拔节期低温对小麦籽粒产量与灌浆期旗叶荧光参数的影响

为探明拔节期低温对小麦生育后期旗叶荧光特性的影响, 以华成3366、扬麦13等7个小麦品种为材料, 在拔节期对小麦进行低温处理, 研究低温对小麦籽粒灌浆期旗叶荧光参数的影响。结果表明, 拔节期低温显著降低小麦籽粒产量, 低温处理下小麦籽粒产量较对照降低44.53%—65.74%, 其中小麦品种生选6号降幅较小、宁麦13降幅较大。拔节期低温对小麦灌浆期旗叶荧光参数具有显著影响。与对照相比, 低温处理下小麦旗叶实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和表观电子传递速率(ETR)显著下降, PSⅡ非调节性能量耗散的量子产额Y(NO)和初始荧光(F0)显著升高, 最大荧光(Fm)、非光化学淬灭系数(qN)和PSⅡ调节性能量耗散的量子产额Y(NPQ)无显著变化。品种间, 生选6号的Fv/Fm、ETR和ΦPSⅡ等荧光参数低温处理下降幅较小, 宁麦13的Fv/Fm、ETR和ΦPSⅡ等荧光参数低温处理下降幅较大。从相关性分析结果得出, F0与Fv/Fm呈负相关, qP与ETR呈正相关, Y(NO)与ΦPSⅡ呈负相关。表明拔节期低温主要通过增加光损伤、增加热和荧光的光能消耗, 从而降低电子传递速率, 进而降低叶片光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学量子产量、实际光化学效率。并得出旗叶荧光参数受低温影响较小的小麦品种减产较少。     

超级高产小麦旗叶荧光动力学研究

探明超级小麦品种的旗叶光合作用与荧光动力学特性,为超级小麦品种选育利用提供理论依据。以超级小麦临麦4号为试验材料,应用CI-301PS型便携式光合作用测定系统和FMS-2便携式荧光测定仪(英国Hansatech公司)在田间试验中测定旗叶光合作用与荧光动力学参数。结果表明,与普通高产对照品种皖麦52和烟农19相比,超级小麦临麦4号的光合作用参数光合速率、光饱和点和CO2饱和点、羧化效率高,光补偿点和CO2补偿点低;光合机构系统工作参数PSII实际的光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSII反应中心的激发能捕获效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性Fv/Fo和电子传递速率(ETR)值高,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)值低。这表明超级小麦临麦4号的光合机构系统工作能力强和工作效率高,保证旗叶光合作用的高效运行,为子粒灌浆提供充足的能量和碳水化合物。     

黑暗诱导衰老对不同年代冬小麦品种旗叶光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

小麦品种的更新换代是小麦产量不断提高的重要因素,阐明小麦品种演替过程中不同生理特性的变化对新品种选育具有重要参考价值.旗叶衰老速率快慢是影响小麦产量水平的关键因素,目前对于不同小麦品种衰老过程中旗叶光系统Ⅱ功能的变化规律尚不清楚.本试验选用1941-2014年间河南地区不同时期种植的31个品种,通过黑暗诱导离体叶片衰老,测定旗叶叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数、叶绿素相对含量的变化,分析了光系统Ⅱ功能的变化规律.结果表明:品种演替过程中旗叶的叶绿素含量逐渐提高,衰老过程中近代品种叶绿素的降解速率低于较早年代品种;旗叶衰老过程中,近代品种荧光诱导动力学曲线的J点上升幅度小于I点;品种更替过程中光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和单位面积有活性反应中心数目逐渐增加,但是近代品种降低速率低于较早年代品种.叶绿素含量的变化与未衰老叶片中F_v/F_m没有显著相关性,但是随着衰老程度增加,相关性逐渐增大,且趋势线斜率逐渐提高;光系统Ⅱ单位面积有活性反应中心数目与品种育成时间呈显著正相关,且随着衰老程度增加,相关程度和趋势线斜率均显著提高.综上,小麦品种演替过程中,旗叶叶绿素含量逐渐升高,降解速率逐渐减缓,光合电子传递过程中Q_A到Q_B电子传递的抗衰老能力得到改善,从而减缓了衰老过程中光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和有活性反应中心的衰减速率,同时,叶绿素含量的提高和旗叶光系统Ⅱ抗衰老能力的增强也是品种更替过程中产量逐渐提高的重要因素.     

不同年代冬小麦品种旗叶光合特性和产量的演变特征

选用20世纪50年代的望水白（WSB）和碧玛1号(BM1)、70年代的郑引1号(ZY1)和扬麦1号(Y1)及90年代的豫麦34(Y34)和宁麦9号(N9)冬小麦品种为材料,采用大田试验研究了小麦旗叶光合特性和籽粒产量的演变特征.结果表明：与其他年代品种相比,90年代品种灌浆期旗叶具有较高的叶绿素含量、净光合速率（P_n）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m) 和实际光量子效率（Φ_PSⅡ）,以及较高的光化学淬灭(q_P)和非光化学淬灭(q_N),并且其光合叶面积功能期长,衰老较慢.90年代品种收获指数高于50和70年代品种,平均群体产量分别比50和70年代品种提高了25.90%和11.29%.因此,在小麦品种改良过程中,花后光合能力的提高及光合持续期的延长是小麦产量增长的重要生理基础.     

中午强光胁迫下高蛋白小麦旗叶的光合特性

测定了大田种植条件下４ 个不同籽粒蛋白质含量小麦品系旗叶的净光合作用、光呼吸作用和荧光参数的日变化以及旗叶功能期内ＰＳⅡ光化学效率的变化。结果表明：高、低蛋白小麦旗叶的净光合速率无显著差异,但中午强光胁迫下高蛋白小麦ＰＳⅡ光化学效率（Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ） 较高,ＰＳⅡＦｖ／Ｆｍ 下降得较少,而净光合速率午间下降的幅度较大,原因可能是高蛋白小麦品系旗叶内氮素代谢活动旺盛（ 其代谢限速酶硝酸还原酶活性显著高于低蛋白品种） ,光呼吸作用较强,从而消耗了较多的过剩激发能,在一定程度上减轻了Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ 的下降,而较强的光呼吸作用同时降低了光合速率     

强光下硫化氢通过促进光系统II的活性来缓解水稻的光抑制

以水稻品种‘II优084’为材料,测定了强光胁迫下,水稻光合速率、叶绿素荧光快速诱导曲线（OJIP）以及O2ˉ·和H2O2在水稻叶片中积累的影响。结果表明强光胁迫下,水稻的净光合速率及气孔导度下降;光系统II（PSII）反应中心关闭的比例以及电子传递链中光系统II受体侧原初醌受体（QA）的还原程度增加;PSII反应中心电子传递的量子产额、能量以及传递到下游电子链的比率下降;光抑制下PSII的过剩能量向PSI的状态装换减少;自由基的产生增加。而施加作为硫化氢（H2S）供体的外源硫氢化钠（NaHS）后,上述影响PSII活性的指标的负变化被缓解,捕光天线复合体LHC通过在两个光系统之间的移动,来调节两个光系统的能量分配。强光下H2S处理能促进LHC离开PSII,与PSI结合,从而减少PSII分配的激发能,增加PSI分配的激发能,缓解了PSII的过度还原。以上结果表明外源H2S通过促进PSII的光合活性来缓解水稻光抑制伤害。     

遮荫条件下草莓的光合持性变化

对宝交早生和硕丰两个草莓品种遮荫处理后测定其光合特性变化结果表明,遮荫处理使两个草莓品种叶片光合速率显著降低,分别下降了20％和47％,而表观量子效率分别提高了13％和8％,叶片中叶绿素含量升高而可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,光系统II电子传递活笥（PSII活性）分别下降了22．5％和53．7％,1,5二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（Rubisco)活性分别低了19．6％和35．3％,进一步讨论了草莓光饱和速率下降的生理基础。     

外源葡萄糖对盐胁迫下山楂叶中光系统Ⅱ光化学活性的影响

研究盐胁迫下外源葡萄糖对山楂叶中光系统II（PSII）光化学活性影响的结果表明,盐胁迫下,浇灌外源葡萄糖可增加山楂幼苗叶中PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、暗适应后PSII最大光化学效率（ΦPo）、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中QA-下游的其它电子受体的概率（Ψo）及反应中心吸收的光能用于电子传递的量子产额（ΦEo）,降低照光2ms时反应中心的关闭程度（Vj）和单位反应中心吸收的能量（ABS/RC）,提高电子转运效率（ETo/RC）,降低放氧复合体（OEC）受伤害的程度。     

D，L—甘油醛处理引起的小麦叶片表观光合量子效率的降低

D,L－甘油醛（磷酸核酮糖激酶抑制剂,10mmol/L)处理小麦旗叶1h可降低叶片净光合速率和表观量子效率。同时,光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（ΔF/Fm′）,电子传递速率（ETR）和单位叶面积ATP含量均降低,而胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci)和叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭（NPQ）增加,这些结果说明,D,L－甘油醛引起的小麦旗叶表观量子效率降低是由于光合碳同化受阻对光合电子传递的反馈抑制。     

中午强光胁迫下高蛋白小麦旗叶的光合特性

测定了大田种植条件下４个不同籽粒蛋白质含量小麦品系旗叶的净光合作用、光呼吸作用和荧光参数的日变化以及旗叶功能期内ＰＳⅡ光化学效率的变化。结果表明：高、低蛋白小麦旗叶的净光合速率无显著差异,但中午强光胁迫下高蛋白小麦ＰＳⅡ光化学效率较高,ＰＳⅡＦｖ／Ｆｍ下降得较少,而光合速率午间下降的幅度较大,原因可能是高蛋白小麦品系旗叶内氮素代谢活动旺盛（其代谢限速酶硝酸这原酶活性显著高于低蛋白品种）,光呼吸作用     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。