微生物过氧化氢酶的发酵生产及其在纺织工业的应用

微生物过氧化氢酶是一种重要的工业酶制剂,可以催化分解过氧化氢生成水和氧气。这一酶制剂在食品、纺织、医药等领域表现出广泛的应用潜力。生物工程和基因工程技术的进步推动了微生物过氧化氢酶的发酵生产。以下综述了微生物过氧化氢酶发酵生产的进展及其在纺织工业中的应用,同时讨论了微生物过氧化氢酶的发酵生产和纺织工业应用的未来趋势。     

酶制剂对生物化学品工业生产过程的影响

文章简单回顾了近年来生物催化,主要是酶催化的进展,着重以几个实例说明工业酶制剂在大宗化学品的生产、生物转化上的应用及其对生产过程的影响,并对未来酶制剂在生物催化和生物转化方面的发展进行了展望。     

真菌α-淀粉酶的研究进展

真菌α-淀粉酶在现代淀粉糖浆、焙烤制品、啤酒酿制及生料酒精等行业已得到广泛的应用。随着现代制糖工业与发酵工业的发展及其对真菌α-淀粉酶的使用需求,使得真菌α-淀粉酶在现代工业酶制剂中占有重要地位。对真菌α-淀粉酶的研究和利用,为满足国内市场需求、调整我国酶制剂工业结构和带动相关食品或发酵行业的发展等具有重要意义。从真菌α-淀粉的催化机制、来源、异源表达及应用等方面进行了介绍。     

ARTP诱变技术在食品和饲料加工生物催化剂改造中的应用进展

食品和饲料的生物催化转化和发酵技术成为保障餐桌安全及绿色发展的重要领域,其用酶量在工业酶制剂市场中占比最大,且增长最快。性能优良的酶制剂能显著缩短发酵周期,降低生产成本,提高目标产物的转化率,进而提高市场竞争力。食品和饲料加工产业除了应用分离提取的酶制剂外,很多发酵过程仍以微生物为细胞工厂进行多种酶催化转化。该发酵过程通常涉及复杂的代谢网络和调控机制,且很多体系不能采用基因工程技术,因此理性基因工程改造通常难以满足应用需求。诱变育种仍然是食品和饲料加工用酶及微生物菌株改造的主要手段,需要与时俱进不断发展新技术。近年发展起来的常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变育种技术因其具有操作简单、安全、环境友好、突变率高、突变库容大等特点,在食品和饲料加工微生物育种中得到了广泛应用,取得了良好的成效。重点介绍近年ARTP在食品与饲料加工酶制剂及发酵微生物改造中的相关应用进展。     

《酶制剂生产技术》出版

由我国已故发酵工业著名专家陈騊声先生主编、上海市工业微生物研究所教授级高工胡学智编写的全国星火计划丛书之一《酶制剂生产技术》一书最近已由化学工业出版社出版。该书从酶制剂生产的角度出发,结合作者多年从事酶制剂的科研、生产与应用开发的丰富经验,对国内外主要酶制剂生产     

饲料酶制剂的生产和应用

本文就涉及饲料酶制剂生产和应用中的发酵方法;酶制剂的耐热和贮存稳定问题;酶活力测定和表示方法;使用酶制剂可降低饲料生产成本;酶制剂在环境保护中发挥重要作用共五个方面进行了论述。由于酶制剂用作饲料添加剂的良好表现,预测未来我国饲料酶制剂将持续发展。     

定制酶分子机器/细胞工厂，引领生物制造产业未来

工业酶制剂研发与应用已经渗透到各大工业领域,但中国作为用酶大国、产酶小国面临重大挑战,鉴于以化学催化为核心的基础物质加工业面临资源、能源和环境三大危机,酶工程与生物催化已被列入许多国家的科技与产业发展战略,应用高效、清洁的生物催化技术是实现化学工业可持续发展以及发酵工业产业升级的重要途径之一。文中以2017年第十一届中国酶工程学术研讨会杜邦-杰能科中国酶工程杰出贡献奖获得者特邀报告为基础整理编写而成,从自主酶库构建、酶分子机器/细胞工厂创制及产业化应用等角度概述当前酶工程与生物催化发展现状及前景。     

工业酶制剂新产品开发和产业化情况分析

生物酶是一类从动物、植物、微生物中提取的,具有生物催化能力的蛋白质,酶制剂在饲料、食品、纺织及造纸、化工、医药、环境保护等领域具有广阔的应用前景。文章对工业酶制剂新产品开发和产业化情况进行了分析。     

固体发酵饲料糖化酶

糖化酶是目前生产量最大、应用最广泛的工业酶制剂之一。糖化酶是以液体发酵方法生产,经过各种复杂的后处理过程得到精制产品。在饲料工业中使用如此高纯度、高成本的精制酶制剂将增高饲料成本。为降低生产成本,本室研究了固体培养生产糖化酶的生产工艺,并且对酶学性质进行了研究。1　材料和方法11　菌种:ＨＷ717、ＨＷ056、ＨＷ039等,本所微生物研究室保存。12　固体发酵方法:以250ｍｌ三角瓶装固体培养基(湿基)10ｇ,基础培养基组成:麸皮中添加2%的硫酸铵。培养基在1ｋｇｆ/ｃｍ2压力下灭菌30ｍｉｎ后使用。以0.2%接种量接种,在28℃下静止…     

现代工业微生物育种技术研究进展

工业微生物学作为应用微生物学的一部分,具有很强的应用性。当代生物技术特别是发酵工程技术的最终产品一般都是经过工业微生物这一“工厂”生产得到的,已取得了举世瞩目的经济效益和社会效益。以微生物发酵为基础的酶制剂工业为例,这是第二次世界大战以后迅速发展起来的一门新兴工业。据统计,1979年世界工业酶产量为53000t,1985年酶制剂的总产量为10万t,作为商品出售的酶制剂有200余种,到1990年总产值约为10亿美元。就生物技术而言,1991年美国、德国、法国和英国的总销售额依次为40．020．0,15．0,6．4亿美元[1]。对工业微生物菌…     

Application of activity-based probes to the study of enzymes involved in cancer progression

Many tumor cells have elevated levels of hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes, presumably to aid in key processes such as angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion, and metastasis. Functional roles of enzymes in cancer progression are difficult to study using traditional genomic and proteomic methods because the activities of these enzymes are often regulated by post-translational mechanisms. Thus, methods that allow for the direct monitoring of enzyme activity in a physiologically relevant environment are required to better understand the roles of specific players in the complex process of tumorigenesis. This review highlights advances in the field of activity-based proteomics, which uses small molecules known as activity-based probes (ABPs) that covalently bind to the catalytic site of target enzymes. We discuss the application of ABPs to cancer biology, especially to the discovery of tumor biomarkers, the screening of enzyme inhibitors, and the imaging of enzymes implicated in cancer.     

Purification of rat liver enzymes involved in the oxidation of glyoxylate

The use of Sepharose aminohexyl oxamate for the purification of glycolate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase is described. The kinetics of both enzymes are reported in relation to their possible roles in the production of oxalate. A model is proposed in which glycolate oxidase in the peroxisomes and lactate dehydrogenase in the cytosol cooperate in the production of oxalate.     

好氧氨氧化过程中的关键酶及N2O排放研究进展

氧化亚氮(nitrous oxide, N₂O)排放量的持续增加对全球生态平衡造成了严重的威胁。微生物N₂O排放占主要来源。其中,好氧氨氧化过程是氨在有氧的条件下氧化为亚硝酸盐,其直接或间接地影响着全球产生N₂O与释放量。氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)、氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)、全程氨氧化菌(complete ammonia oxidization, Comammox)和异养氨氧化菌(heterotrophic ammonium oxidizing bacteria, HAOB)是氨氧化过程中主要的参与者,明确这四类微生物N₂O产生的机制对缓解全球N₂O排放是必要的。本文综述了AOA、AOB、Comammox和HAOB在好氧氨氧化过程中驱动的N₂O产生途径,并结合酶学分析了一些关键酶在N₂O产生途径中的作用。本文旨在为调控生物N₂O排放提供理论基础。     

Consolidated bioprocessing and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulose to ethanol with thermotolerant yeast strains

Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which integrates enzyme production, saccharification and fermentation into a single process, is a promising strategy for effective ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials because of the resulting reduction in utilities, the substrate and other raw materials and simplification of operation. CBP requires a highly engineered microbial strain capable of hydrolyzing biomass with enzymes produced on its own and producing high-titer ethanol. Recently, heterologous production of cellulolytic enzymes has been pursued with yeast hosts, which has realized direct conversion of cellulose to ethanol. Specifically, the development of cell surface engineering, which provides a display of cellulolytic enzymes on the yeast cell surface, facilitates effective biomass hydrolysis concomitantly with ethanol production. On the other hand, the difference in optimum temperature between saccharification and fermentation is a drawback of efficient ethanol production in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The application of thermotolerant yeast strains engineered to the SSF process would overcome the drawback by performing hydrolysis and fermentation at elevated temperature. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the application of thermotolerant yeast to CBP and SSF of lignocellulosic material to ethanol. The development of thermotolerant and ethanologenic yeast strains with the ability to hydrolyze lignocellulosic materials is emphasized for high-temperature CBP.     

MicroRNA-independent roles of the RNase III enzymes Drosha and Dicer

The ribonuclease III enzymes Drosha and Dicer are renowned for their central roles in the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs). For many years, this has overshadowed the true versatility and importance of these enzymes in the processing of other RNA substrates. For example, Drosha also recognizes and cleaves messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and potentially ribosomal RNA. The cleavage of mRNAs occurs via recognition of secondary stem-loop structures similar to miRNA precursors, and is an important mechanism of repressing gene expression, particularly in progenitor/stem cell populations. On the other hand, Dicer also has critical roles in genome regulation and surveillance. These include the production of endogenous small interfering RNAs from many sources, and the degradation of potentially harmful short interspersed element and viral RNAs. These findings have sparked a renewed interest in these enzymes, and their diverse functions in biology.     

Understanding and influencing starch biochemistry

Starch is one of the most important products synthesized by plants that is used in industrial processes. If it were possible to increase production or modify starches in vivo, using combinations or either genetically altered or mutant plants, it may make them cheaper for use by industry, or open up new markets for the modified starches. The conversion of sucrose to starch in storage organs is, therefore, discussed. In particular the roles of the different enzymes directly involved in synthesizing the starch molecules on altering starch structure are reviewed, as well as the different models for the production of the fine structure of amylopectin. In addition, the process of starch phosphorylation, which is also important in determining the physical properties of starches, is reviewed. It is hoped that detailed knowledge of these processes will lead to the rational design of tailored starches. Starch degradation is also an important process, for example, in the cold-sweetening of potato tubers, but outside of cereal endosperm little is known about the processes involved. The enzymes thought to be involved and the evidence for this are discussed.