科尔沁沙地不同演替阶段冷蒿群落的结构特征

采用空间序列替代时间序列的方法,对科尔沁沙地不同演替阶段3个冷蒿群落的物种组成和物种多样性进行研究.结果表明:处于3个演替阶段的冷蒿群落为杠柳-冷蒿群落、杠柳-冷蒿+差巴嘎蒿群落及冷蒿-糙隐子草群落.3个冷蒿群落均以菊科、禾本科和藜科植物占优势.随着群落的演替,群落植物种数和科数逐渐减小,禾本科植物的种数逐渐减小,但菊科和禾本科植物种数所占比例逐渐增大.3个冷蒿群落中物种多样性顺序为:杠柳-冷蒿+差巴嘎蒿群落>杠柳-冷蒿群落>冷蒿-糙隐子草群落.3个冷蒿群落间的物种组成差异不大,群落间物种相似度较高.3个群落中冷蒿的盖度最大,其盖度随着群落的演替逐渐增大.     

放牧家畜类型对内蒙古典型草原植物多样性和群落结构的影响

放牧家畜是调控草原植物多样性的重要因素, 探究不同家畜类型及其放牧行为下植物多样性的响应, 有助于全面理解草原植物多样性维持机制。该研究以内蒙古大学野外实验基地放牧控制实验为平台, 研究了中等放牧强度下不同家畜类型(牛、山羊、绵羊)及其选择性采食和聚集性放牧行为对植物α、β和γ多样性以及群落结构的影响。结果表明: (1)中等强度放牧牛、山羊和绵羊均在一定程度上提高了植物α、β和γ多样性。其中, 牛对植物多样性的提升作用最大且具有显著性。(2) 3种家畜放牧均显著改变了植物群落结构。绵羊的选择性采食导致下层优势物种糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)的相对多度显著降低, 使其与牛或山羊放牧导致的群落结构变化趋势相反。(3) 3种家畜具有不同的牧草选择和放牧聚集行为。牛和山羊放牧使上层优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)和大针茅(Stipa grandis)以及下层优势种糙隐子草地上生物量均显著降低, 而绵羊放牧仅使糙隐子草地上生物量显著降低。此外, 牛的采食空间聚集性显著低于山羊和绵羊。(4)植物多样性随上层或下层优势种地上生物量增加而显著降低或呈下降趋势, 表明放牧家畜能够通过抑制优势种生物量来提高植物多样性。(5)植物多样性随家畜采食空间聚集程度增加而显著降低或表现出下降趋势, 说明较低的放牧聚集性有利于植物多样性的维持。该研究表明, 内蒙古典型草原植物多样性保护和持续管理体系需要同时考虑放牧强度和家畜类型的影响。     

草原放牧系统实验研究初报

在内蒙古锡林格勒地区以冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squar-rosa)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)和寸草苔(Carex duriuscula)等为主的典型草原放牧场上,以内蒙古细毛羊为对象,我们开展了草原放牧系统优化模式实验研究,旨在探     

人工榆树林对温带草原植物多样性的影响

在样线和样方调查的基础上,研究了内蒙古四子王旗人工榆树林对温带草原物种多样性的影响.结果表明:榆树林对草原的物种多样性有明显影响.随榆树林树木密度的提高,林下草本植物的丰富度、均匀度和多样性等指数均呈降低趋势.靠近榆树林的草原群落的物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性等指数高于远离榆树林的草原群落.喜生于树林内部的草本植物有旱麦瓶,喜生于榆树林周边草原的草本植物有阿尔泰狗娃花、扁蓄豆、二裂委陵菜、赖草和糙隐子草等.可见,盲目排斥草原地区造林并非科学之举,应选择土壤水分相对丰富的地段营造适当规模的人工林,以促进草原地区的植物多样性保护.     

退化草原冷蒿群落13年不同放牧强度后的植物多样性

放牧过程通过家畜的啃食、践踏干扰草原环境,使草原的物种组成发生变化,植物种群的优势地位发生更替。对退化草原中的冷蒿群落在经历13a不同放牧强度——无牧（0．00只羊,hm^2）、轻牧（1．33只羊／hm^2）、中牧（4．00只羊／hm^2）、重牧（6．67只羊,hm^2）的围栏放牧后的植物群落多样性进行研究,结果表明：经过13a的演替变化,（1）无牧处理下植被密度显著低于其它3个放牧处理下的植被密度,而其它3个放牧处理之间的植被密度差异不显著;（2）无牧处理下羊草成为群落的优势种,轻牧和中牧处理下冷蒿依然是群落的优势种。这3种处理下寸草苔的种群密度最大;重牧处理下优势种变为星毛委陵菜,并且其种群密度最大;随着放牧强度增加,不同放牧退化阶段指示植物的种群密度的变化趋势是：冷蒿为先增大后减小,而星毛委陵菜为先急剧增大,然后平缓增大,最后再急剧增大;（3）植物多样性和均匀度指数在中牧处理下最大,在无牧处理下最小,说明中牧处理下群落的多样性最高,无牧处理下群落的多样性最小。而优势度指数正相反。植物群落结构和多样性的变化主要是由放牧家畜选择性采食、不同植物对放牧响应的不同策略、植物种间的竞争、动植物协同进化以及由放牧改变的土壤理化性质等因素综合决定的。此研究有助于进一步认识退化草原在继续放牧干扰下的演替规律以及为退化草原的保护和恢复提供理论依据。     

草地利用方式对草甸草原植被空间异质性的影响

研究不同利用方式下植物群落中物种的分布特征,有助于解释植物在不同利用方式干扰下的演替规律。本研究以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究对象,通过野外调查,基于幂函数法则,探讨围封、放牧和刈割利用方式下草地植被物种分布状况和群落整体空间分布的变化。结果表明:在放牧和刈割利用及围封下,草甸草原植被物种分布规律符合幂函数法则;与围封相比,放牧增加了群落整体的空间分布异质性,而刈割则降低了这种变化,刈割和放牧草地物种异质性指数高于群落整体异质性指数的物种增多;物种出现频率发生变化,如对糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)种群而言,围封地中糙隐子草的出现频率为0.010,刈割和放牧增加了糙隐子草的出现频率(0.151和0.521),刈割和放牧降低了狭叶青蒿(Artemisia dacunculus)的出现频率(0.132和0.028)。     

内蒙古典型草原退化机理的研究

在内蒙古冷蒿小禾草退化草原上,经过６年围栏定量的放牧,分别对９种主要植物种群的形态学特征对放牧的响应进行了研究．结果表明,不同生活型和营养繁殖方式的牧草对放牧率的响应策略是不同的,从而构成了不同放牧率下群落演替的基础．匍匐以不定根行营养繁殖生长或分蘖性强的种群是较适应于重牧的,如冷蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｆｒｉｇｉｄａ）和星毛委陵菜（Ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉｌａａｕｃｕｌｉｓ）;以根茎和分蘖行营养繁殖的羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）和冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｃｒｉｓｔａｔｕｍ）及丛生禾草克氏针茅（Ｓｔｉｐａｋｒｙｌｏｖｉ）属宜轻牧植物;以根茎和分蘖行营养繁殖的寸草苔（Ｃａｒｅｘｄｕｒｉｕｓｃｕｌａ）和小丛生禾草糙隐子草（Ｃｌｅｉｓｔｏｇｅｎｅｓｓｑｕａｒｒｏｓａ）属宜中牧植物;而以分枝行营养繁殖的扁蓿豆（Ｍｅｌｉｓｉｔｕｓｒｕｔｈｅｎｉｃａ）和木地肤（Ｋｏｃｈｉａｐｒｏｓｔａｔａ）则宜轻牧．随着放牧率的增大,群落发生明显的变化,小禾草的比例逐渐减少,冷蒿小禾草退化草原最终进一步趋同于星毛委陵菜退化草原;而轻牧可以维持草原现状或使其发生恢复演替,禾草比例增加,即可达到利用式改良的目的     

不同放牧率下绵羊的食性及食物多样性与草地植物多样性间的关系

用显微技术法分别在放牧率为1.33．4．00和6．67只／hm^2下对内蒙古细毛羊的食性进行了研究。结果表明,随着放牧率的增大,草场的植物种类组成及其相对比例发生了明显的变化。由于不同牧草的可利用性不同,其食性选择也发生了明显的变化。在重牧条件下,原先为随意采食的冷蒿和厌食的寸草苔则升级为“喜食”的植物,星毛委陵菜的选择性指数也有较大提高;且星毛委陵菜成为主要的食物资源,占全部食物的80%以上,这说明放牧率的增大和绵羊选择性的采食是草场植物种类组成发生变化的主要原因之一。食物的选择性主要与草地牧草的相对生物量、高度和频度显著相关;当草地植物多样性指数较高时,放牧绵羊的食物选择性较大。不同放牧率条件下,在以冷蒿和小禾草为主的退化草原上．草地植物多样性指数随放牧率的增大而显著降低,但食物多样性指数以放牧率4．00只／hm^2的处理最高。     

地植物多样性间的关系

用显微技术法分别在放牧率为 1 .33,4 .0 0和 6.67只 / hm2下对内蒙古细毛羊的食性进行了研究。结果表明 ,随着放牧率的增大 ,草场的植物种类组成及其相对比例发生了明显的变化。由于不同牧草的可利用性不同 ,其食性选择也发生了明显的变化。在重牧条件下 ,原先为随意采食的冷蒿和厌食的寸草苔则升级为“喜食”的植物 ,星毛委陵菜的选择性指数也有较大提高 ;且星毛委陵菜成为主要的食物资源 ,占全部食物的 80 %以上。这说明放牧率的增大和绵羊选择性的采食是草场植物种类组成发生变化的主要原因之一。食物的选择性主要与草地牧草的相对生物量、高度和频度显著相关 ;当草地植物多样性指数较高时 ,放牧绵羊的食物选择性较大。不同放牧率条件下 ,在以冷蒿和小禾草为主的退化草原上 ,草地植物多样性指数随放牧率的增大而显著降低 ,但食物多样性指数以放牧率 4 .0 0只 / hm2 的处理最高。     

内蒙古典型草原地带退化草原的恢复动态

对退化草原自然恢复演替过程的监测,是认识其恢复过程、机理、探讨恢复的限制因子和进一步制定快速、低投入生态恢复措施的基础。通过对内蒙古典型草原地带退化草原［星毛委陵菜（Potentila acaulis）、冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）和寸草苔（Carex duriuscula）等为主］封育恢复动态 8年的监测表明：在退化草原群落自然恢复过程中,植物高度上升;植被盖度和生物量先增加,尔后基本稳定,或略有下降的趋势。群落的物种丰富度增加微弱,这可能与该区草原植物和野生动物协同进化有关,同时与数千年的家畜放牧史有关。即植物物种对放牧有较大的耐性,停止放牧,物种的丰富度也增加较少;群落结构的变化主要表现在不同种群优势度的消长上。群落均匀度指数的动态过程分析表明,恢复8年的草原群落尚未达到天然草原状态,尚需进一步的监测研究。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

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