一种新的甘露糖结合凝集素——朱顶兰凝集素基因的克隆及序列分析

运用同源克隆的方法设计简并引物,通过3′和5′RACE技术,从石蒜科植物朱顶兰(Amaryllis vittata Ait)总RNA中克隆了编码此凝集素(AVA)的全长cDNA序列。该基因全长686 bp,起始密码子位于第41～43 bp,终止密码子位于515～517bp处,开放阅读框长474 bp,编码158个氨基酸,包含信号肽序列、成熟蛋白序列和C-末端剪切序列的前体蛋白。成熟蛋白由109个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为11.9kD。成熟蛋白在氨基酸水平上与雪花莲凝集素、水仙凝集素、石蒜凝集素和君子兰凝集素分别有73.4％、85.3％、80.7％和83.5％的同源性;朱顶兰凝集素的分子模式显示其与雪花莲凝集素有极其相似的三维结构;在Blocks数据库中检索AVA蛋白氨基酸序列的结构域,发现有3个凝集素功能结构域,并具有3个典型的甘露糖专一结合位点盒(QDNY)。     

一种新的甘露糖结合凝集素--朱顶兰凝集素基因的克隆及序列分析

运用同源克隆的方法设计简并引物,通过3′和5′RACE技术,从石蒜科植物朱顶兰(Amaryllis vittata Ait)总RNA中克隆了编码此凝集素(AVA)的全长cDNA序列.该基因全长686 bp,起始密码子位于第41～43 bp,终止密码子位于515～517 bp处,开放阅读框长474 bp,编码158个氨基酸,包含信号肽序列、成熟蛋白序列和C-末端剪切序列的前体蛋白.成熟蛋白由109个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为11.9kD.成熟蛋白在氨基酸水平上与雪花莲凝集素、水仙凝集素、石蒜凝集素和君子兰凝集素分别有73.4%、85.3%、80.7%和83.5%的同源性;朱顶兰凝集素的分子模式显示其与雪花莲凝集素有极其相似的三维结构;在Blocks数据库中检索AVA蛋白氨基酸序列的结构域,发现有3个凝集素功能结构域,并具有3个典型的甘露糖专一结合位点盒(QDNY).     

海芋凝集素cDNA的分子克隆及其性质预测

用cDNA末端快速扩增-聚合酶链式反应（RACE-PCR）方法克隆了海芋（Alocasia macrorrhiza）凝集素的全长cDNA（GenBank检索号DQ340864）,并用多种生物信息学工具对其性质进行了预测。根据来源于天南星科其他植物的凝集素和类似蛋白的保守区的DNA序列,设计了几个海芋凝集素基因aml特异引物（GSP）。用RNeasy试剂盒从海芋块茎中提取出总RNA,并以此为模板,用SMART^TM RACE cDNA扩增试剂盒提供的经特殊设计的通用引物以及不同的基因特异引物,分别获得海芋凝集素5′-和3′-RACE-PCR扩增片段。这些PCR产物经0．8％琼脂糖凝胶纯化后,分别与T克隆载体pMD 18-T相连,筛选获得阳性克隆并提取质粒,经双酶切和特异引物的PCR验证无误后,进行序列分析。从5′-和3′-RACE-PCR测序结果拼接出全长海芋凝集素cDNA序列,并用新设计自5′-RACE-PCR 5′末端的引物GSP7进行全长3′-RACE-PCR反应,获得全长海芋凝集素cDNA克隆并再次测序验证。这一新克隆的海芋凝集素cDNA的长度为1124核苷酸,分析表明它是一个编码270个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其等电点为pH 5．7,相对分子量为29．7kD。同源性分析结果表明,海芋凝集素与其他来源于天南星科的甘露糖凝集素以及相似蛋白具有高度同源性。在海芋凝集素序列中发现了2个B型凝集素功能区域和3个甘露糖的结合位点。综合上述信息,认为这一新克隆的海芋凝集素cDNA是一个编码甘露糖识别凝集素的基因序列。     

白桂木凝集素基因cDNA克隆及其性质预测

为了探索白桂木凝集素在分子水平的作用机制,本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)方法首次克隆了白桂木凝集素(Atrocarpus hypargyreus lectin,AHL)cDNA序列的全长。序列分析与预测结果表明,AHL cDNA序列全长933 bp,含有一个编码40个氨基酸的信号肽和1个编码235个氨基酸的708 bp开放阅读框(ORF);AHL分子量为25 579.2 Da。同源性分析表明AHL与木菠萝家族相关凝集素氨基酸序列有很高的同源性。     

天麻中一种抗真菌蛋白基因的克隆

依据天麻(GastrodiaelataBl.f.flavidaS.Chow)抗真菌蛋白GAFP_1的N端部分氨基酸序列设计简并引物,通过RACE(快速分离cDNA末端)的方法扩增得到GAFP_1全长cDNA。该cDNA包含一个编码171个氨基酸的ORF,推导的多肽序列与测得的蛋白质部分序列相同;在5′端有一个长为55bp的5′非编码区;终止密码子下游有一个141bp长的3′非编码区,其中含有两个加poly(A)信号及长度为26个腺苷酸的poly(A)。经检索发现该推导蛋白序列与火烧兰(Epipactishelloborine)和二叶兰(Listeraovata)的甘露糖结合蛋白以及雪花莲(Galanthusnivalis)中的甘露糖结合凝集素具有很高同源性。     

甘蔗花叶病毒3‘末端基因的克隆及外壳蛋白序列分析比较

选取我国SCMV优势株系A株系的分离物SCMV－CA为材料,经过病毒和病毒RNA的提纯,反转录获得病毒cDNA,并克隆到载体pUC19的SmaⅠ位点上,筛选得到多个重组质粒,选取其中一个克隆SCMV－CA54进行测序,得到一个全长为1296bp的苷酸序列,这段序列由一个长为1044bp的开放阅读框架（ORF）和一个长279bp的3‘末端非编码区序列（3‘-UTR)及poly（A）尾巴组成。这个ORF包括病毒完整的外壳蛋白（CP）及部分核内含体蛋白（b(NIb）基因序列,将所得序列同已知SCMV亚组中各株系分离物的核苷酸和氨基酸进行同源性比较,结果表明该序列与其它株系分离的CP核苷酸序列的同源性介于63.7％－77.6％之间,氨基酸的同源性介于64％－89％之间。根据马玲薯Y病毒属的序列同源性划分标准,SCMV－CA与其它株系或分离物的同源性关系均介于种与株系进分标准之间,这是我国首次报道SCMV CP基因序列。     

谷子叶绿体乙酰辅酶A羧化酶cDNA的克隆和禾本科除草剂靶位点的序列分析

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶是一个生物素羧化酶,它所催化的反应是脂肪酸生物合成中的第一个植物叶绿体中的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶是两类禾本科除草剂的靶蛋白.从抗除草剂拿捕净和感拿捕净的谷子(SetariaitalicaBeauv.)中克隆了两个乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的全长cDNA,分别命名为foxACC-R和foxACC-S,它们推导的蛋白质均编码2 321个氨基酸,然而在第1 780个氨基酸处,foxACC-R编码亮氨酸,而foxACC-S编码异亮氨酸.采用生物信息学方法,我们推断这个cDNA编码的是叶绿体中的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶,并预测了它的功能域和保守区.通过这两个cDNA编码的氨基酸序列与其他乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的序列比较得出结论,亮氨酸/异亮氨酸位点可能是APPs和CHDs两类除草剂作用的关键位点.Southern杂交分析的结果显示,该基因在谷子基因组中只有一个拷贝.     

草鱼cadm2b基因的克隆及在成体组织中的表达分析

为研究CADMs（Cell adhesion molecules）在草鱼构建抵御病害感染的第一道防线中发挥的作用,用RT-PCR和RACE方法结合测序分析,在草鱼脑组织中检测到了该基因家族成员cadm2b基因的4条不同的cDNA全长序列。序列比对结果表明这4条全长cDNA在5'端的序列完全相同,在3'端的3个局部区域有不同片段的缺失。因此,可以确定这4条不同的mRNA是cadm2b的不同剪接体。这4条不同的剪接体被分别命名为cadm2b、cadm2bX2、cadm2bX3和cadm2bX6。cadm2b的cDNA序列全长1669 bp,开放阅读框（ORF）1203 bp,编码400个氨基酸。cadm2bX2的cDNA序列全长2783 bp,开放阅读框长1323 bp,编码440个氨基酸;cadm2bX3的cDNA序列全长2755 bp,开放阅读框1296 bp,编码431个氨基酸;cadm2bX6基因的cDNA序列全长2649 bp,开放阅读框1161 bp,编码386个氨基酸。根据碱基序列所进行的氨基酸序列和蛋白结构预测显示这4个CADM2b蛋白亚型都具有CADM家族保守的4个功能区,但其C端的蛋白结合位点存在差异。CADM2b具有近膜4.1蛋白结合位点和Ⅱ型PDZ蛋白结合位点,CADM2bX2、X3缺失了PDZ蛋白结合位点,而CADM2bX6则同时缺失4.1蛋白和PDZ蛋白的结合位点。实时定量RT-PCR检测结果显示cadm2b剪接突变体是该基因mRNA的主要形式。半定量RT-PCR和套式PCR实验检测结果表明cadm2b基因在草鱼成体脑中高水平表达,在肝、肾、心脏和肌肉组织中有微量表达。这种表达模式提示草鱼中CADM2b主要是由非免疫细胞,而不是由免疫肥大细胞合成分泌的细胞黏附因子,可能通过介导免疫肥大细胞与病原靶细胞的黏附而起非特异性抵御病害感染的作用。     

稻瘟菌侵染诱导水稻凝集素基因的表达

利用mRNA差异显示技术（DDRT-PCR）,从非亲和性稻瘟菌生理小种131侵染的水稻品种爱知旭（Oryza sati-vaL.cv.Aichi-asahi)叶片中分离了8个诱导差异表达的cDNA片段,对这8个差示片段进行了回收,重扩增和克隆,以其中一个长度为321碱基并与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素和水稻盐诱导蛋白基因高度同源的差示片段为探针。筛选水稻非亲和性cDNA文库,获得12个阳性克隆。序列测定和数据库查询表明该基因的cDNA与水稻凝集素基因的cDNA及盐诱导蛋白基因的cDNA核苷酸同源笥高达96%。推定的氨基酸序列与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素的氨基酸序列一致。与水稻盐诱导蛋白仅相差2个氨基酸。Southern杂交显示该基因在水稻基因组中有两个同源拷贝数。Northern杂交表明非亲和性稻瘟菌侵染可强烈诱导该基因表达。因此推则该基因参与了水稻对稻瘟菌侵染的防御反应。     

内蒙古白绒山羊翻译控制肿瘤蛋白(TCTP)基因克隆及组织表达特性分析

旨在克隆内蒙古白绒山羊翻译控制肿瘤蛋白(Translationally controlled tumor protein,TCTP)基因并分析其表达模式。采用RT-PCR技术扩增TCTP基因编码区cDNA序列,将得到的基因cDNA序列及其编码的氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析,利用定量RT-PCR方法检测TCTP基因在绒山羊不同组织中的表达特异性。获得的内蒙古白绒山羊TCTP基因编码区cDNA序列全长519 bp,包含了完整的ORF,编码172个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质。核苷酸序列与绵羊、牛、猪、人、猴及大鼠的同源性在99%-95%之间。生物信息学分析表明,编码的蛋白质理论分子质量19.6 kD,等电点(pI)4.673,含有一个N端糖基化位点,一个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点,3个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点,定位于细胞质中。定量RT-PCR方法检测表明,TCTP基因在绒山羊肾脏、肌肉、胰腺、肝脏、睾丸和脑组织中均有表达,其中在肝脏中的表达量较高,在脑中表达量较低。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。