两种短命植物春萌秋萌个体生态生物学特征比较

短命植物是新疆北部荒漠生态系统中重要组成部分,对稳定该区沙漠生态系统、丰富物种多样性具有重要的意义。以往对短命植物的研究多集中在春季萌发的短命植物,秋季萌发的短命植物研究很少,对秋季萌发短命植物和春季萌发短命植物的生态生物学特征的异同以及它们对稳定荒漠生态系统的意义缺乏了解。选择小车前(Plantago minuta)和尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)为研究对象,采用野外定点标记观测和室内分析结合的方法,研究了两种短命植物春季萌发和秋季萌发两种表现型在冠幅、生物量、物候期、菌根侵染率等生态生物学特征方面的差异性。结果表明:秋季萌发的小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗能够在覆雪下越冬,其单株的冠幅、叶片数量、干重等均远远大于同一时期生长的春季萌发的小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗,尤其是单株结种数量更是比春季萌发小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗的高13.0和4.4倍;秋季萌发的小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗的花期分别比春季萌发小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗早14和7 d,植株黄枯期和成熟期分别提早3和4 d;此外,秋季萌发小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗各时期的菌根侵染率也显著高于同期春季萌发小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗。本研究得到以下结论:秋季萌发的小车前和尖喙牻牛儿苗在稳定和扩大其后代种群繁衍能力、提高防风固沙能力、稳定荒漠生态系统等方面具有重要意义。     

新疆的短命植物（一）独特的生态生物学特点

短命植物又称短营养期植物、短期生植物。它包括当年完成其生活周期、整个植株干枯死亡,来年春季再由种子形成新个体的一年生短命植物;也包括植株当年生地上部分枯死,而地下器官则处于休眠状态,到第二年春天既可由种子繁殖新个体,也能从地下芽生长出新植物体的多年生短命植物。前者称为短命植物,后者叫做类短命植物。原苏联的中亚地区,是短命植物区系的现代分布中心。在我国,它集中分布于新疆北部的山前平原及低山丘陵地带,是新疆植物区系组成的一个独特类群,在学术上和生产实践中都受到人们的关注。不同的植物适应环境的方式各种…     

新疆早春短命植物适应荒漠环境的机理研究进展

短命植物是生活于极端干旱自然环境,利用冬春雨雪水在春末夏初迅速完成生活周期,并以种子形式渡过不良环境的特殊生态类型,它们具有生长发育快、光合效率高、繁殖率和结实性极强的特点.本文从短命植物种子萌发机制、形态结构适应性、高光效结构特征、结实特性、生活周期的可塑适应性等方面,对新疆早春短命植物的相关研究进行综述,以阐释短命植物适应荒漠环境的特殊机制.     

24种十字花科短命植物的扩散体特征与扩散对策

对准噶尔荒漠中24种十字花科短命植物的扩散体特征与扩散对策的观测结果表明:种间果实和种子的形态各异,角果开裂与否与其木质化程度有关。木质化程度较高的角果不开裂。其中长角果以果节为扩散单元自体扩散。而短角果有两种扩散单元,以果实为扩散单元的无辅助扩散结构或具翅或绵毛,分别进行自体或风媒扩散;以果序的一段为扩散单元的果实具坚硬呈勾状的喙,通过果序梗断裂或附在动物体表散布,兼具自体扩散和动物体外传播的二重性。木质化程度较低的角果开裂,以种子为单元扩散。其中微尘状种子无辅助扩散结构,在果皮开裂时产生的张力或风力的作用下散布;粘液种子以水媒为主,兼具风媒和动物传播的特点;粘液和翅并存的种子具有风媒和水媒扩散的二重性。果翅等辅助扩散结构有利于长距离散布,绵毛及种皮粘液使果实或种子与地表能更好地粘附,木质化结构及种皮粘液还具有保水和保护作用。从扩散的时空特征看,24种植物在扩散持续时间上有集中扩散和持续扩散两种方式,前者避免了种子干旱失水和被捕食,属逃逸对策;后者形成空气种子库逐批扩散,属保护对策。从空间上,异果芥(Diptychocarpus strictus)果序上、下部果实的开裂方式与时间、种子形态完全不同,导致其扩散时间与距离不同;离子芥(Chorispora tenella)等类群果实不同部位的果节非同步脱落以及爪花芥(Oreoloma sulfureum)果实上、下部木质化程度及开裂方式不同,导致其果节或种子的扩散时间不同。以上这些特征对于它们在荒漠环境中成功地扩散、定居,抵御干旱、逃避捕食,避免同胞种子间的竞争、保障物种延续并扩大种群等,具有重要的生态学意义。     

短命植物小甘菊营养器官解剖学研究

小甘菊（Cancriniadiscoidea（Idb．）Pok）营养器官的结构特点为望叶表皮细胞中含有叶绿体;茎内有大型长弧形裂腔;叶为等而叶,叶柄近轴面具栅栏组织却为异而叶的极特殊结构,具C4植物型结构特征;根具次生结构,茎（花葶）仅有初生结构。     

乌鲁木齐附近早春植物生物学和生态学特性的初探

本文根据作者对乌鲁木齐附近的早春植物在春季生长,发育节律与水热等主要生态因子的关系的观测,论述了它们的生物学和生态学特点,为充分利用早春植物萌发返青早,生长发育快的优势,为合理开发利用,改良建设这类草场提供科学依据。     

准噶尔盆地荒漠区短命植物光合蒸腾特性及影响因素研究

运用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统,研究了准噶尔盆地荒漠区2种典型短命植物———狭果鹤虱(Lappulasemiglabra)和四齿芥(Tetracme quadricornis)的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率特征。结果表明:狭果鹤虱和四齿芥的光合能力分别为44.92、34.57μmol.m-2.s-1;狭果鹤虱和四齿芥的净光合速率日均值分别为29.72、23.0μmol.m-2.s-1,蒸腾速率日均值分别17.23、12.84 mmol.m-2.s-1,狭果鹤虱均高于四齿芥,属于高光合、高蒸腾类型;二者的净光合速率和水分利用效率日变化均呈双峰曲线,而蒸腾速率日变化呈单峰曲线;二者的光合“午休”现象主要是由气孔因素引起的;通过对2种植物光合和蒸腾速率与环境因子的相关分析显示,辐射强度是影响2种植物光合速率最主要的环境因子。     

一年生短命植物疏齿千里光果实异形性的生态学意义

疏齿千里光(Senecio subdentatus)是分布在新疆北部古尔班通古特沙漠中的一种具异形瘦果的菊科一年生短命植物。将野外观测与室内实验相结合, 对该物种异形瘦果的形态、扩散和萌发特性, 以及异形瘦果产量与植株大小的关系进行了研究, 并对其生态学意义进行了探讨。结果表明: 疏齿千里光果序中的外围果和中央果均为柱形, 但前者为淡黄色, 后者为褐色, 且二者在大小、冠毛长度及果皮微形态等方面均存在明显差异。两种瘦果均以单个果实为扩散单元, 且在静止空气中的降落速度和在1 m·s^-1与2 m·s^-1风速下的扩散距离无显著差异, 说明虽然果实大小和冠毛长度对瘦果扩散具有不同的影响, 但对其整体扩散能力无明显影响。在各温变周期(5/2、15/2、20/10、25/15和30/15 ℃)处理中, 淡黄色外围果的萌发率均高于褐色中央果的, 且不同温度间两种瘦果的萌发率均存在显著差异, 但光照条件对其无显著影响。果序中的中央瘦果数明显多于外围果的, 且植株中外围果所占比例与植株大小间呈显著负相关关系, 而中央果所占比例与植株大小间呈显著正相关关系。这些特点说明, 该物种的小植株倾向于产生较多较易萌发的外围果, 大植株倾向于产生较多不易萌发的中央果。在古尔班通古特沙漠不可预测的极端环境中, 疏齿千里光可通过异形瘦果间的萌发差异及调节其不同大小植株中异形瘦果的比例, 来减少同胞后代之间的竞争, 增加其对不同微环境条件的生态适应性。     

类短命植物新疆猪牙花解剖结构及其生态适应性的研究

新疆猪牙花是分布于新疆阿勒泰地区西伯利亚落叶松林下的一种多年生高山类短命植物.解剖学研究结果表明:其地下鳞叶中薄壁组织发达,是重要的储藏器官,为该植物每年长达10个月的休眠提供了充足的水分和营养物质的储存空间.茎由表皮、基本组织以及3～4轮散生的维管束组成;茎表皮细胞具厚角质层,能有效降低体内水分的散失;发达的维管束为其在冰冷的土壤中有效地吸收水分和养分,实现碳水化合物由地下器官向地上器官的转移和物质重新分配提供了有力保障.发达韧皮纤维为支撑顶部的花、果器官提供了必要的机械支持.叶片大而薄,有助于增大光合器官的面积;叶表皮角质层不明显,可以减少对日光的反射;叶肉有海绵组织与“拟栅栏组织”的分化,后者的细胞呈长柱形,其长轴方向与叶表皮方向平行,多层排列,能有效提高叶绿体对光能的捕获效率,是该植物对林下弱光生境长期适应的结果.花被片中维管束密集,发达的维管组织对维持花被片薄壁细胞的膨压,维持花被片较长时间的强烈反折状态以增加被昆虫访花的机会,提高昆虫传粉效率,促进繁殖成功具有关键作用;中轴胎座,胚珠多数;柱头与花柱中空,内表面具分泌细胞,有利于花粉管的快速萌发和迅速伸长.     

生物结皮对5种不同形态的荒漠植物种子萌发的影响

生物结皮广泛分布于干旱、半干旱区, 强烈影响着土壤表层理化特性, 进而对种子散布、萌发和定居产生影响。目前关于生物结皮与植物种子萌发关系的研究结论存在争议。该文通过室内人工控制实验, 研究了生物结皮对古尔班通古特沙漠5种具不同种子形态特征的荒漠植物白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)、蛇麻黄(Ephedra distachya)、角果藜(Ceratocarpus arenaarius)、涩芥(Malcolmia africana)和狭果鹤虱(Lappula semiglabra)的种子萌发的影响。结果表明, 在干燥和湿润两种条件下, 生物结皮对不同形态植物种子萌发均具有不同的作用。在干燥条件下, 生物结皮显著抑制了角果藜和涩芥种子的萌发(p<0.05), 对其它3种植物无显著影响; 而湿润条件下, 生物结皮显著抑制了白梭梭、角果藜和狭果鹤虱种子的萌发(p<0.05), 对蛇麻黄、涩芥则无显著影响。     

Effects of seed release timing on plant life-history and seed production in a population of a desert annual,shape Blepharis sindica (Acanthaceae)

Growth, phenology, survivorship, and seed production were observed in a population of a desert annual, Blepharis sindica, with reference to the variation in the timing of seedling emergence. The population consisted of several cohorts induced by rain-cued seed release within a growing season. The fate of 100 individuals of six cohorts was monitored throughout the growing season. Earlier-established cohorts had significantly larger plant sizes and higher reproductive outputs than later cohorts. The time and duration of each phenological stage varied among the cohorts, and they were also influenced by plant size. Mortalities at the seedling stage, vegetative stage, and reproductive stage increased with the delay of seed release. Seed release was concentrated in the early growing season. Fecundity was highest in the earliest cohort and decreased monotonically in later cohorts. The results suggested that even in temporally varying environments, the superiority of early emergent plants was evident. The seed release patterns in temporally fluctuating desert environments are discussed as a compromise between 'diversified bet-hedging' and an optimal timing for maximizing the reproductive success in a growing season.     

Characteristics of Encelia species differing in leaf reflectance and transpiration rate under common garden conditions

Summary The performance of coastal and desert species of Encelia (Asteraceae) were evaluated through common garden growth observations. The obectives of the study were to evaluate the roles of leaf features, thought to be of adaptive value (increased leaf reflectance and/or transpirational cooling), on plant growth in the hot, arid, desert garden versus their impact on growth under cooler, relatively more moist coastal garden conditions. E. californica native to the coast of southern California and E. farinosa, and E. frutescens, interior desert species, were grown in common gardens at coastal (Irvine, California) and interior (Phoenix, Arizona) sites under both irrigated and natural conditions. Although all species survived in both gardens during the two and a half year study period, there were large differences in their sizes. In the desert garden, leaf conductance and leaf water potential were both lower than at the coastal site. E. californica shrubs were leafless much of the time under natural conditions in the desert garden and had the smallest size there as well. Under natural conditions, E. farinosa, with its reflective leaf surface, was able to maintain lower leaf temperatures and attained a large size than the other two species in the desert garden. The green-leaved species (E. californica and E. frutescens) were not able to maintain leaves into the drought periods in the desert garden, with the exception of the irrigated E. frutescens which did maintain its leaf area if provided with supplemental watering to maintain transpirational leaf cooling. In the coastal garden, all species survived and there were few clear differences in the physiological characteristics among the three species. E. californica, the coastal native, attained a larger size in the coastal garden when compared with either of the two desert species.     

中国滨藜属种子形态及其分类学意义

本文对中国滨藜属(Atriplex L.)13种植物的种子形态进行了观察并探讨其在分类学中的意义. 在种子外部形态观察基础上明确了胚根位置类型的划分标准, 认为滨藜属胚根位置仅有胚根上位和胚根侧位两种类型;利用扫描电镜首次观察报道了该属种皮微形态特征。研究结果表明, 种子形态及种皮微形态特征对属内类群划分具有较大的分类学意义。     

Seasonal dynamics of root system respiration inAtriplex confertifolia

Summary The seasonal dynamics of respiratory capacity in the root system ofAtriplex confertifolia was studied under field conditions. Respiratory capacity of the root system undergoes seasonal adjustments with peak capacity occurring in spring and minimum capacity occurring in late summer. At greater depths in the profile, the timing of peak and minimum capacities is progressively delayed.The timing of respiratory adjustments does not appear to be tightly correlated with soil moisture or soil temperature, and may reflect environmental pre-conditioning as well as an overall geneticallybased program to prolong the duration of root activity and minimize carbon requirements of the root system.     

Soil seed bank in different habitats of the Eastern Desert of Egypt

The floristic composition and species diversity of the germinable soil seed bank were studied in three different habitats (desert salinized land, desert wadi, and reclaimed land) in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Moreover, the degree of similarity between the seed bank and the above-ground vegetation was determined. The seed bank was studied in 40 stands representing the three habitats. Ten soil samples (each 25 × 20 cm and 5 cm depth) were randomly taken per stand. The seed bank was investigated by the seedling emergence method. Some 61 species belonging to 21 families and 54 genera were identified in the germinable seed bank. The recorded species include 43 annuals and 18 perennials. Ordination of stands by Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) indicates that the stands of the three habitats are markedly distinguishable and show a clear pattern of segregation on the ordination planes. This indicates variations in the species composition among habitats. The results also demonstrate significant associations between the floristic composition of the seed bank and edaphic factors such as CaCO₃, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and soil texture. The reclaimed land has the highest values of species richness, Shannon-index of diversity and the density of the germinable seed bank followed by the habitats of desert wadi and desert salinized land. Motyka’s similarity index between the seed bank and the above-ground vegetation is significantly higher in reclaimed land (75.1%) compared to desert wadi (38.4%) and desert salinized land (36.5%).     

Seed mass and dormancy of annual plant populations and communities decreases with aridity and rainfall predictability

Several theoretical and empirical studies have examined the influence of environmental conditions on seed traits and germination strategies of annual species. A positive relationship between seed mass and dormancy has been described for annuals occupying climatically unpredictable ecosystems. Larger-seeded species tend to have higher seedling survival rates, while dormancy allows a bet-hedging strategy in unpredictable environments. Until now, these ideas have been addressed primarily for only one or a few focal species, without considering differences among populations and communities. The novelty of the present study lies in the population and community-level approach, where a comprehensive seed trait database including 158 annual species occurring along a gradient of rainfall variability and aridity in Israel was used to ask the following question: Does average seed mass and dormancy of annual populations and communities decrease with increasing aridity and rainfall unpredictability?Soil seed bank samples were collected at the end of the summer drought, before the onset of the rains, from four plant communities. Germination was tested under irrigated conditions during three consecutive germination seasons to determine the overall seed germinability in each soil sample. Seed mass was obtained from newly produced seeds collected at the study sites in late spring. The community level results showed that, in contrast to common theoretical knowledge, seed mass and dormancy of the dominant annual species decreased with increasing aridity and rainfall variability. Accordingly, a negative correlation was found between seed mass and seed germination fractions. The present study demonstrates that an analysis of seed traits along climatic gradients is significantly improved by approaches that target both population and community levels simultaneously. A critical evaluation sheds new light upon the selective pressures that act on seed ecology of annuals along a climatic gradient and facilitates formulation of more mechanistic hypotheses about factors governing critical seed traits.