青海海北地区矮嵩草草甸生物量和能量的分配

 此项研究工作于1980年在海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站进行。本文研究了青藏高原地区分布面积广、草质优良,在畜牧业生产中有重要意义的矮嵩草草甸的生物量和它的能量分配关系,测定了地上,地下生物量和不同物候期主要植物类群的热值含量。研究结果表明：矮嵩草草甸生物量的季节动态较为明显,地上生物量随生长季节的水热条件和植物的生长发育阶段而变化,9月初地上生物量达到峰值(296.66g／m2),此后生物量逐渐减少,到枯黄前而停止;地下根系生物量在返青期较高,生长旺盛期最低,枯黄期最高,这同植物生长发育阶段的物质运转有关。矮嵩草草甸主要植物类群的热值以生长旺盛期最高,枯黄期次之,返青期较低;各类草的热值,以莎草类最高,禾草类次之,杂类草最低。矮嵩草草甸总初级生产量为909.49g／m2·年,其中地上为296.66g／m2·年,地下为596.67g／m2·年,枯枝落叶为16.16g／m2·年。群落在不同生长期所固定的太阳能数值不一,以枯黄前所固定的太阳能为最多,生长期整个群落的光能利用率为0.295%。     

青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落物种组成和生物量沿环境梯度的变化

生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系及其机制是生态学领域的重大科学问题. 人们越来越关注环境因子对多样性-生产力关系的影响. 植物群落组成、物种丰富度、物种特征、生物量的分布结构和植物枯枝落叶对高寒草甸物种多样性和生产力有着重要的影响. 因此, 我们利用2001~2004年中国科学院海北生态系统定位站高寒草甸群落的实测资料, 研究了不同环境梯度(土壤含水量和营养)下, 植物群落生物量, 物种丰富度及组成的变化. 结果表明, 植物群落物种组成的不同反应在生物量的分布上, 以藏嵩草为优势种的藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落总生物量(地上、地下)最高(13196.96±719.69 g/m²), 次之是以杂类草和莎草科为主的小嵩草草甸(2869.58±147.52 g/m₂), 以禾本科和杂类草为主的矮嵩草草甸最低(2153.08±141.95 g/m²). 藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中, 草本植物枯枝落叶显著高于小嵩草、矮嵩草草甸, 土壤含水量对草本植物枯枝落叶有较大的影响. 不同类型草甸群落中, 地上生物量与土壤有机质、全氮和群落盖度之间均呈显著正相关(P < 0.05); 藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中, 总生物量与物种丰富度呈负相关(r_s = -0.907, P < 0.05)、地下生物量与土壤含水量呈正相关(r_s = -0.900, P < 0.05); 而在小嵩草和矮嵩草草甸中它们之间均没有达到显著水平, 说明不同类型高寒草甸群落生产力除受物种多样性、功能群内物种密度和均匀度的影响, 同时也受物种本身特征和外部环境资源的影响. 不同类型草甸群落生物量的分布与土壤含水量和土壤养分的变化相一致.     

高寒草甸主要植物地上地下生物量分布及退化对根冠比和根系表面积的影响

研究高寒草甸主要植物地上地下生物量的分布及其对退化的响应有利于了解高寒草甸的退化过程。该研究首先在西藏那曲生态环境综合观测研究站小嵩草围栏内(2009年围封)选择原生植被较好的地点随机选择小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、矮嵩草(K.humilis)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、二裂委陵菜(Potentila bifurca)和青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)等5种植物斑块,选择退化斑块上(与原生植被相比)的二裂委陵菜和青藏苔草;然后用烘箱烘至恒重并称重,用扫描仪对根系进行扫描用于估算根系表面积;最后利用2因子方差分析检验不同物种个体、不同取样层次对地上和地下生物量的影响,利用物种和退化状态2因子方差分析检验对地上生物量的影响,以及利用物种、取样层次和退化状态3因子方差分析检验对二裂委陵菜和青藏苔草地下生物量、根冠比和根系表面积的影响。结果表明:在未退化条件下,小嵩草、矮嵩草和紫花针茅0~10cml地下生物量占0~30cm地下生物量的70%以上,0~30cm地下生物量占其地上地下总生物量的96%以上;二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)和青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)0~10cm地下生物量占0~30cml地下生物量的50%以上,其中二裂委陵菜0~30cm地下生物量占其地上地下总生物量的57%,青藏苔草0~30cm地下生物量占其地上地下总生物量的87%;对于退化草甸的主要植物,退化显著降低了二裂委陵菜的地上生物量、地下生物量和根冠比,对其根系表面积影响不大,但显著增加了青藏苔草的地上生物量,降低了其根冠比,对其地下生物量和根系表面积影响不大。     

青藏高原高寒草甸初级生产力及其主要影响因素

青藏高原有各类天然草地14×108hm2,其中高寒草甸和高寒灌丛约占青藏高原天然草地面积的50%,占全国草地总面积的16.2%。嵩草草甸是高寒草甸的主体,包括矮嵩草草甸、金露梅灌丛草甸、藏嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和高山嵩草草甸等,这5类高寒草甸平均地上生物量分别为354.2、422.4、445.1、227.3和368.5g/m2,地下生物量分别为3389.6、3548.3、11922.7、4439.3、5604.8g/m2,地下与地上生物量的比例分别为10.55、10.15、27.82、14.82和15.21,远大于IPCC(2006)报告中地下/地上生物量比例的默认值(2.8±95%)。地下生物量对气候变化和放牧的反应比地上生物量更敏感,干旱和重度放牧均降低了地下/地上生物量的比例。在极度退化状态下地下/地上生物量的比例2。对于轻度和中度退化的高寒草甸应以围封禁牧为主要恢复措施,但如果结合补播和施肥,则恢复速率会加快;对于重度和极度退化的高寒草甸,由于草地植物群落中优良牧草的比例极低,仅靠自然恢复很难进行恢复或需要的年限很长,所以必须采用人工重建的措施,并结合毒杂草防除和施肥等措施进行恢复,通过建立人工或半人工草地的措施予以重建。     

内蒙古东部线叶菊草地生物量与净第一性生产力的初步研究

 线叶菊草地总地上生物量的增长规律符合Logistic增长,最大值出现在8月中旬,为198.15g／m2。返青后,线叶菊较同群落内的禾草和杂类草提前达到其生物量最大值。线叶菊、禾草和杂类草的地上生物量的增长与降水量和≥5℃积温呈显著或极显著正相关。地下生物量的季节变化曲线大致为“U”字形,最低值出现在8月中旬,而在早春和秋末时期地下生物量基本相等。地下生物量最大值出现在10月中旬,为1608.5g／m2(干物质)。该草地地上部分净第一性生产力为256.74gm2·a,地下部分为599.51g／m2·a(干物重计)。将生长季内以凋落物形式损失的生物量计算在内,得到的地上净第一性生产力比用极大现存量法估测的结果高出29.57%。     

古田山自然保护区地下芽植物多样性及其生物量分配策略

地下芽植物能够通过地下储存器官占据生境资源、储存营养物质等策略来获得生态优势,其地下储存器官多样性以及生物量分配策略,对地下芽植物物种组成以及生态系统功能产生重要影响。然而,以往研究多关注草地生态系统的地下芽植物,对森林地下芽植物的了解仍然缺乏。采集了古田山国家级自然保护区不同海拔分布的693个草本植物个体,分析了地下芽植物及其地下储存器官的类型与多样性,比较了地下芽植物与非地下芽植物的地上、地下各器官的绝对、相对生物量。结果显示：（1）地下芽植物的相对丰富度为69.1%,相对多度为88.2%。大多为根状茎植物,主要由禾本科、莎草科、堇菜科和蕨类植物组成。（2）除茎外,地下芽植物各器官的绝对生物量（叶：1.94g,根：0.65g,地上部分：2.0g,地下部分：4.1g）均大于非地下芽植物（叶：0.26g,根：0.13g,地上部分：0.68g,地下部分：0.13g）。（3）地下芽植物叶（0.40）与茎（0.14）的相对生物量小于非地下芽植物（叶：0.48,茎：0.35）,地下部分相对生物量（0.56）大于非地下芽植物（0.17）。本研究表明,以根状茎植物为主的地下芽植物是古田山亚热带森林生态系统草本植物的主要构成者,且个体普遍较大,倾向于将生物量投资于地下器官。这些结果为认识地下芽植物的生态策略与功能以及草本植物群落管理提供了科学依据。     

陕北黄土高原大油芒群落生物量初步研究

本文研究了陕北黄土高原区森林地带分布面积广、草质优良,而且在畜牧业生产中有重要意义的大油芒群落生物量,测定了地上、地下生物量以及季节和空间变化。研究结果表明,大油芒群落生物量季节动态较为明显,9月中旬地上生物量达到峰值(243.1g／m2);地下生物量在返青期较高,生长旺盛期略偏低,枯黄期最高,这同植物生长发育阶段的物质运转有关。     

西藏那曲地区高寒草地地下生物量

矮嵩草草甸、藏北嵩草草甸及紫花针茅草原是那曲地区主要的草地类型,通过对其地下生物量的分布特征、地下/地上生物量的关系及其对土壤环境影响的研究发现:(1)这三类植物群落的地下生物量表现为总的T字形趋势下的锯齿状分布,主要分布在0~10cm的草皮层中,而且不同的退化草地,其地下的生物量也不同;(2)各群落的地下生物量和地上生物量密切相关,相关性均呈显著正相关。地下/地上生物量的比值越大,地上生物量就越高。地上生物量的变化不大,而地下生物量变化显著;(3)在高山草甸土中,矮嵩草草甸的地下生物量和土壤的有机质,全N,碱解N的含量及土壤的容重呈相关关系,而与其他的土壤因子相关性不显著。(4)各群落的地下生物量的垂直分布特征及与土壤环境的关系是植物长期适宜高寒生境条件的结果和反映。     

青藏高原矮嵩草草甸地下和地上生物量分配格局及其与气象因子关系

基于2006—2015年青海海北站10年生物量及气候因子监测数据,分析了青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸生物量的季节及年际动态,并探讨了气候因子对其影响。结果表明:(1)季节尺度上,高寒矮嵩草草甸地上生物量表现为单峰变化曲线,8月为其峰值点,为(345.72±27.01)g/m2,代表了高寒草甸的地上净初级生产力。而地下根系的现存量变化较为复杂,其中5—7月呈现持续上升趋势,8月快速下降,之后9月份急剧,且各月份之间未达到显著水平(P0.05);年际尺度上,10年间高寒矮嵩草草甸地上生物量整体呈现波动增加趋势,2014年为其峰值点,达(437.12±32.01)g/m2。地下生物量呈现波动性变化,变异较大,10年间平均值为(2566.99±138.11)g/m2;(2)高寒草甸光合产物分配主要分布在地下,80%地下根系生物量分布于地表0—10 cm土层,且不同土层根系生物量占总地下生物量的比值在不同月份较为稳定。(3)气候因子中,大气相对湿度是影响高寒草甸地上生物量大小的主要因素;而气候因子对地下根系生物量的影响极为微弱。研究表明,高寒嵩草草甸对环境变化具有较高的自我调节能力,且高寒草甸的演化受制于人类干扰,而非气候变化。     

青藏高原矮嵩草草甸地下和地上生物量分配格局及其与气象因子关系

基于2006—2015年青海海北站10年生物量及气候因子监测数据,分析了青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸生物量的季节及年际动态,并探讨了气候因子对其影响。结果表明:(1)季节尺度上,高寒矮嵩草草甸地上生物量表现为单峰变化曲线,8月为其峰值点,为(345.72±27.01)g/m2,代表了高寒草甸的地上净初级生产力。而地下根系的现存量变化较为复杂,其中5—7月呈现持续上升趋势,8月快速下降,之后9月份急剧,且各月份之间未达到显著水平(P0.05);年际尺度上,10年间高寒矮嵩草草甸地上生物量整体呈现波动增加趋势,2014年为其峰值点,达(437.12±32.01)g/m2。地下生物量呈现波动性变化,变异较大,10年间平均值为(2566.99±138.11)g/m2;(2)高寒草甸光合产物分配主要分布在地下,80%地下根系生物量分布于地表0—10 cm土层,且不同土层根系生物量占总地下生物量的比值在不同月份较为稳定。(3)气候因子中,大气相对湿度是影响高寒草甸地上生物量大小的主要因素;而气候因子对地下根系生物量的影响极为微弱。研究表明,高寒嵩草草甸对环境变化具有较高的自我调节能力,且高寒草甸的演化受制于人类干扰,而非气候变化。     

青海海北地区高山蒿草草甸植物群落生物量动态及能量分配

 对青海海北地区高山草甸主要植物群落小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸、矮嵩草(K．humilis)草甸、藏嵩草(K．tibetica)沼泽化草甸地上生物量动态和能量分配的研究结果表明,不同植物群落年地上净生产量及其年际动态和主要植物类群生物量季节动态具明显的差异,其生物量季节动态可由如下模型表示： Wi＝Ki/(1+exp(Ai-Bit)) 植物群落地上、地下生物量的垂直分布呈典型的金字塔和倒金字塔模式。小嵩草草甸、矮嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸的地上净生产量依次为368.4g·m-2·a-1、418.5g·m-2·a-1和518.4g·m-2·a-1,所固定的太阳能值依次为6655.16kJ·m-2·a-1、7610.09kJ·m-2·a-1、9488.77kJ·m-2·a-1。光能利用率分别为0.1097％、0.1256％、0.1568％。     

灌丛化对黄土高原草地植物群落结构和地上生物量的影响

中国北方草地普遍出现灌丛化现象,灌丛化改变植物群落结构、植物多样性和生产力,直接影响着草地生态保护与可持续利用。该研究以黄土高原灌丛化草地为研究对象,通过植被调查,分析比较不同坡向的灌丛斑块与禾草斑块植物群落结构(物种组成、优势种及物种多样性)和地上生物量的差异。结果发现:(1)灌丛化草地不同坡向对物种多样性及地上生物量均无显著影响(P 0.1),但不同斑块植物群落结构(P=0.001)及地上生物量(P0.001)存在显著差异。(2)灌丛化草地共出现植物29种,其中禾草斑块有27种,灌丛斑块有18种;灌丛化显著改变了植物群落的物种组成,优势种由长芒草(Stipa bungeana)更替为矮脚锦鸡儿(Caragana brachypoda),且灌丛化降低了草地物种丰富度,增加了群落均匀度。(3)灌丛化显著改变了草地地上生物量,其中灌丛斑块地上生物量较禾草斑块地上生物量增加251.2 g·m~(-2),灌丛斑块中灌木/半灌木地上生物量提高了452.1 g·m~(-2),多年生丛生禾草减少了176.5 g·m~(-2),其余功能群植物的地上生物量减少了24.4 g·m~(-2)。(4)灌丛化过程(从禾草斑块—灌丛斑块)中,植物种丢失对地上生物量减少的影响较小,新增物种和群落优势种更替促进了灌木斑块地上生物量增加;虽然灌丛化导致草地地上生物量增加,但植物物种丰富度降低和优势种更替很有可能改变草地多样性和稳定性维持机制。     

A water-centred framework to assess the effects of salinity on the growth and yield of wheat and barley

We conducted a field experiment in two alpine meadows to investigate the short-term effects of nitrogen enrichment and plant litter biomass on plant species richness, the percent cover of functional groups, soil microbial biomass, and enzyme activity in two alpine meadow communities. The addition of nitrogen fertilizer to experimental plots over two growing seasons increased plant production, as indicated by increases in both the living plant biomass and litter biomass in the Kobresia humilis meadow community. In contrast, fertilization had no significant effect on the amounts of living biomass and litter biomass in the K. tibetica meadow. The litter treatment results indicate that litter removal significantly increased the living biomass and decreased the litter biomass in the K. humilis meadow; however, litter-removal and litter-intact treatments had no impact on the amounts of living biomass and litter biomass in the K. tibetica meadow. Litter production depended on the degree of grass cover and was also influenced by nitrogen enrichment. The increase in plant biomass reflects a strong positive effect of nitrogen enrichment and litter removal on grasses in the K. humilis meadow. Neither fertilization nor litter removal had any impact on the grass biomass in the K. tibetica meadow. Sedge biomass was not significantly affected by either nutrient enrichment or litter removal in either alpine meadow community. The plant species richness decreased in the K. humilis meadow following nitrogen addition. In the K. humilis meadow, microbial biomass C increased significantly in response to the nitrogen enrichment and litter removal treatments. Enzyme activities differed depending on the enzyme and the different alpine meadow communities; in general, enzyme activities were higher in the upper soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) than in the lower soil layers (20–40 cm). The amounts of living plant biomass and plant litter biomass in response to the different treatments of the two alpine meadow communities affected the soil microbial biomass C, soil organic C, and soil fertility. These results suggest that the original soil conditions, plant community composition, and community productivity are very important in regulating plant community productivity and microbial biomass and activity.     

高原鼢鼠对高寒草甸植被特征及生产力的影响

本研究结果表明,高原鼢鼠栖息10年的斑块,植物群落的物种数减少,植物物种多样性指数下降,地上、地下总生物量显降低,单子叶和可利用双子叶植物生物量极显减少,但不可利用双子叶植物生物量显增加。高原鼢鼠去除5年后,斑块内植物群落的单子叶植物物种数增加,而双子叶植物下降,植物群落物种多样性指数下降,地上、地下总生物量显增加,单子叶和可利用双子叶植物生物量增加极显,不可利用双子叶植物生物量显降低。高原鼢鼠栖息10年的斑块,净初级生产量较未栖息地区减少68.98%。高原鼢鼠去除5年后,净初级生产量增加,但仅达到未栖息地区的58.69%。     

Effects of litter accumulation on riparian vegetation: Importance of particle size

Abstract. The floristic effects of river‐borne litter that accumulates in riparian zones may vary in space and time depending on variations in mass and particle size of the deposited litter. To analyse the effects of litter mass and size we applied differentsized litter (natural uncut pieces and powder) to riparian vegetation at different quantities. Vegetation responses were analysed after one season at the community level (total biomass or richness for all species) and species traits (biomass or richness for groups of species). At the community level uncut litter, but not powder, reduced species richness and both uncut and ground litter reduced above‐ground biomass. At the species trait level uncut litter had a stronger effect than powder on species richness and biomass. The only positive effect of litter addition was that powder increased graminoid species richness. The topsoil conditions indicated that the major impact of deposited, river‐borne litter was that it acted as a physical barrier directly preventing established plants from penetrating the litter layer and reducing light and soil temperature.     

Effects and mechanism of plant litter on grassland ecosystem: A review

Plant litter is dead, above and below ground; organic material i.e. leaves barks, needles, twigs and roots. Plant litter plays a key role in nutrient cycling and community organization in grassland ecosystems. Litter can have important consequences on recruitment of plant species through modification of biological, physical, and chemical features of microenvironment. Plant litter offers a major input of organic matter to the soil which modifies soil chemistry, hence impacts nutrient cycling. At early stages of litter decomposition, a particular amount of carbon is transporting to the soil nutrient pool. In terrestrial ecosystems, plant litter regulating biogeochemical cycles, maintain soil fertility, nutrient availability, and therefore influence plant growth, diversity, composition, structure, and productivity. Litter can also impact plant above net plant productivity and below net plant productivity in grassland ecosystem. Plant litter accumulation and decomposition can impact plant species composition and community structure through temperature, light and nutrient availability. The effects of plant litter on vegetation may be negative, positive or neutral due vegetation variability, study duration, habitat, latitude, quantity and quality of litter. These diverse effects of plant litter on grassland ecosystem might be due to, management practice type, management intensity, climate type, timing, precipitation and soil nutrient pool etc. Current review attempts to describe prominent effects of plant litter on vegetation, seed germination, soil fertility, Productivity, species composition, community structure and mechanism in grassland ecosystem.     

Beyond the browse line: complex cascade effects mediated by white‐tailed deer

In many ecosystems, browsing of large mammals can affect plant species compositions. However, much less is known about potential above‐ and below‐ground trophic interactions of large browsing mammals. This study focused on the direct and indirect effects of browsing on trophic and abiotic interactions within forest ecosystems. To quantify above‐ and below‐ground cascade effects, white‐tailed deer have been excluded for over 18 years from three 4‐ha plots, which were paired with same sized deer access plots. Our results demonstrate complex direct and indirect cascade effects on forest food webs. Deer exclusion directly altered woody species composition and significantly increased shrub and sapling density. Above‐ground cascade effects include greater leaf litter accumulation and higher arthropod density and biomass within the exclosures. Below‐ground indirect effects include significant decrease in soil nutrients, and higher arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculum potential in the exclosures. Because ecosystems have finite resource availability, high deer density may imbalance the system by redirecting resources toward maintaining deer biomass at the expense of multiple trophic levels throughout the forest community. Both complex bottom up and top down trophic cascade effects demonstrated largely unidirectional negative responses suggesting that high deer density has reduced the biodiversity of the forest community.     

Above‐ and below‐ground plant biomass response to experimental warming in northern Alaska

Question: Does experimental warming, designed to simulate future warming of the Arctic, change the biomass allocation and mycorrhizal infection of tundra plants? Location: High Arctic tundra near Barrow, Alaska, USA (71°18′N 156°40′W). Methods: Above and below ground plant biomass of all species was harvested following 3–4 yr of 1‐2°C of experimental warming. Biomass allocation and arbuscular mycorrhizal infection were also examined in the two dominant species, Salix rotundifolia and Carex aquatilis. Results: Above‐ground biomass of graminoids increased in response to warming but there was no difference in total plant biomass or the ratio of above‐ground to below‐ground biomass for the community as a whole. Carex aquatilis increased above‐ground biomass and proportionally allocated more biomass above ground in response to warming. Salix rotundifolia increased the amount of above‐ and below‐ground biomass allocated per leaf in response to warming. Mycorrhizal infection rates showed no direct response to warming, but total abundance was estimated to have likely increased in response to warming owing to increased root biomass of S. rotundifolia. Conclusions: The community as a whole was resistant to short‐term warming and showed no significant changes in above‐ or below‐ground biomass despite significant increases in above‐ground biomass of graminoids. However, the patterns of biomass allocation for C. aquatilis and S. rotundifolia did change with warming. This suggests that long‐term warming may result in changes in the above‐ground to below‐ground biomass ratio of the community.     

The role of litter in an old-field community: impact of litter quantity in different seasons on plant species richness and abundance

Summary We studied the effect of removing and adding plant litter in different seasons on biomass, density, and species richness in a Solidago dominated old-field community in New Jersey, USA. We removed all the naturally accumulated plant litter in November (658 g/m²) and in May (856 g/m²) and doubled the amount of litter in November and May in replicated plots (1 m²). An equal number of plots were left as controls. Litter removal and addition had little impact on total plant biomass or individual species biomass in the growing season following the manipulations. Litter removal, however, significantly increased plant densities but this varied depending upon the season of litter removal, species, and life history type. Specifically, the fall litter removal had a much greater impact than the spring litter removal suggesting that litter has its greatest impact after plant senescence in the fall and prior to major periods of early plant growth in spring. Annual species showed the greatest response, especially early in the growing season. Both spring and fall litter removal significantly increased species richness throughout the study. Litter additions in both spring and fall reduced both plant densities and species richness in June, but these differences disappeared near the end of the growing season in September. We concluded than in productive communities where litter accumulation may be substantial, litter may promote low species richness and plant density. This explanation does not invoke resource competition for the decline in species richness. Finally, we hypothesize that there may be broad thresholds of litter accumulation in different community types that may act to either increase or decrease plant yield and diversity.