和比表面积在不同恢复阶段差异显著,随着植被由草丛向原生林正向恢复而逐渐降低;超过66%的根长和64%的根面积分布在0~10 cm表层土壤中,多数细根根长和根面积均在0~0.5 mm和0.5~1 mm径级,这两级根长和根面积占其总量的87%和72%以上.冗余分析表明,喀斯特峰丛洼地植物群落细根特征与土壤性状之间存在着不同的相关性,其中土壤有机碳、速效钾和全氮对细根特征影响较大.这是植物长期适应生境条件形成的有效策略.     

水肥耦合对欧美108杨幼林表土层细根形态及分布的影响

采用根钻法对水肥耦合条件下(地表滴灌和随水施肥)欧美108杨幼林(Populus×euramericana cv.‘Guariento’)林地0—30 cm表土层细根形态及分布进行了系统研究。田间试验设计3个灌溉水平(灌溉土壤水势起始阈值为-75、-50、-25 k Pa)和3个养分水平(施N150、300、450 g株-1a-1),组合成9个水肥耦合处理,另设1个对照处理(CK)。研究结果表明:(1)垂直方向上,10个处理下欧美108杨幼林细根生物量、表面积、体积和根长密度均随着土壤深度的增加而递减(且多数处理达到显著水平),而比根长则在低水和中水处理下表现出0—10 cm土层显著小于10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层,在高水和CK处理下各土层之间差异不显著(P0.05)。从表征细根分布特征的多数指标来看,水肥耦合没有改变欧美108杨幼林细根的垂直分布格局,其细根主要分布在0—10cm土层,该层生物量和根长密度分别是10—20 cm土层的1.25—5.05倍和1.05—2.05倍、分别是20—30 cm土层的2.8—13.06倍和1.99—4.99倍。(2)欧美108杨幼林细根生物量、根长密度、表面积和体积均表现出:低肥量下的3个滴灌水平处理均与CK无显著差异,中肥和高肥量下的6个处理均显著大于CK,尤其高水高肥处理促进细根生长的效果最显著,其3个土层细根生物量较CK分别显著提高了316%、386%和442%,根长密度较CK分别显著提高了345%、176%、132%(P0.05);各处理比根长均随着滴灌和施肥量的增加而减小。(3)同一滴灌水平下各土层细根生物量随施肥量变化的回归方程拟合具有较高R2(0.702—0.891),P0.0001,而同一施肥水平下各土层细根生物量随滴灌量变化的回归方程拟合度较低,说明欧美108杨幼林细根的趋肥性强于向水性,故在对其水肥经营管理中应该将施肥措施放在首位。     

宁夏大罗山4种主要植被类型的细根生物量

采用根钻法,分析了宁夏大罗山4种主要植被类型(青海云杉纯林、油松纯林、落叶灌木和荒漠草原)0～40 cm土层的细根生物量、土壤含水量和土壤容重,并对50 a、70 a和100 a 3种树龄的青海云杉纯林细根生物量进行了研究.结果表明: 4种植被类型的细根生物量集中分布在0～20 cm土层,大小顺序为油松纯林>青海云杉纯林>落叶灌木>荒漠草原,其中油松纯林显著高于其他3种植被类型;不同树龄青海云杉纯林细根生物量表现为70 a > 100 a > 50 a,且其活细根和死细根生物量分配比例无显著性差异;4种植被类型下0～40 cm土壤含水量的大小表现为:青海云杉纯林>油松纯林>落叶灌木>荒漠草原;土壤容重则呈相反的规律,并与细根生物量呈极显著负相关.     

长白山阔叶红松林表层土壤木本植物细根生物量及其空间分布

2008年在长白山北坡原始阔叶红松林内选择3块50 m×50 m样地,采用地统计学方法对表层土壤中木本植物细根生物量及其分布特征进行了定量研究.结果表明：3块样地0～20 cm土层中木本植物活细根生物量分别为3.195、1.930和2.058 t·hm^-2,死细根生物量分别为0.971、0.581和0.790 t·hm^-2,0～10 cm土层中,死、活细根生物量之间无显著相关关系,而10～20 cm土层中,二者呈显著正相关关系(r=0.352,P<0.05）,死、活细根生物量的实际变异函数大多符合球状理论模型.空间自相关引起的空间异质性占总空间异质性的百分比平均大于70%,各样地活、死细根生物量变程分别为5.2、14.6、9.8 m和4.3、20.4、20.1 m.采用贝叶斯统计方法对3块样地活细根生物量空间自相关范围进行估计的结果与地统计学方法的统计结果一致.     

帽儿山温带落叶阔叶林细根生物量、生产力和周转率

细根在森林生态系统能量流动与物质循环中占有重要地位,但其生物量、生产和周转测定尚存在很大的不确定性,而且局域尺度空间变异机制尚不清楚。本研究分析了帽儿山温带天然次生林活细根生物量和死细根生物量在0～100 cm剖面的垂直分布与0～20 cm细根的季节动态、生产力和周转率,对比了采用连续根钻法(包括决策矩阵法和极差法)和内生长袋(直径3和5 cm)估测细根生产力和细根周转率,并探讨了可能影响细根的林分因子。结果表明: 76.8%的活细根生物量和62.9%的死细根生物量均集中在0～20 cm土层,随着深度增加,二者均呈指数形式减少。活细根生物量和死细根生物量的季节变化不显著,可能与冬季几乎无降雪而夏季降雨异常多有关。2种直径内生长袋估计的细根生产力无显著差异;对数转换后决策矩阵、极差法和内生长法估计的细根生产力和细根周转率差异显著。随着土壤养分增加,活细根生物量和死细根生物量比值显著增加,死细根生物量显著减少,但活细根生物量、细根生产力和细根周转率均无显著变化;细根周转率与前一年地上木质生物量增长量呈显著正相关,但与当年地上木质生物量增长量无显著相关关系。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.