洋葱花粉母细胞细胞内、细胞间微染骨架的超微结构观察

以洋葱（Allium cepa L.）花粉母细胞为材料,采用DGD包埋去包埋原位技术,对花粉母细胞不同发育时期的细胞内、细胞间微染骨架的超微结构进行了电镜观察。结果发现,花粉母细胞核内存在的粗细不等的微染骨架,与核仁和染色体紧密相连,随着发育的推移,其均一性发生改变。在核周有核纤层样的结构存在,与细胞核和胞质中的微染骨架紧密相连,到前期结束时解体。洋葱花粉母细胞内具有发达的胞质微染骨架,这种结构在减数分裂前期Ⅰ变化不明显。在胞间连接（胞间连丝和胞质通道）内,也有精细的微染骨架分布,并且与两端细胞中的骨架相连。在凝线期的花粉母细胞中观察到细胞融合现象,有胞质或核内微梁骨架与穿壁转移的胞质小球和核小球内骨架相连。此时细胞核偏向一边,但细胞的基余部位仍充满了胞质微染骨架,初步探讨了核微染骨架与核仁和染色体之间的关系,核纤层与细胞核之间的关系。以及细胞内、细胞间微染骨架与细胞融合之间的关系。     

烟草花粉母细胞细胞融合过程中细胞骨架的超微结构观察

应用普通电镜和DGD去包埋技术 ,研究了烟草花粉母细胞中的细胞融合现象及细胞融合过程中细胞骨架的变化。观察发现 ,处于凝线期的花粉母细胞 ,其内含物 ,包括细胞器和染色质 ,主要通过胞质通道向相邻细胞发生转移。DGD去包埋观察发现 ,花粉母细胞中核骨架与细胞质内及胞间连丝和胞质通道内胞质骨架连接成一个整体。在整个细胞融合过程中 ,均有核骨架纤维与染色质相连。本文讨论了细胞骨架在细胞融合过程中的作用     

百合花粉母细胞核骨架的超微结构观察

参照动物细胞核骨架的研究方法,用整装电镜技术和DGD包埋-去包埋技术研究了选择性抽提的和完整的百合(Lilium davidii var. willmottiae (Wilson) Roffill)花粉母细胞。结果表明,住减数分裂前期Ⅰ,百合花粉母细胞核内存在一个精细的非染色质纤维——核骨架。该网络由5～15nm的纤维交织而成,广泛地分布于细胞核内。这些核骨架有的分布于染色体间,有的分布于染色体周围,并与染色体和核仁相连。随着减数分裂时间的推移,染色体(质)间核骨架纤维逐渐减少,染色体(质)周围的核骨架纤维逐渐增多,并与染色体内部的纤维结构相连,表明核骨架一方面为染色体拓扑变化提供一个空间支架,另一方面也可能参与了染色体骨架的构建。     

烟草花粉母细胞细胞融合过程中微丝的免疫定位观察

应用普通电镜和酶联免疫电镜技术,研究了烟草花粉母细胞中的细胞融合现象及细胞融合过程中肌动蛋白微丝骨架的变化。观察发现,处于凝线期的花粉母细胞,其内含物,包括细胞器和染色质,通过胞质通道向相邻细胞发生转移。免疫电镜观察发现,花粉母细胞中的细胞质及核中存在线状和粒状的肌动蛋白微丝。在细胞融合过程中,有微丝骨架纤维与穿壁转移的染色质和细胞器相连。本文讨论了肌动蛋白微丝骨架在细胞融合过程中的作用。     

洋葱花粉母细胞中胞间连丝和胞质通道内的胞质骨架

用DGD包埋去包埋方法,观察了洋葱花粉母细胞中胞间连丝和胞质通道内的胞质骨架分布。结果发现,在花粉母细胞的胞间连丝内有胞质骨加分布,这些骨架纤维集结成束,穿过胞间连丝。在胞质通道内也有胞质骨架分布,但与胸间连丝内的骨困分布有所不同,主要表现为两种形式;骨架纤维致密或稀少。研究讨论了胞质骨架在胞间连丝和胞质通道内的作用。     

在三维结构上对百合花粉母细胞actin的免疫定位

传统的切片仅仅能够显示样品的平面结构,不能用于细胞中三维网络结构的研究。笔者在DGD(diethylene glycol distearate)包埋去包埋的基础上,结合电镜免疫胶体金技术对大卫百合花粉母细胞胞间及胞内细胞的骨架系统进行了研究,观察到高反差细胞微梁结构的三维网络,actin这一细胞骨架的主要成员被定位在该微梁结构纤维上。三维结构上的研究表明,actin不但是植物细胞核及细胞质骨架的成员,而且也存在于胞间连接结构(胞质桥和胞间连丝)中,推测它可能与细胞融合有关。实验结果同时表明,三维结构免疫胶体金技术对于细胞骨架和核基质的结构蛋白研究是行之有效的。     

胡杨小孢子发生及微管骨架变化与异常研究

利用压片法和间接免疫荧光结合DAPI(4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)染色法,对胡杨小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中微管骨架变化和染色体行为进行观察研究。结果表明:（1）胡杨小胞子母细胞减数分裂进程中染色体行为正常,其中:偶线期可观察到单价体,中期Ⅰ会出现落后染色体,末期Ⅰ和末期Ⅱ的核仁呈现动态变化。（2）胡杨小孢子发生过程中细胞内微管骨架呈动态变化过程,其中:中期Ⅱ形成平行纺锤体以及三极纺锤体;末期Ⅱ未观察到典型的成膜体结构,同时型胞质分裂受子核间辐射微管系统调节,通过胞质向心收缩而发生,胞质分裂后形成四边形和四面体型四分体。（3）胡杨小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中还存在各种异常细胞学现象,其中:中期Ⅱ平行纺锤体发生融合;中期Ⅱ 和后期Ⅱ孢母细胞两个纺锤体间的胞质会出现裂沟;四分体时期存在三分体和二分体,并产生天然2n花粉和连体花粉。     

水稻小孢子发育过程中微管骨架的变化

对水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）小孢子发育过程中微管变化的研究表明,微管在小孢子不同发育阶段呈现多样性。在花粉母细胞内,微管形成许多粗束和分支,围绕着核分布形成一个网络。花粉母细胞经第一次减数分裂形成二分体。在每一个二分体细胞内,有许多微管束,从核周辐射至细胞质各部位;在细胞质存在一个疏松的微管束网络。二分体经第二次减数分裂形成四分体,在每一个四分体细胞内,微管束呈辐射状,从核膜辐射入细胞质内。四分体形成后不久,四分体的四个细胞便分开,每一个细胞变成一个独立的小孢子。在早期的小孢子细胞内,微管束呈疏松网状分布。其中有些微管束朝向胞质一个小突起聚集。当小孢子进入中期发育阶段,在胞质的小突起部位微管束密度增大。小突起最终形成为萌发孔。当小孢子发育至成熟期,细胞内的微管束变得纤细,而网络则变得紧密。之后的发育阶段（即花粉发育不同阶段）因荧光标记难以进入细胞,无法获得清晰的图像。     

东乡野生稻与栽培稻正反交种间杂种F_1的雄配子发生与发育

该文以东乡野生稻与栽培稻（美国光壳稻P1003）的正反交种间杂种F1（正交为光壳稻P1003×东乡野生稻;反交为东乡野生稻×光壳稻P1003）为试材,研究其各个减数分裂时期的染色体行为特征、染色体交换重组及雄配子发育特点。结果表明：正反交杂种F1花粉母细胞细胞核减数分裂的同步性较高,细胞质为连续型胞质分裂类型。在细胞核分裂的过程中,核仁在前期I到中期I逐渐消失。染色体在前期I到中期I逐渐收缩,变得更加清晰可见。在终变期和中期I,90.54%以上的花粉母细胞能形成12个二价体（含少数棒状二价体和8字型二价体）,部分花粉母细胞（正交9.46%,反交7.65%）出现少量的单价体、三价体和四价体。后期I观察到1.27%–1.35%的花粉母细胞含有1至数条落后染色体。最终有92.6%–94.8%的小孢子能发育成形态正常、染色能力强的成熟花粉粒。另外,在正交杂种F1的粗线期中存在2个核仁,而反交杂种F1及其双亲的粗线期只有1个核仁。这些研究结果可为作物品种改良、种质资源创新以及种间亲缘关系研究提供细胞学证据。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因结合鼠Talin基因蛋白标记转基因水稻活体生殖细胞及精细胞的微丝骨架

利用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因结合鼠Talin基因表达技术及水稻(Oryza sativa L.)转基因技术,筛选出表达稳定和具等位基因型的第三代转基因水稻.在其活体花粉的4个发育阶段(Ⅰ.小孢子晚期;Ⅱ.二细胞早期;Ⅲ.二细胞晚期;Ⅳ.三细胞阶段),观察了细胞内微丝骨架的分布和结构形态的变化.发现在这4个花粉发育阶段,花粉内的营养核、生殖核、生殖细胞和精细胞都在不同的发育阶段出现位移.而这些位移与微丝骨架的结构变化和运动有密切关系.在胞质中央的微丝网络以及细胞周质的网络不断变化和互动,导致营养核、生殖核或生殖细胞和精细胞的定向位移.在活体生殖细胞和精细胞内,存有一股与细胞纵轴平行排列的微丝骨架.这些微丝骨架对生殖细胞及精细胞可以提供移动的动力,这对生殖细胞或精细胞在花管内以及胚囊内的运动(包括独自游动)提供了依据.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.