目前最高分辨率的电泳──固相pH梯度等电聚焦

固相pH梯度等电聚焦是国际上80年代的新型电泳技术.利用一系列具有弱酸和弱碱性质的丙烯酰胺衍生物滴定时,在滴定终点附近形成的pH梯度并参与丙烯酰胺的共价聚合,从而形成固定的不随环境电场等条件变化的pH梯度,该方法具有比传统载体两性电解质等电聚焦更高的分辨率、更大的上样量.可用于分析和制备相近pI的蛋白质,多肽等.     

双向电泳应注意的几个关键问题

着重介绍双向电泳的关键技术,如样品的提取,电泳条件的选择及双向电泳中应注意的关键问题等,为蛋白组学工作者提供可以借鉴的方法和经验。     

双向电泳关键因素分析

蛋白质组学已成为继基因组学之后生命科学研究的重点,作为其"开门技术"的双向电泳也渐成为人们关注的焦点.本文总结了国内外研究进展,并对影响双向电泳的关键因素进行分析.     

用固相pH梯度等电聚焦分析Gc蛋白亚型

用固相pH梯度等电聚焦技术及免疫固定技术对201名北京地区无关汉族群体的人血清Gc蛋白亚型进行了分型鉴定及基因频率的调查.Gc^1F为0.3698.Gc^1S为0.2812.Gc²为0.3490.观察值与期望值吻合良好(Σx²=1.057,P＞0.70)     

黑鲷转铁蛋白基因的分子特征研究

目的:克隆黑鲷转铁蛋白全基因并分析其分子特征。方法:采用同源克隆的方法,对黑鲷转铁蛋白全基因编码序列进行克隆,在cDNA获得了部分转铁蛋白基因的同源片段。经RACE PCR方法,分别对该基因的3’和5’末端进行扩增,获得的扩增片段经拼接后得到全基因片段。结果:黑鲷转铁蛋白全长2431bp,可编码691个氨基酸,分子量(MW)约为74.3kDa,等电点(PI)为5.63。它与鱼类转铁蛋白的同源性最高,约为65%-89%;与其它动物(哺乳类、两栖类等)也有一定的相识性。进化分析表明黑鲷转铁蛋白与其它鱼类和哺乳类的转铁蛋白是由早期转铁蛋白共同的祖先进化来的。结论:黑鲷转铁蛋白主要在肝脏中成组成型表达,在大脑等器官中也有少量表达。该基因的表达受病原刺激的影响,表现为经病原刺激后转铁蛋白基因的组织分布显著增多。     

草鱼转铁蛋白基因的克隆及其组织表达

转铁蛋白(Transferrin,Tf)功能广泛,不仅参与机体内铁离子的运输和代谢,还在细胞呼吸、细胞生长和增殖中起重要作用,而且它具有抗菌杀菌的功能。研究从草鱼肝肾全长cDNA文库中克隆得到草鱼转铁蛋白基因(CtTf),该基因全长cDNA5′非编码区包含31bp,最大开放阅读框为2025bp,编码674个氨基酸,3′非编码区为266bp。研究使用了Signal P、SMART等在线软件对草鱼转铁蛋白全长cDNA的分子特征进行预测,结果显示CtTf编码的蛋白质N-端有1个由15个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,第24-334个和第338-665个氨基酸为2个保守的结构域,二者同源率为31%。与其他物种的转铁蛋白类似,草鱼转铁蛋白每个结构域包含4个铁离子结合位点,它们在两个结构域中的位置相对保守,除了这8个铁离子结合位点外,还存在多个完全保守的氨基酸位点。草鱼转铁蛋白与人及其他物种有很高的同源性,与其他鲤科鱼类的同源性为65%-73%;与海洋鱼类同源性为43%-50%;与两栖、爬行、鸟类、哺乳类的同源性为40%-42%。系统进化树也显示草鱼转铁蛋白基因与斑马鱼和鲤鱼的亲缘关系最近。RT-PCR的实验结果表明,在草鱼肝、肠、肾、脾、心、肌肉、鳃和脑8种组织中,草鱼转铁蛋白基因在肝中的表达量最高,其次为脾和肠,在鳃和脑中有痕量表达。     

大肠癌双向电泳分离条件的建立及其初步分析

采用固相pH梯度等电聚焦为第一向,SDS-PAGE垂直电泳为第二向建立了大肠癌双向电泳分离技术实验条件,对样品的处理、水化、等电聚焦、凝胶平衡等步骤进行了优化,成功地获得了大肠癌分辨率高、重复性好的双向电泳图谱.癌组织样品经3次重复实验共获得蛋白质斑点数1 186±46个,蛋白质斑点位置在IEF方向平均偏差为1.67±0.29 mm,在SDS-PAGE方向为1.41±0.16 mm,蛋白质表达量的相对标准差为6.67 %±2.25 %.经ImageMaster 2D Elite软件初步分析后发现了一些差异表达的蛋白质.     

郑州地区汉族人群Gc亚型遗传多态性研究

木文用超薄聚丙烯酸胺凝胶等电聚焦结合磺基水杨酸沉淀方法,对郑州地区311名汉族无关个休的血清样本进行了Gc亚型分型。除见到了6种常见的表现型外,还检测到4种罕见变异型。其基因频率为：Gc^1F=0.4035, Gc^1s＝0.2669,Gc²=0.3200,Gc^v=0.0096,经用Hardy-Weingberg定律检验,观测值和期望值吻合良好。     

蛋白质组双向电泳实验中一些常见失误的分析

从以固相pH梯度等电聚焦为第一向,SDS-PAGE电泳为第二向进行的蛋白质组双向电泳实验中挑选了一些常见的硝酸银染色2-DE失误图谱,将它们进行分类,初步分析造成各类失误的可能原因,探讨相应的解决方法和总结实验操作中应该注意的事项．     

Gc、Pi蛋白亚型的快速微量电泳分析

用快速微量等电聚焦技术对190名北京地区汉族健康人血清Gc蛋白亚型、Pi蛋白亚型进行分型鉴定和基因频率调查.上样量为1.5μl,电泳和染色各0.5h.Gc^1F=0.4891,Gc^1S=0.2432,Gc²=0.2678.观察值与期望值吻合良好.(∑X²=1.404,0.7<P<0.8).Pi^M₁=0.7542,Pi^M₂=0.1808,Pi^M₃=0.0650,观察值与期望值吻合也良好,(∑X²=1.1233,0.7<P<0.8).     

Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients: Principle,methodology and some applications

A new technique for generating pH gradients in isoelectric focusing is described, based on the principle that the buffering groups are covalently linked to the matrix used as anticonvective medium. For the generation of this type of pH gradient in polyacrylamide gels, a set of buffering monomers, called Immobiline (in analogy with Ampholine), is used. The pH gradient gels are cast in the same way as pore gradient gels, but instead of varying the acrylamide content, the light and heavy solutions are adjusted to different pH values with the aid of the Immobiline buffers. Available Immobiline species make it possible to generate any narrow linear pH gradient between pH 3 and 10. The behaviour of these types of gradients in isoelectric focusing is described.Immobilized pH gradients show a number of advantages compared with carrier ampholyte generated pH gradients. The most important are: (1) the cathodic drift is completely abolished; (2) they give higher resolution and higher loading capacitu; (3) they have uniform conductivity and buffering capacity; (4) they represent a milieu of known and controlled ionic strenght.     

Preparative isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients. II. A case report

The preparative aspects of isoelectric focusing (IEF) in immobilized pH gradients (IPG) have been investigated as a function of the following parameters: environmental ionic strength (I), gel geometry and shape of pH gradient. As model proteins, hemoglobin (Hb) A and a minor, glycosylated component (HbA1c), with a delta pI = 0.04 pH units, have been selected. The load capacity increases almost linearly, as a function of progressively higher I values, from 0.5 X up to 2 X molarity of buffering Immobiline (pK 7.0) to abruptly reach a plateau at 3 X concentration of buffering ion. The load capacity also increases almost linearly as a function of gel thickness from 1 to 5 mm, without apparently levelling off. When decreasing the pH interval from 1 pH unit (pH 6.8-7.8) to 1/2 pH unit (pH 7.05-7.55) the amount of protein loaded in the HbA zone could be increased by 40%. In 5 mm thick gels, at 2 X pK 7.0 Immobiline concentration, over a 1/2 pH unit span, up to 350 mg HbA (in a 12.5 X 11 cm gel) could be loaded in a single zone, the load limit of the system being around 45 mg protein/ml gel volume.     

Preparative isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients. I. General principles and methodology

A new method for preparative protein purification is described, based on the use of Immobiline matrices. After electrofocusing, the protein zone of interest is recovered by electrophoretic transfer to a hydroxyapatite gel, from which it is eluted with 0.2 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, with yields for the proteins studied in the range 76-98%. For six different proteins, the focusing step gives a common upper limit of approximately 45 mg protein/ml gel as mean concentration in a focused protein zone. It is demonstrated that in practical preparative work, components with a pI difference of 0.007 pH units can be completely resolved, and that on a 5-mm-thick gel of dimensions 240 X 110 mm, samples containing as much as 400 mg of the major protein component can be applied. Focusing of large amounts of a salt-containing sample is demonstrated with the aid of human serum. A theoretical expression is given relating the concentration distribution and maximum protein concentration within a focused zone to the applied voltage, the pH slope used and the zone width. Based on this expression and the finding of an upper concentration limit for a protein we shown how to optimize the parameters in preparative work with immobilized pH gradients in relation to the separation power needed. Finally, it is shown that, in comparison with conventional preparative electrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels, immobilized pH gradients allow a ten-fold increase in load, whilst still giving a resolution comparable to that of analytical isoelectric focusing.     

Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients: generation and optimization of wide pH intervals with two-chamber mixers

A new technique for generating extended pH gradients (5 pH units) in Immobiline gels is reported. The previously described (J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 7, 1983, 123-142) five-chamber gradient mixer has been replaced by a two-vessel device. A single mixture of the available Immobilines (pK 3.6, 4.6, 6.2, 7.0, 8.5 and 9.3) is made, with relative concentrations adjusted so as to produce the most uniform buffering power throughout the desired pH interval. This mixture is then divided into two portions, which are titrated to the extremes of the required pH span with an acidic titrant (Immobiline pK approximately 1) and a basic species (Immobiline pK 9.95). Highly reproducible pH gradients (pH 4-9) are thus generated, which appear extremely useful for the first dimensioned of 2-dimensional techniques. Our previously reported computer program has been implemented with an optimization algorithm which, given any cocktail of Immobilines, automatically adjusts the relative initial concentrations until the smoothest possible beta power is found. For the first time it is possible to perform IEF under controlled physico-chemical parameters: pH span and linearity, beta power, ionic strength and molarity of the buffering species.     

An in vitro study on the binding of Al(III) to human serum transferrin with the isoelectric focusing technique

Transferrin saturated with Al³⁺ subjected to isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a pH gradient can be separated into four fractions, representing the apotransferrin, transferrin with aluminum at the metal binding site in the C- or N-terminal lobe, or both. The electrophoretic mobilities of these four fractions are identical to those of the iron-transferrin counterparts. Simultaneous binding of aluminum and iron to transferrin can also be demonstrated. The decreased saturation after IEF indicates that the affinity of transferrin for aluminum is low compared with its affinity for iron. This effect is particularly evident when bicarbonate is used as the synergistic anion in the loading procedure. In contrast, loading of transferrin with aluminum in the presence of oxalate produces a di-aluminum-transferrin complex that is stable during IEF.     

Haemoglobin polymorphism in Norwegian Red Cattle

By the use of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and the Immobiline method at pH range 7.1-7.7, three haemoglobin (Hb) phenotypes were observed in Norwegian Red Cattle. Two one-band phenotypes named HbA4 and HbA6 occurred in unequal proportions in their two-band combination type with the cathodal HbA6 being the stronger. In 76 dam-offspring pairs the distribution of phenotypes were in agreement with codominant single gene inheritance. In an unselected material of 140 animals, gene frequencies were HbA4 = 0.94 and HbA6 = 0.06.