嗅球僧帽细胞具有编码气味空间信息的能力

刺激源的方位是刺激的重要特性之一.行为学的研究发现,动物能够利用气味到达左右鼻腔的时间差和强度差信息对气味方位进行感知,但作为嗅觉系统第一神经中枢的嗅球,是否具有利用两侧鼻间差信息对气味方位进行编码的能力一直受到质疑.为探讨该问题,在本研究中通过比较嗅球中84个僧帽细胞对同侧气味刺激、对侧气味刺激以及对侧气味刺激略先于同侧气味刺激时的反应,发现有29个僧帽细胞可被同侧气味所兴奋,其中18个虽然对对侧气味刺激不反应,但对侧气味的存在却能显著降低其对同侧气味刺激的反应.另外,50个僧帽细胞在只给予同侧或对侧气味刺激时不反应,但其中11个在对侧刺激略先于同侧刺激的方式给出气味时,表现出明显的兴奋性反应.我们的研究结果一方面提示僧帽细胞具有编码气味到达两个鼻腔的时间差,或气味源位置信息的能力;另一方面也表明对侧刺激不仅能对同侧嗅球僧帽细胞产生抑制效应,还可能存在目前还不明确的机制而产生兴奋效应.     

尿液气味刺激后棕色田鼠主嗅球和副嗅球的神经元活动

本实验利用免疫组织化学方法,以FOS阳性反应作为神经元活动的标志,研究了棕色田鼠在受到同性和异性尿液刺激后主嗅球和副嗅球的神经元活动,表明两大嗅觉系统均有感知社会性化学信号的功能.通过比较棕色田鼠在同性和异性尿液刺激后副嗅球和主嗅球的嗅小球细胞层(GL)、僧帽细胞层(MIT)、颗粒细胞层(GRL)中FOS阳性神经元数量,发现不同性别尿液刺激后棕色田鼠的副嗅球各细胞层FOS阳性神经元数量比对照组明显增加;棕色田鼠受到异性尿液刺激后其副嗅球各细胞层的FOS阳性神经元数量均多于同性尿液刺激组.不同性别尿液刺激后棕色田鼠的主嗅球各细胞层FOS阳性神经元数量相较于对照组有增加或增加显著;异性尿液刺激组主嗅球各细胞层的FOS阳性神经元数量均多于同性尿液刺激组.说明棕色田鼠的副嗅球和主嗅球均参与了通过尿液介导的性别个体的识别.     

棕色田鼠脑和行为不同发育阶段副嗅球和主嗅球的细胞活动

本文运用免疫组化显示Fos蛋白的方法首次研究了棕色田鼠脑和行为不同发育阶段副嗅球和主嗅球的细胞活动。当不同年龄阶段的幼鼠同时暴露于自己家庭的熟悉底物和另一家庭的陌生底物时 ,嗅闻和呆在自己熟悉底物上的时间较多 ,直到产后 15d、 2 0d和 2 5d时 ,幼鼠探究不同底物的行为显示出显著性差异。脑的大小随着日龄增加而增加 ,但从产后 1到 15d ,脑重、脑宽和嗅球大小随着日龄增加特别显著。当不同日龄幼鼠暴露于陌生底物或者暴露于自己的熟悉底物时 ,从产后 5到 15日龄 ,主嗅球僧帽细胞层、颗粒细胞层、副嗅球僧帽细胞层和颗粒细胞层Fos免疫阳性细胞随着日龄明显增加 ,但直到 15和 30日龄时 ,和对照组相比 ,陌生底物可引起幼鼠主嗅球Fos免疫阳性细胞明显增加 ,从 2 0日龄起 ,陌生底物可引起副嗅球Fos免疫阳性细胞明显增加。主嗅球颗粒细胞层Fos免疫阳性细胞随着日龄的增加从边缘到中心逐渐出现 ,而副嗅球Fos免疫阳性细胞随着日龄的增加从顶部到底部逐渐出现。以上结果说明产后第 1d到 15d左右可能是棕色田鼠脑结构发育的重要阶段 ,而从此以后棕色田鼠主嗅球和副嗅球就具有区别熟悉气味和陌生气味的能力 ,表明棕色田鼠行为、脑发育和细胞活动间有紧密关系     

初孵扬子鳄嗅球的超微结构研究

用电镜研究初孵扬子鳄的嗅球⒚嗅球的外颗粒层具有明、暗两种细胞⒚僧帽细胞层细胞排列紧密、规则,细胞之间无任何连接结构⒚内颗粒层见有 ３～５ 个细胞聚集成群,并有个别细胞出现胞质降解现象⒚除内颗粒层部分细胞外,其他各层细胞仍处于较幼稚阶段⒚胶质细胞已发生,外网状层中有薄薄的髓鞘出现⒚突触处于不同的发育阶段,大多为不对称型⒚     

小鼠副嗅球编码信息素信号

许多哺乳动物依靠信息素 (同类的其它动物产生的半化学物质 )启动神经内分泌反应和社会群居行为。啮齿类动物通过两个不同的神经回路———主嗅系和副嗅系探查化学信号。在主嗅系 ,通过被动呼吸或主动吸气 ,嗅上皮的嗅感受神经元可被微量的挥发性物质激活 ,嗅感受神经元投射至主嗅球 ,后者的僧帽 /簇状细胞再投射到嗅皮质。在副嗅系 ,位于鼻中隔基部的犁鼻器 (VNO)主动张缩 ,使其感受神经元接受非挥发性物质的刺激 ,然后将兴奋传至副嗅球 (AOB) ,后者的僧帽细胞再通过内侧杏仁核投射到下丘脑。主嗅系大面积毁损动物的生殖行为保存完好 ,…     

嗅觉的分子生物学基础

嗅觉是动物对挥发性物质的感觉过程。嗅质分子、嗅质结合蛋白以及嗅质受体是完成嗅觉感受最初阶段的3个要素。嗅质分子一般为小分子挥发性物质,需要先与嗅质结合蛋白结合以助溶,再与受体结合,通过与视觉类似的过程在嗅觉神经元中引起电信号：该电信号传至中枢神经系统,产生嗅觉。嗅质受体编码基因数目庞大,其假基因化程度与物种生存对嗅觉的依赖程度存在一定关系。     

传入神经阻滞对成年大鼠嗅球中小白蛋白的影响

目的: 研究传入神经阻滞对成年大鼠嗅球小白蛋白(PV)的影响情况.方法: 用免疫组化方法检测损伤嗅上皮对嗅球PV的表达的影响.结果: 损伤嗅上皮导致损伤鼻孔同侧嗅球中PV阳性细胞数目减少.结论: 嗅球中PV表达的降低是受传入神经阻滞影响的.     

家犬嗅球组织学结构的性别和年龄差异

用组织学方法研究家犬嗅球的结构,观察家犬嗅球内结构的性别和年龄差异,依据常规HE染色法及数理统计学原理对家犬嗅球各层宽度,主要细胞的数量进行比较统计学分析,探讨嗅球内部结构的发育过程以及性别差异对雌雄动物嗅觉差异的影响。结果表明：雌雄幼年家犬嗅球内各层结构差异不显著;成年家犬也表现出同样的结果,但是成年动物的僧帽细胞形态、数量差异极显著。分析发现,幼年家犬嗅球各层结构都已比较明显,成年家犬嗅球体积和重量明显增加,各层宽度明显变宽,各层细胞密度显著降低,说明嗅球也处在不断的发育完善过程之中。同时僧帽细胞的差异可能是造成雌雄动物嗅觉差别的原因之一。     

成年大鼠嗅鞘细胞与嗅觉神经成纤维细胞的原代培养及鉴定

目的 建立一种原代提取嗅鞘细胞与嗅觉神经成纤维细胞混合培养的方法.方法 自2.5月龄SD大鼠嗅球最外两层分离嗅鞘细胞和嗅觉神经成纤维细胞进行混合培养,并不进行纯化,分别于7 d、10 d、14 d行免疫细胞化学鉴定,并计算各个时间点嗅鞘细胞的纯度.结果 体外培养的嗅鞘细胞主要呈两极或多极状,而嗅觉神经成纤维细胞则成扁平的像成纤维细胞的形态,免疫细胞化学结果显示嗅鞘细胞呈p75 NGFR阳性,嗅觉神经成纤维细胞呈fibronectin阳性,两种细胞都呈vimentin阳性,在7 d、10 d、14 d各个时间点嗅鞘细胞分别占混合培养的34.1%、25.6%、8.6%.结论 从成年大鼠嗅球最外两层分离的培养中主要包含嗅鞘细胞和嗅觉神经成纤维细胞,嗅鞘细胞在混合培养中所占的比例随培养时间的延长而逐渐降低.     

磁共振脑功能成像在小动物嗅觉研究中的应用

综述了磁共振脑功能成像(functional MRI,fMRI)在嗅觉研究中的应用,着重介绍fMRI在小动物嗅觉研究中的优势,以及近10年来fMRI在嗅球(olfactory bulb,OB)信息编码、处理和传输机制研究中所取得的进展．作为人类最古老的感觉方式之一,整个嗅觉系统(除鼻腔中的嗅细胞)都属于边缘系统,这赋予嗅觉系统一般的感觉功能和许多不为人所熟知的对情感、记忆以及生理和心理状态调控的功能．同时,由于缺乏有效手段,其内在性也使得嗅觉系统在大脑中的信息编码、处理、传输和感知等机制的研究极为困难．fMRI由于具有相对高的时间和空间分辨率,并可以无创地、重复地观测大脑任何部位的神经活动而被广泛应用于神经科学的研究．fMRI在嗅觉系统的应用使我们对人的嗅觉高级中枢感知机制方面的研究取得了一定的进展,而嗅球为嗅觉信息编码和处理中心,由于其尺寸和人体MRI空间分辨率的限制,对人OB中编码机制的研究一直无法进行．     

Statistical approach in search for optimal signal in simple olfactory neuronal models

Several models (concentration detectors and a flux detector) for coding of odor intensity in olfactory sensory neurons are investigated. Behavior of the system is described by different stochastic processes of binding the odorant molecules to the receptors and their activation. Characteristics how well the odorant concentration can be estimated from the knowledge of response, the number of activated neurons, are studied. The approach is based on the Fisher information and analogous measures. These measures of optimality are computed and applied to locate the odorant concentration which is most suitable for coding. The results are compared with the classical deterministic approach which judges the optimal odorant concentration via steepness of the input-output function.     

丽江百合鳞茎细胞内贮藏物质的细胞形态学观察

丽江百合(Lilium lijiangenese L.J.Peng,sp nov.)引种栽培三年。鳞茎体积增大,中部鳞片细胞由平均12层增加到21层。细胞体积由平均86.5×79微米增加到97.5×89.7微米。细胞内含有两种贮藏颗粒,一种体积较大,椭圆形,另一种体积略小呈圆球形。较大者含有淀粉物质,较小者含有蛋白质、脂肪、多糖和少量核糖核酸。细胞内平均淀粉粒数由4.2个增加到8个,其体积由29.1×19.5微米增加到46.8×23.4微米。蛋白质颗粒数由平均12个增加到70个,体积稍有减小,由4.68—7.8微米减少到3.9—5.85微米。     

Unusual structural changes in mitochondria during spermiogenesis in the oribatid mite,Hafenrefferia gilvipes (Acari)

Summary N-methyl-formimino-methylester (MFM), a highly volatile chemical substance, causes massive, transient sensory-cell degeneration in the main, but not in the vomeronasal olfactory sensory epithelium of mice. After MFM-treatment it appears possible to study the accessory olfactory system after chemical deafferentation of the main system.Supported by grants from Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Alexander von Humboldt-StiftungThe authors are indebted to Prof. F. Effenberger for help with the synthesis of N-methyl-formimino-methylester     

Rastermikroskopische Untersuchungen der olfaktorischen Rezeptoren im Riechepithel des Goldfisches (Carassius auratus)

Zusammenfassung Durch rastermikroskopische Untersuchungen lassen sich mehrere, morphologisch unterschiedliche Rezeptoren in der Regio olfactoria des Goldfisches (Carassius auratus) unterscheiden. Dabei muß vorläufig offen bleiben, ob den morphologischen Varianten entsprechende funktionelle Unterschiede zuzuordnen sind. Auf den Lamellen der Riechrosette sind Sinneszellareale und in ihnen Flimmerzellgruppierungen zu beobachten. Die wechselnde Dichte der verschiedenen Rezeptoren in einzelnen Sinneszellarealen wird betont. Die Befunde werden zu Riechtheorien und zu der Frage in Beziehung gesetzt, ob es eine räumliche Zuordnung von Zonen des Riechepithels zu bestimmten Anteilen des Bulbus olfactorius gibt.

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Scanning electron microscopy of olfactory receptors in Carassius auratus

Summary Investigations by scanning electron microscopy demonstrate the existence of several morphologically different types of olfactory receptors in Carassius auratus. The structural differences, however, do not allow a definite classification of sensory cells into functionally different elements. The olfactory organ has a central axis with lamellae emerging at both sides of it. On these lamellae sensory areas with densely packed receptor cells and with groups of ciliated cells exist. The terminals of the receptor cells show a great polymorphism of their surface. The morphologically different receptor cells are not equally distributed over the olfactory organ but differ from each other in quantity and density. The morphological results are discussed in relation to olfactory theories and in relation to the question whether there are topographical projections between the peripheral olfactory organ and the Bulbus olfactorius.

Die Verfasser danken Herrn Karl Donberg für sorgfältige technische Assistenz.     

Long-term gus expression from Gladiolus callus lines containing either a bar-uidA fusion gene or bar and uidA delivered on separate plasmids

Gus expression was determined for 19 lines of embryogenic Gladiolus callus that contained the 35S-bar-uidA-nos fusion gene and for 21 callus lines that had been cobombarded with the 35S-bar-nos and 35S-uidA-nos plasmid DNAs. These lines were selected for analysis because they grew vigorously on Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 6 mg l⁻¹ phosphinothricin. All 19 lines that contained the 35S-bar-uidA-nos fusion gene expressed gus compared to only 15 (71%) of the lines that had been cobombarded as determined by enzyme assay. The level of gus expression was significantly higher the first year for 12 callus lines containing the bar-uidA fusion gene as compared to 2 years later in culture. Southern hybridization confirmed integration of the uidA gene in all callus lines that had been bombarded with the 35S-bar-uidA-nos fusion gene. Two of the callus lines that had been cobombarded lacked the uidA gene, and another cobombarded line that did not express gus contained a truncated uidA gene. Two callus lines resulting from cobombardment showed gus expression in only a few cells indicating that gus expression was not completely silenced in these lines. Gus expression could not be reversed using 5-azacytidine in these two low-expressing lines, and Southern hybridization supported that methylation of the genomic DNA had not occurred. Average levels of gus expression were significantly higher, 8.9× , in cells with the 35S-bar-uidA-nos fusion gene compared to the cobombarded callus lines indicating the advantage of using a bar-uidA fusion gene for obtaining higher levels of gus expression in Gladiolus.     

Effect of Lesions of the Olfactory Bulb on the Levels of Amino Acids and Related Enzymes in the Olfactory Cortex of the Guinea Pig

Abstract: Olfactory bulb removal and consequential degeneration of the lateral olfactory tract led to a decreasein the levels of glutaminase and malate dehydrogenase inthe ipsilateral olfactory cortex. These changes in enzyme activity may account for the well established decrease inthe levels of aspartate and glutamate in the olfactory cortex following ipsilateral bulbectomy. The level of glutamine synthetase, a glial marker enzyme, was slightly-increased while the activities of glutamate decarboxylase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase were unchanged.